6.4.2 数量并置的结构类型
并置的数字有大小,有先后,而且在汉语中数字与量词常常共现。因此,表示约量的数字并置结构可以从并置数字大小的先后顺序、相邻性和共现的量词情况等三个维度来考察。
从数字大小的先后顺序上看,并置连用的两个数字可以是顺连的,也可以是倒连的,前者如例308)中的“两三个”,后者如例309)中的“三两个”和“十天八天”。
308)有一天,掌灯的时候,我还记得真真的,因为我同着两三个娘们正在门口坐着呢。
One night,soon after the lamps were lit,I recall it like it was yesterday,I was sitting outside with two or three of the other girls.
309)不定是三两个月,还是十天八天,吹了;他得另去找事。
Sometimes he lasted two or three months,sometimes only eight or ten days,after which he was out looking for steady work again.
从数字大小的相邻性上看,并置连用的两个数字可以是相邻的,也可以是不相邻的,前者如例310)中的“三四个”,后者如例311)中的“三五个”。其中,相邻的数字可以在个位上,如例312)中的“三十七八岁”,可以在十位上,如例313)中的“二三十年”,也可以在百位上,如例314)中的“二三百年”。
310)他又想往起立,过去三四个人忙着往起搀他。Again he tried to stand,and this time three or four of the men helped him to his feet.
311)这是跑长趟的,不愿拉零座;因为拉一趟便是一趟,不屑于三五个铜子的穷凑了。
Interested only in long hauls,these men disdain the short,pennyante business.
312)他自居老虎,可惜没有儿子,只有个三十七八岁的虎女——知道刘四爷的就必也知道虎妞。
He liked to think of himself as a tiger,but he had produced no male cub.He had an unwed daughter of thirty-seven or eight,and anyone who knew Fourth Master Liu knew his daughter,Huniu—Tiger Girl.
313)可是现在——经过这二三十年来的变迁——已越混越低,有的已很难吃上饱饭。
…but now,after twenty or thirty years,their fortunes were dwindling,and some were even having trouble making ends meet.
314)那二三百年的老铺户也忽然想起作周年纪念,借此好散出大减价的传单……
…shops that had been around for hundreds of years celebrated anniversaries by passing out handbills announcing grand sales.
从与数字并置共现的量词来看,并置的两个数字所携带的量词可以合二为一,如例315)中的“二三毛”实际上是“二毛三毛”的简化;可以分别出现,如例316)中的“两毛三毛”;也可以省略,如例317)中的“一二发光的有色的小物件”。
315)要不然两块钱清华——平常只是二三毛钱的事儿——为什么会没人抢呢?
…but two yuan to Tsinghua University—a trip that usually cost no more than twenty or thirty cents—why wasn’t anyone interested?
316)他去送一送,每一趟也得弄个两毛三毛的。
…each trip would end with twenty or thirty cents for him,…
317)像买了一堆破烂那样,碎铜烂铁之中也有一二发光的有色的小物件,使人不忍得拒绝。
It was like buying a pile of junk and finding amid the rusting metals a few irresistible baubles.
上述的几个维度交叉组配,同时采撷析取关系句对库中的实际语料,可以得出表35。
表35 数字并置的结构类型

从表35可以看出,量词复现时,两个量词可以不同,如例318)中的“三天两头”和例319)中的“十头八块”。
318)太太可手松,三天两头的出去买东西;
His wife was the opposite—she went out shopping every two or three days,…
319)敲祥子,并不在侦探们的计划内,不过既然看见了祥子,带手儿的活,何必不先拾个十头八块的呢?
Fleecing Xiangzi had not figured in their plans,but since he’d fallen into their hands so easily,that little bit of money was there for the taking.
表35中,从上到下共有四个位置打了问号,是指在语料库中没有找到相应例子。前三个问号所在位置没有找到实例,也许跟语料库的容量有关,也许还有其他因素在起作用。最后一个问号所在位置不能找到实例,是由于能倒连的不相邻数字极其有限,如果量词合一就极易被误解,例如“十天八天”变成“十八天”,就容易被认为是基数词的“十八”而非约量。
从表35可以看出,数字顺连的结构类型比数字倒连更加丰富。析取关系句对库中的量化统计也证实了这一点。在127个例子中,数字顺连的有114例,而数字倒连的仅有13例,只占数字并置所有语例中的10.24%。这是因为能顺连的数字几乎不受限制,而且顺连且数字相邻时可以是个位数字相邻、十位数字相邻和百位数字相邻,但数字倒连时,能进入并置结构的数字仅限于“三”“两”“十”“八”“百”“八十”,结构形式也仅限于“三……两……”“十……八……”“百儿八十”。倒连的数字若是钱币的数量,有时也会涉及数额的换算,如例320)中的“块儿八毛”相当于“十毛八毛”。
320)就是老头子真犯牛脖子,我手里也有俩体己,咱俩也能弄上两三辆车,一天进个块儿八毛的,
Even if he turns bullheaded,I’ve got enough put aside for you and me to own two or three rickshaws,which would bring in at least one yuan a day…