4.4.4 Perspective of image-G in textual space
The dimension of perspective illustrates how image-G is subjectively construed.Perspective can be regarded as the viewing positioning in image-G construal，due to the fact that translators'construal of image-G in literary translation is de facto the viewing of semantic situation.In general，perspective ranges from viewpoint，deixis，subjectivity to objectivity，which reflects embodied concepts of encoded and externalized scenes in textual space（Langacker，1987）.Viewpoint is associated with the typical presuppositions of subject situatedness and conventional patterns of translators'conceptual dependency in image-G construal，which is determined by semantic distinctions and cultural relevance.Subjectivity is the degree to which an entity functions asymmetrically as the subject or the object of conception（Langacker，1998）.This in turn means that translators conceptualize discourse event scenario of image-G in the frame of textual space.Deixis is the phenomenon of using elements of the subject's situatedness—more specifically，the subject qua speaker in speech event—to designate something in the scene（Croft & Cruse，2004）.What this means is that translators may do not simply map viewing positioning onto subject situatedness guided by specific perspective that they have in mind，but pick a certain conventional pattern in their construal of image-G，so to speak，from long-term memory，where it is stored.Take an example from the translation of Li Bai's poem“Seeing Meng Haoran off at Yellowcrane Tower”（李白《黄鹤楼送孟浩然之广陵》）：[12]
故人西辞黄鹤楼，烟花三月下扬州。
Guren xici Huanghelou,yanhua sanyue xia Yangzhou.
孤帆远影碧空尽，唯见长江天际流。
Gufan yuanying bikong jin,weijian Changjiang tianji liu.
My friend has left the west where the Yellow Cranetowers;(https://www.daowen.com)
For River Town green with willows and red with flowers.
His lessening sail is lost in the boundless bluesky;
Where I see but the endless River rolling by.
(Translated by Xu Yuanchong)
In the translated version,the translator's viewing positioning is the comprehensive correlation between conceptualized“viewers”and the semantic situation of the poem being“viewed”.More specifically,the subject of the first line is“my friend”and the subject of the second one is“his lessening sail”,which means that the poet's friend,Meng Haoran,is the most prominent deixis in the subjectivity of the translator's construal.Its vantage point is evolved in the translator's viewing positioning which could be supposed as the most conspicuous aspect in his translation.Taking a more general view of this issue,this variation of vantage point and viewing positioning adopted by the translator have made it obvious that the discourse event scenario of image-G in TT is quite different from that of ST.However,in terms of the appearing order of main characters,as the key personal pronoun in the first line,“my”is used by the translator to emphasize subject situatedness of the poet,as it is manifested in ST.Thus,the translator conceptualizes discourse event scenario of image-G in the frame of textual space as“my”-centered event,which shares close correspondence with the prominence of the poet and the comparatively highlighting conceptual content in ST.It is the translator's perspective that serves as typical presuppositions of subject situatedness of image-G in the poem.All these can be mapped onto the discourse event scenario of image-G and may help the translator to conceptualize the abstract image-G as the poet's attachment for his friendship with Meng Haoran.