结论

更新于 2026年10月13日 版权声明
结论

对权力结构的研究者来说,研究连锁董事会是非常有用的,它有助于我们界定企业共同体并且了解董事会如何运转的一些知识。这些研究显示,许多公司的领导人并不是仅仅坐在自己的公司里,只是埋头处理自己公司的事情。通过在各个董事会里的碰面,那些相互兼职的董事们培育出了一种社会凝聚力以及与他们经济权力相配的共同视角。

我相信,这正是这些人之所以处于上层阶级和企业共同体领导群体核心的原因。而我则将他们称之为“权力精英”(power elite)。不过,正如莎莉公司和3M公司的个案所显示的那样,我们不应该从某一个特定时刻连锁网络的具体“形态”推导出太多的东西,因为当企业网络不再是由通过他们的董事资格来协调经济利益的所有者和金融家组成的时候,很多东西可能已经发生了改变。

[1]R.L.Breiger,“The Duality of Persons and Groups”,Social Forces,53(1974):181—190.

[2]Gerald Davis,Mina Yoo,& W.Baker.“The Small World of the American Corporate Elite,1982—2001,”Strategic Organization 1(3),301—326.

[3]罗斯·佩罗(Ross Perot)是美国EDS公司创始人,曾于1992年以独立候选人身份参加美国总统大选,他得到了19%的选票,吸引了通常支持共和党的选民,从而导致时任总统的共和党人老布什竞选连任失败(老布什获37.4%的选票,克林顿则为43%)。考虑到作者的政治倾向,他之所以在众多企业大亨中单独提及佩罗也就不难理解了。

[4]R.Chernow,The House of Morgan(New York:Atlantic Monthly Press,1990).

[5]P.Bonacich,“Technique for Analyzing Overlapping Memberships,”In H.Costner(Ed.),Sociological Methodology(San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,1972).

[6]P.Bonacich & G.William Domhoff,“Latent Classes and Group Membership,”Social Networks 3(1981):175—196.

[7]G.Moore,S.Sobieraj,J.Whitt,O.Mayorova,& D.Beaulieu,“Elite Interlocks in Three U.S.Sectors:Nonprofit,Corporate,and Government.”Social Science Quarterly 83(2002):726—744.

[8]Robert F.Dalzell,Enterprising Elite:the Boston Associates and the World They Made(Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1987).

[9]David Bunting,“Origins of the American Corporate Network,”Social Science History,7(1983):129—142.

[10]William G.Roy,“Interlocking Directorates and the Corporate Revolution,”Social Science History 7(1983):143—164;William G.Roy,Socializing Capital:The Rise of the Large Industrial Corporation in America(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1997).

[11]Mark S.Mizruchi,The American Corporate Network,1904—1974(Beverly Hills:Sage Publications,1982);Mark S.Mizruchi,“Relations Among Large American Corporations,1904—1974,”Social Science History 7(1983):165—182.

[12]R.C.Barnes & E.R.Ritter,“Networks of corporate interlock:1962—1995,”Critical Sociology 27(2001):192—220;G.F.Davis & M.S.Mizruchi,“The Money Center Cannot Hold:Commercial Banks in the U.S.System of Corporate Governance”,Administrative Science Quarterly 44(1999):215(212).

[13]Richard Zweigenhaft & G.William Domhoff,Blacks in the White Elite:Will the Progress Continue?(Lanham,MD:Rowman and Littlefield,2003);Richard Zweigenhaft & G.William Domhoff,Diversity in the Power elite(Lanham,MD.:Rowman and Littlefield,2006);Richard Zweigenhaft & G.William Domhoff,Diversity in the Power Elite:Have Women and Minorities Reached the Top?(New Haven,CT.:Yale University Press,1998).(https://www.daowen.com)

[14]Richard Zweigenhaft & G.William Domhoff,Diversity in the Power Elite(Lanham,MD.:Rowman and Littlefield,2006).

[15]美国城市联盟是一家于1910年成立的无党派民权组织,主要目标是为美国黑人反对种族隔离、牟取福利而斗争。

[16]“绿湾包装工”是一支职业美式足球队,位于威斯康星州绿湾。

[17]Richard Zweigenhaft & G.William Domhoff,Jews in the Protestant Establishment(New York:Praeger,1982:25—43);Richard Zweigenhaft & G.William Domhoff,Diversity in the Power Elite:Have Women and Minorities Reached the Top?(New Haven,CT.:Yale University Press,1998:191).

[18]Gerald Davis,Mina Yoo,& W.Baker.“The small World of the American Corporate Elite,1982—2001,”Strategic Organization 1(3)(2002):301—306.

[19]Tomas Koenig & Robert Gogel,“Interlocking Corporate Directorships as a Social Network,”The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 40(1)(1981):37—50;Donald Palmer,“Interpreting Corporate Interlocks From Broken Ties,”Social Science History 7(1983):217—231.

[20]Michael Useem,The Inner Circle:Large Corporations and the Rise of Business Political Activity in the U.S.and U.K.(New York:Oxford University Press,1984).

[21]Michael Useem,“Which Business Leaders Help Govern?”In G.William Domhoff(Ed.),Power Structure Research(Beverly Hills:Sage,1980:199—225).

[22]Robert Barnes,The Multiple Dimensions of the Corporate Elite's“Small World”from 1962 to 1995.Paper presented at the American Sociological Association,Philadelphia,2005.

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