本章小结
本章论述了90年代的美国对阿富汗政策。具体而言,1992年前美国虽然继续援助阿富汗抵抗力量但已呈现出退出姿态,并在1992年纳吉布拉政权垮台后从阿富汗抽身而退,1995年后美国在总体持观望态度的同时又在一定程度上重新关注阿富汗,其对阿富汗政策经历了从间接支持塔利班到反对塔利班的变化,不过美国对参与阿富汗事务的兴趣和热情仍然不高。90年代的阿富汗逐步沦为极端主义和恐怖主义的大本营,2001年的“9·11”事件与这一时期美国对阿富汗的长期忽视不无关系。总之,“退出”和“观望”是这一时期美国对阿政策的基本倾向。
【注释】
[1]王凤:前揭书,第345页。
[2]U.S.Department of State,Cable,"Pak Foreign Minister Asks U.S.Cooperation on Afghanistan",Feb.21,1996.The September 11th Sourcebooks.
[3]董漫远:《阿富汗和平前景的隐患》,载《世界知识》1988年第14期,第22页。
[4]彭树智:前揭书,第364—365页。
[5]美国驻游击队临时政府特使答记者问,参见香港《亚洲华尔街日报》1990年4月19日。
[6]George Bush,"The President's News Conference",Jan.27,1989.The American Presidency Project.
[7]U.S.Policy Toward Afghanistan.National Security Directive,NSD 3.Feb.13,1989.Intelligence Resource Program.
[8]George Bush,"Remarks on Afghanistan and a Question-and-Answer Session With Reporters",Feb.16,1989.The American Presidency Project.
[9]Legislation to Authorize the Transfer of Funds to the Agency for International Development(Aid)For Humanitarian Assistance to Afghanistan.National Security Directive,NSD 5.Mar.18,1989.Intelligence Resource Program.
[10]George Bush,"Remarks Following Discussions With Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto of Pakistan",Jun.6,1989.The American Presidency Project.
[11]Statement of Senator Gordon J.Humphrey before the House Foreign Affairs Committee.Testimony,Jun.14,1989.DNSA.Item Number:AF02292.
[12]George Bush,"Proclamation 5996-Captive Nations Week,1989",Jun.6,1989.The American Presidency Project.
[13]Bill Keller,State Building,Security,and Social Change in Afghanistan,Reflections on a Survey of The Afghan People,Washington,D.C.:Asia Foundation,2008,pp.28-32.
[14]沙伊斯塔·瓦哈卜、巴里·扬格曼:前揭书,第214页。
[15]Testimony of Ambassador Peter Tomsen before the House of Representatives Select Committee on Hunger.Jul.27,1989.DNSA.Item Number:AF02303.
[16]Central Intelligence Agency,Special National Intelligence Estimate 37-89,"Afghanistan:The War in Perspective",Nov.1989,The September 11th Sourcebooks.Volume Ⅱ:Afghanistan Lessons from the Last War.Part 2.U.S.Analysis of the Soviet War in Afghanistan:Declassified.
[17]彭树智:前揭书,第367页。
[18]联合国大会第四十四届会议:《阿富汗局势及其对国际和平与安全的影响》,代号A/RES/44/15,1989年11月1日。
[19]沙伊斯塔·瓦哈卜、巴里·扬格曼:前揭书,第215页。
[20]刘云:前揭书,第149页。
[21]George Bush,"The President's News Conference",Apr.10,1992.The American Presidency Project.
[22]William Maley,op.cit.,p.148.
[23][英]卢茨·克莱维曼:前揭书,第216页。
[24]沙伊斯塔·瓦哈卜、巴里·扬格曼:前揭书,第212页。
[25]Ahmed Rashid,op.cit.,pp.132-133.
[26]Neamatollah Nojumi,"The Rise and Fall of the Taliban",in Robert D.Crews and Amin Tarzi(ed.),The Taliban and the Crisis of Afghanistan,Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,2009,p.99.
[27]Bridagier Mohammad Yousaf,Silent Soldier:The Man behind the Afghan Jehad,Lahore,Pakistan:Jang Publishers,1992,p.18.
[28]Testimony of Ambassador Peter Tomsen before the House of Representatives Select Committee on Hunger.Jul.27,1989.DNSA.Item Number:AF02303.
[29]穆罕默德·阿克拉姆:《美国在阿富汗》,迈万德出版社2007年版,第154页。转引自阿米力:《浅析美国对阿富汗政策的演变:1979—2003》,北京语言大学2009年硕士学位论文,第13页。
[30]William Maley,op.cit.,p.140.
[31]徐小杰:《新世纪的油气地缘政治》,社会科学文献出版社1998年版,第147—149页。
[32][美]玛莎·布瑞尔·奥卡特:《中亚的第二次机会》,李维建译,时事出版社2007年版,第14、73、74页。
[33]Ahmed Rashid,op.cit.,p.238.
[34]赵学功:《当代美国外交》,社会科学文献出版社2001年版,第88页。
[35]朱成虎:《十字路口:中亚走向何方》,时事出版社2007年版,第174页。
[36]穆罕默德·阿克拉姆:《美国在阿富汗》,迈万德出版社,2007年版,第161—162页。转引自阿米力:《浅析美国对阿富汗政策的演变:1979—2003》,北京语言大学2009年硕士学位论文,第14页。
[37][哈萨克斯坦]苏·马·阿基姆别科夫:前揭书,第136页。
[38][哈萨克斯坦]卡·托卡耶夫:《中亚之鹰的外交战略》,[哈萨克斯坦]赛力克·纳雷索夫译,新华出版社2002年版,第141页。
[39]David Macdonald,Drugs in Afghanistan:Opium,Outlaws and Scorpion Tales,Pluto Press,2007,p.61.
[40]沙伊斯塔·瓦哈卜、巴里·扬格曼:前揭书,第247页。
[41]Kamal Matinuddin,The Taliban Phenomenon:Afghanistan 1994-1997,Oxford University Press,1999,p.168.
[42]John Jennings,"The Taliban and Foggy Bottom",The Washington Times,Oct.25,1996.
[43]《美国间接介入了阿富汗内战》,载法国《费加罗报》,1996年9月30日。转引自何明:《塔利班的兴亡及其对世界的影响》,华东师范大学2003年博士学位论文,第19页。
[44]Neamatollah Nojumi,op.cit.,p.102.
[45]Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed,The War on Freedom,California:Tree of Life Publication,2002,p.46.
[46][哈萨克斯坦]苏·马·阿基姆别科夫:前揭书,第138页。
[47]Richard Mackenzie,"The United States and the Taliban",in William Maley(ed.),Fundamentalism Reborn?:Afghanistan and the Taliba,London:Hurst & Company,2001,p.91.
[48]Ahmed Rashid,op.cit.,p.178.
[49]Zalmay Khalizad,"Turbulence in Afghanistan",Hindustan Times,Oct.10,1996.
[50]U.S.Department of State,Cable,"Dealing with the Taliban in Kabul",Sep.28,1996.The September 11th Sourcebooks.
[51]U.S.Embassy(Islamabad),Cable,"Ambassador Meets Taliban:We are the People",Nov.12,1996.The September 11th Sourcebooks.
[52]U.S.Embassy(Islamabad),Cable,"Scenesetter for Your Visit to Islamabad:Afghan Angle",Jan.16,1997.The September 11th Sourcebooks.
[53][哈萨克斯坦]苏·马·阿基姆别科夫:前揭书,第146—147页。
[54]U.S.Department of State,Cable,"Pak Foreign Minister Asks U.S.Cooperation on Afghanistan",Feb.21,1996.The September 11th Sourcebooks.
[55][哈萨克斯坦]苏·马·阿基姆别科夫:前揭书,第127页。
[56]U.S.Department of State Report,"Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations",Jan.1996.The September 11th Sourcebooks.
[57]U.S.Embassy(Dushanbe),Cable,"Rabbani Emissary States Rabbani Will Not Surrender Power to Interim Council Until Taliban Join",Feb.21,1995.The September 11th Sourcebooks.
[58]Abdul-Qayum Mohmand,op.cit.,p.155.
[59]U.S.Embassy(Moscow),Cable,"A/S Raphel Consultations with Deputy FM Chernyshev",May 13,1996.The September 11th Sourcebooks.
[60]Neamatollah Nojumi,op.cit.,p.102.
[61]Steve Coll,op.cit.,p.329.
[62]U.S.Consulate(Peshawar)Cable,"New Fighting and New Forces in Kandahar",Nov.3,1994.The September 11th Sourcebooks.(https://www.daowen.com)
[63]U.S.Embassy(Islamabad),Cable,"The Taliban-Who Knows What the Movement Means?"Nov.28,1994.The September 11th Sourcebooks.
[64]U.S.Embassy(Islamabad),Cable,"Meeting with the Taliban in Kandahar:More Questions than Answers",Feb.15,1995.The September 11th Sourcebooks.
[65]U.S.Embassy(Islamabad),Cable,"Eyewitness to the Fall of Herat Says Taliban are Winning Hearts and Minds-For Now",Feb.18,1995.The September 11th Sourcebooks.
[66]Ibid..
[67]Ahmed Rashid,op.cit.,p.163.
[68][美]玛莎·布瑞尔·奥卡特:前揭书,第77页。
[69]Ahmed Rashid,op.cit.,p.166.
[70]U.S.Embassy(Islamabad),Cable,"Senator Brown and Congressman Wilson Discuss Afghanistan with Pakistani Officials",Apr.14,1996.The September 11th Sourcebooks.
[71]U.S.Embassy(Islamabad),Cable,"A/S Raphel Discusses Afghanistan",Apr.22,1996.The September 11th Sourcebooks.
[72]Ahmed Rashid,op.cit.,p.45.
[73]Ibid.,p.166.
[74]U.S.Embassy(Moscow),Cable,"A/S Raphel Consultations with Deputy FM Chernyshev",May 13,1996.The September 11th Sourcebooks.
[75]穆罕默德·阿克拉姆:《美国在阿富汗》,迈万德出版社2007年版,第169页。转引自阿米力:《浅析美国对阿富汗政策的演变:1979—2003》,北京语言大学2009年硕士学位论文,第18页。
[76]U.S.Department of State,Cable,"Pak Foreign Minister Asks U.S.Cooperation on Afghanistan",Feb.21,1996.The September 11th Sourcebooks.
[77]Ahmed Rashid,op.cit.,p.178.
[78]Abdul-Qayum Mohmand,op.cit.,p.157.
[79]Ahmed Rashid,op.cit.,p.64.
[80]U.S.Department of State,"International Narcotics Control Strategy Report,1996",Mar.1997.
[81]沙伊斯塔·瓦哈卜、巴里·扬格曼:前揭书,第229页。
[82]Palwasha Kakar,"Tribal Law of Pashtunwali and Women's Legislative Authority",Islamic Legal Studies Program,Harvard Law School,p.4.
[83]沙伊斯塔·瓦哈卜、巴里·扬格曼:前揭书,第243页。
[84]刘云:前揭书,第154—155页。
[85]Ahmed Rashid,op.cit.,p.182.
[86]AP,"Mrs Clinton Takes on Afghan Government",Apr.28,1999.
[87]Ahmed Rashid,op.cit.,pp.180-181.
[88]“法特瓦”指的是伊斯兰教法学者就伊斯兰重大事项发表的宗教性诠释。
[89]美国“9·11”独立调查委员会:《9·11委员会报告》,史禺等译,世界知识出版社2005年版,第78—83页。
[90]美国“9·11”独立调查委员会:前揭书,第93页。
[91]Ahmed Rashid,op.cit.,p.133.
[92][叙利亚]纳伊瓦·本·拉登、[沙特阿拉伯]奥玛·本·拉登、[美]简·萨森:《本·拉登传:一个恐怖大亨的隐秘人生》,陈嘉宁译,金城出版社2010年版,第292—293页。
[93]美国“9·11”独立调查委员会:前揭书,第155—156页。
[94]U.S.Department of State,"Patterns of Global Terrorism Report:1996".
[95]U.S.Department of State,"Patterns of Global Terrorism Report:1998",Apr.1999.
[96]U.S.Embassy(Islamabad),Cable,"Afghanistan:Taliban Official Says that Relations with Russia and Iran Tense",Sep.29,1997.The September 11th Sourcebooks.
[97]U.S.Embassy(Islamabad),Cable,"Scenesetter for Your Visit to Islamabad:Afghan Angle",Jan.16,1997.The September 11th Sourcebooks.
[98]Steve Coll,"A Secret Hunt Unravels in Afghanistan",Washington Post,Feb.22,2004.
[99]曹建、曹军:《血腥大鳄:世界头号恐怖分子拉登》,当代世界出版社1999年版,第186页。
[100]Ian Brodie,"Albright Attacks Taleban Oppression of Women",The Times,Nov.19,1997.
[101]Richard Mackenzie,op.cit.,pp.70-71.
[102]Department of State,Cable,"Afghanistan:Meeting with the Taliban",Dec.11,1997.The September 11th Sourcebooks.
[103]Ibid..
[104]Ibid..
[105][哈萨克斯坦]苏·马·阿基姆别科夫:前揭书,第176页。
[106]美国“9·11”独立调查委员会:前揭书,第65、158页。
[107]State Department Report,"U.S.Engagement with the Taliban on Usama Bin Laden",Jul.16,2001.The September 11th Sourcebooks.
[108]Department of State,Cable,"Afghanistan:Meeting with the Taliban",Dec.11,1997.The September 11th Sourcebooks.
[109]美国“9·11”独立调查委员会:前揭书,第65、158页。
[110]金世勋:《一个人的战争——与本·拉丹面对面》,世界知识出版社2001年版,第225页。
[111]金世勋:前揭书,第226—229页。
[112]美国“9·11”独立调查委员会:前揭书,第178页。
[113]William J.Clinton,"Letter to Congressional Leaders Reporting on the National Emergency With Respect to the Taliban",Jul.4,1999.The American Presidency Project.
[114]Ibid..
[115]Ibid..
[116]联合国安理会第1267(1999)号决议:《阿富汗局势:制裁塔利班》,代号S/RES/1267,1999年10月15日。
[117]William J.Clinton,"Statement on United Nations Security Council Action Against International Terrorism and the Taliban",Oct.15,1999.The American Presidency Project.
[118]William J.Clinton,"Statement on United Nations Sanctions Against the Taliban",Nov.15,1999.The American Presidency Project.
[119][哈萨克斯坦]苏·马·阿基姆别科夫:前揭书,第196页。
[120]联合国安理会第1333(2000)号决议:《阿富汗局势:制裁塔利班》,代号S/RES/1333,2000年12月19日。
[121]刘云:前揭书,第164页。
[122]美国“9·11”独立调查委员会:前揭书,第265页。
[123]美国“9·11”独立调查委员会:前揭书,第165页。
[124]Ahmed Rashid,op.cit.,p.182.
[125]Ibid..