3.2.1 The embodied view of experientialism in cogn...
In linguistic studies,the traditional approach based on either subjectivity or objectivity roots in the epistemological view that regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge or any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification(Chomsky,1968).More formally,the view of objective cognition in linguistic studies is defined as a methodology or a theory in which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive.The rational linguistics had such a high confidence in reason that empirical proof and physical evidence were regarded as unnecessary to ascertain some truths(Chomsky,1968;Bloomfield,1986;Halliday,1989).In other words,they considered that there are significant ways in which our concepts and knowledge of linguistics are gained independently of sense experience.
On the contrary,cognitive linguists hold that no knowledge of linguistic can be properly inferred or deduced unless it is derived from one's sense-based experience(Lakoff,1987;Evans & Green,2006;Dirven & Verspoor,2004).This embodied view is commonly contrasted with rationalism,which states that knowledge may be derived from reason independently of the senses.As Lakoff & Johnson(1999)concluded,Mind is embodied,meaning is embodied,and thought is embodied in this most profound sense.This is the substance of an embodied realism.With respect to experiential realism and experientialism of nonobjectivism in cognitive linguistics,they are theories that state that our concepts and knowledge of linguistic comes only or primarily from sensory experience.It is a typical view of epistemology concerning the study of linguistics along with skepticism.Experientialism emphasizes the role of empirical evidence in the formation of concepts and knowledge of linguistic,over the idea of subjective conception or objectivity reality.However,cognitive linguists argue that it arises due to relations of previous sense experiences.(https://www.daowen.com)
Experientialism in the study of cognitive linguistics emphasizes embodied evidence,especially as discovered in sensorimotor experience.It is a fundamental part of the scientific method that all analysis and exploration of linguistics must be conducted by observations of the bodily experience rather than resting solely on a priori reasoning,intuition,or revelation.Empiricism,often used by cognitive linguistics,says that linguistic meaning is based on experience.As Evens & Green(2006:44)remarked,“Cognitive linguistics is not rationalist in this sense,but instead takes its inspiration from traditions in psychology and philosophy that emphasise the importance of human experience,the centrality of the human body,and human-specific cognitive structure and organization,all of which affect the nature of our experience”.A central concept in cognitive linguistics method is that it must be empirically based on the evidence of the senses.In the sense,it uses working hypotheses that are operable by observation and construal of embodied realism of linguistic phenomenon.The term empiricism is generally used to describe theoretically empirical methods that make use of imaginative mechanisms such as conceptual metaphor,metonymy and various forms of conceptual blending in order to engage in reasoned model building and theoretical inquiry.What the empirical evidence suggests is that an embodied account of value is absolutely necessary for an adequate understanding of human recognition and language.The term empiricism is generally used to describe theoretically empirical methods that make use of human being's imaginative mechanisms such as conceptual metaphor,metonymy and various forms of conceptual blending in order to probe into the embodied foundation of linguistic phenomenon.