碘化酪氨酸脱碘酶
1.概述:除了3种甲状腺激素脱碘酶之外,人体中还有一种碘化酪氨酸脱碘酶(Iodotyrosine Deiodinase,IYD)。1952年,Roche等首次发现了甲状腺内IYD的存在,与其他3种甲状腺激素脱碘酶不同,IYD并不降解甲状腺激素T3和T4,而是降解一碘甲状腺原氨酸(MIT)和二碘甲状腺原氨酸(DIT)——T3和T4的前体。与此同时,McGirr和Hutchison在苏格兰和爱尔兰也发现了IYD缺陷的先天性甲状腺功能减退症的家族遗传患者。由于这些患者均表现为大量含碘化合物由体内排出,但这些化合物不是T3和T4,内分泌专家猜测这种家族性疾病可能是IYD缺陷的常染色体隐性遗传性疾病。
在前人研究的基础上,John B.Stanbury首次证实了IYD的缺陷和甲状腺功能减退症的关系。在与Andries Querido等的共同努力下,他发现了一个甲状腺功能减退症的年轻患者,在该患者的尿液中发现了MIT和DIT的存在。一般认为,在正常人体中,MIT和DIT是不能以无机形式排出体外的。随后的几十年,大量类似患者被发现,但IYD的分子结构尚未确定。在2001年,Morneo等确定了IYD的基因DEHAL的表达。研究证实,人DEHAL位于染色体6q24-25,有2种异构体,其cDNA长度分别为7401bp和7513bp,编码的蛋白质分别为DEHAL1和DEHAL1B,活性主要在于DEHAL1,大鼠中只有1种结构。DEHAL1含有289个氨基酸,分子量为33kDa。DEHAL1为单链膜蛋白,含有1个跨膜片段,位于甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞顶膜的细胞膜上,氨基端朝向滤泡,羧基位于细胞内[43]。除分布在细胞膜,细胞内部也含有DEHAL1,可能为细胞膜上的DEHAL1内化而成,或是新合成尚未装配于细胞膜上的DEHAL1。DEHAL1广泛存在于甲状腺、肝脏和肾脏组织中。甲状腺利用MIT和DIT合成T3和T4,然后T3和T4经过胞饮作用被释放到外周,在这过程中,MIT和DIT也随着T3和T4而发生转移,其含量为T3和T4的6~7倍。此时这部分含碘的MIT和DIT并不能直接用来合成T3和T4,在IYD的作用下,MIT和DIT分解成为碘和Tg, 随后进入甲状腺滤泡内,参与合成新的T3和T4(图9-1)。甲状腺IYD表达的下调乃至缺失,将导致机体无法循环利用MIT和DIT中的碘元素,严重时大量MIT和DIT会随着尿液排出体外,导致机体出现严重碘缺乏[44]。血、尿中MIT和DIT的含量升高,缺碘性甲状腺肿和甲状腺功能减退症及甲状腺碘化功能正常是先天性IYD缺乏症的临床表现。Thomas等研究碘化酪氨酸脱碘酶的晶体结构,证实DEHAL1的结构与NADH氧化酶/黄素还原酶超家族的蛋白成员有同源性,存在一个保守的硝基还原酶区且活性依赖于辅基黄素单核苷酸。体外实验发现TSH可以通过cAMP通路增加IYD的表达。体内实验证实急慢性碘过量均可抑制大鼠甲状腺IYD的表达和活性[45]。

图9-1 碘化酪氨酸脱碘酶(IYD)在甲状腺细胞中的位置和作用
NIS为钠-碘同向转运体。Tg为甲状腺球蛋白。TPO为甲状腺过氧化物酶。MIT为一碘甲状腺原氨酸。DIT为二碘甲状腺原氨酸。
2.IYD与甲状腺疾病:多种甲状腺疾病也会影响IYD的表达和活性,早在1966年,国际上就有研究者发现IYD在甲状腺功能亢进的患者中活性升高,在甲状腺癌的患者中活性下降。通过对105份甲状腺组织研究,样本中包括正常甲状腺,毒性甲状腺结节、Graves 病、良性甲状腺结节、甲状腺癌(甲状腺滤泡癌、甲状腺乳头状癌、未分化甲状腺癌、甲状腺未分化癌等)。结果发现在Graves病的甲状腺组织中IYD的mRNA表达最高,而在甲状腺乳头状癌和甲状腺未分化癌的患者中表达最低。通过免疫组化的方法发现,IYD在毒性甲状腺结节和Graves病患者甲状腺的顶膜存在过表达的现象,可能与甲状腺激素的大量合成有关。而在甲状腺癌的患者中,IYD的表达弥漫分布于细胞浆中,可能与甲状腺细胞的去分化有关。
3.IYD与碘元素的循环利用:IYD与碘在体内的循环利用过程密切相关。动物实验将60只4周龄大鼠分为6组,分别为0.3倍碘摄入(0.3-L)组、0.5倍碘摄入(0.5-L)组、低碘对照(LC)组、3倍高碘(3-H)组、6倍高碘(6-H)组和正常对照组,各组大鼠在不同碘摄入水平下饲养3个月后处死,结果发现0.3-L组甲状腺IYD的表达明显高于对照组,而6-H组的大鼠甲状腺IYD的表达明显低于对照组[46]。首次从细胞分子层面证实碘缺乏可以提高大鼠甲状腺IYD的表达,高碘可以抑制大鼠甲状腺IYD的表达,表达变化的强度与碘缺乏或碘过量的程度有关。另外,研究中还发现在缺碘和高碘条件下大鼠肝脏和肾脏IYD表达的变化与甲状腺组织中的结果不同,推测两者在碘与甲状腺激素代谢过程中的不同作用。
4.其他多种化合物对IYD的影响:多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚等卤素化合物,由于其具有亲脂性,广泛存在于自然界中,以及人脂肪组织、乳汁和血清中。它们的结构与内生激素相似,对于甲状腺激素的生成和释放过程会产生一定的影响。另外,多种农药、杀虫剂、药物和食品添加剂也会影响正常甲状腺的代谢过程。这些化合物除了能与甲状腺激素受体特异性的结合、降低血清T4水平,还会作用于IYD的活性,以至于影响正常碘和甲状腺激素的代谢过程。有研究发现包括多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚在内的44种化合物对于甲状腺IYD的影响,发现其中大部分化合物都可以显著抑制IYD的表达及活性。推测这些化合物对IYD的作用可能是其影响甲状腺功能的另一种机制。
5.DEHAL1基因异常:DEHAL1基因突变的发病机制有多种,部分突变位于重要的酶催化区如硝基还原酶区,使酶活性完全或部分丧失,有些突变使碘化酪氨酸脱碘酶迅速降解,还有研究认为突变蛋白局部疏水性改变也影响其功能。2008年,Moreno等对来自欧洲3个无血缘关系家庭的4名甲减患者进行DEHAL1基因突变研究,首次报道DEHAL1基因突变导致甲减,发现两种错义突变(c.301C > T,P.R 101W 和 c.347T > C ,P.I116T)和一种框内缺失突变(c.315~317delC AT,P.F 105I106L),均为纯合子突变,这些突变均位于第2外显子编码的硝基还原酶区,即辅基FMN结合位点附近[47]。体外研究表明这3种突变均使该酶的活性显著降低。4名患者均来自近亲结婚的家庭,其中2名患者在新生儿甲减筛查时表现为阴性,但分别在18个月和8岁时表现出甲减伴智力低下,诊断为非自身免疫性甲减伴甲状腺肿大。另外2名患者来自同一个苏格兰家庭,均为c.315 -317delCA T(P.F 105I106L )纯合子突变,表现为先天性甲状腺肿大,婴儿期诊断为甲状腺功能低下并给予治疗,其中一名患者甲状腺显著肿大并产生压迫症状,其父母均甲状腺功能正常且无甲状腺肿大,表明DEHAL1基因突变符合常染色体隐性遗传规律。
我国对于DEHAL1基因突变的筛查研究较少。张莎莎等对18例经新生儿筛查确诊为先天性甲减伴甲状腺肿大的患者,采用PCR扩增与直接测序的方法,对DEHAL1基因全部外显子进行基因突变检测。结合测序验证及生物信息学分析,探讨山东地区先天性甲减伴甲状腺肿大患者常见的DEHAL1基因突变类型和特点。结果均没有发现DEHAL1基因全部外显子基因突变。分别在5例患者中和4例患者中发现DEHAL1 c.678 T> C(P.C265R)和DEHAL1 e.679 G > A(P.R265H )两个单核苷酸多态性位点,但分别在5例患者中和4例患者中发现DEHAL1 e.678 T > C(P.C265R)和DEHAL1 c.679 G >A(P.R265H)两个SNP位点。因此推测DEHAL1基因不是导致该地区先天性甲减伴甲状腺肿大的主要病因。但作者提到,由于DEHAL1基因突变引起碘再利用障碍,适当增加碘的摄入量能缓解DEHAL1基因突变患者的甲减症状。山东地区属碘营养较丰富区,若碘摄入充足,部分携带该基因突变者可能出生时无甲减症状,随着机体对甲状腺激素或碘的需求量增多,逐渐表现为甲减,因此新生儿筛查可能会遗漏部分患者,使这种发病隐匿的甲减不能得到及时发现。
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