第六节 结论
改革开放前，中国城市的社会空间由不同社会群体混合居住的单位社区构成。尽管人们普遍认为在引入市场经济后社会空间分异会加剧，实证研究表明，直到2000年，基于个体社会经济属性的居住隔离水平仍然相对较低（Li &Wu，2008）。由于数据可得性的限制，社会空间分异是否在1998年住房改革后得到加强，仍然是一个有待实证检验的问题。本研究基于对上海市的纵向分析，对社会经济隔离的变化模式及其内在机制进行实证分析。
研究结果显示，住房改革以后，中国城市的社会空间分异有所加剧。对不同社会群体居住混合程度的分析表明，上海已经出现了大量高档小区和外来人口聚居地。同时，城市社会经济隔离程度显著提高。到2010年，上海教育维度与户籍维度的居住隔离水平与美国和欧洲的一些主要城市相当（Marcińczak et al.，2015；Quillian & Lagrange，2016）。
从不同区域的对比情况看，城市内部社会空间分异模式差别很大。2000年以来，中心城区见证了许多户籍人口和外来移民混合社区的兴起。与此同时，沿内环线大量高档商品房小区的出现，使得城区内的教育隔离水平大幅度提高。在郊区，高档商品房小区和外来人口聚居区并置，郊区异质化愈加显著，居住隔离程度比中心地区更高。
最后，居住隔离的驱动因素也发生了变化。市场机制已然在居住分类中起主导作用，住房商品化是促成社会空间分异的关键因素。多元回归分析证实，尽管户籍隔离仍然是社会空间分异的重要维度，但基于人力资本的社会经济隔离水平逐渐上升并超过了户籍隔离水平。
值得注意的是，在近年来（特）大城市控制人口规模的背景下，各类针对外来人口的限制政策，反映出政府干预重新在居住分类中发挥作用。但是，在此背景下，人力资本在塑造社会经济隔离中的重要性反而可能越来越强。目前，不少城市为了吸引人才，开始降低落户门槛、出台配套公租房制度，为没有本地户口的高学历人才提供居住便利。在北京和上海，尚未落户的外来移民只要符合相应的人才认定标准，即可有机会申请公共住房。同时，大规模拆除城中村却可能加剧对大量学历相对较低、就业于中低端工作岗位的移民人群的社会空间排斥。
最近的居住隔离研究强调通过跨国比较，在不同的制度背景下理解这一现象（Maloutas & Fujita，2012；Tammaru et al.，2016；Quillian & Lagrange，2016）。其中，后社会主义城市的居住分异问题引起了广泛关注。相关研究的焦点问题在于，从中央计划经济到市场经济的转型是否会加剧城市的社会空间分异。本研究通过对中国城市社会经济隔离的实证研究，揭示了地方因素在塑造城市社会空间上的重要性。在中东欧城市，日益加剧的经济不平等性，并未加剧社会空间的分异（Marcińczak et al.，2015）。上海与之形成鲜明对比，社会经济隔离水平显著提升。上述差异与中国城市化的两个重要过程有关，即住房市场的蓬勃发展和大量移民的涌入。因此，尽管全球化和市场转型等结构性因素非常重要，其对于社会空间的影响则是通过特定地方因素的中介作用得以实现。
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