三、回归英格兰
作为西方文明的主要代表,英国文明的进步与发展总是蕴藏着自我中心主义,因此二战以后的英国经历了从英帝国的衰落到英联邦国家民族主义的兴起。尽管英国王室和政府通过各种方式,试图维系甚至复兴旧日英帝国的风光,然而英联邦国家的民族自觉与独立,乃至不列颠自身的民族分化亦已成为潮流。从总体上看,英国文明的全面衰退直至英国形象收缩与回归英格兰应该是一条不可逆转的必由之路。
以“世界贸易”与“世界工厂”为主要标志,以政治、经济、军事与文化等力量遍布世界各地为存在形式的“日不落”帝国,在英国人的生活与心灵中占有很重要的地位。正像英国人对罗马人等殖民者怀有感激之情一样,英联邦国家也有许多人十分敬重英王及英国。殖民帝国的破坏和建设为人们的历史记忆与反思留下许多问题与空间。
从历史事实来看,英国从英联邦实质上的逐步解体到不列颠本土的分化,正在经历一个十分复杂的过程。从英联邦逐步解体的视角来看,一方面是津巴布韦退出英联邦开启了成员国脱离英联邦的先河,即便后来津巴布韦重新加入也是如此;另一方面是巴基斯坦发生多种形式的语言运动并造成最高法院于2015年9月9日发布命令,要求政府部门将乌尔都语定为国家官方语言,全面取代英语的地位。我们知道,语言是一个人乃至一个民族身份的象征,因此它的存在与使用直接昭示着一个人的身份乃至一个民族国家的形象与灵魂。虽然语言不像宗教那样有更突出的个性,但是它的存在更普遍,更具生命力,更有益于民族主义运动推进并为民族国家获得更多的政治权益。(169)当然,英国官方总是尽力维系英帝国旧日的梦幻,然而英国内部的分化却是英国文明发展的必然趋势。
英国官方尽力维系英国旧日辉煌的路径不少,但是最终不尽如人意的效果也是历史发展的规律。首先是“英联邦运动会”。以1911年乔治五世加冕之际举办的英帝国锦标赛(Inter-Empire Championship)为基础,1930年加拿大人罗宾逊·梅尔维尔(Robinson Melville)在伦敦水晶宫组织了第一届英帝国运动会(British Empire Games),至今已经举办21届。中间几次更改运动会名称的风波,也记录了英国人对于维系英国与英联邦辉煌历史的思想变化与心态转换的印迹。布莱顿大学的马克·凯奇教授则认为,这样的运动会实际上是一部政治史。这种方式比较民主,且有望通过运动消除包括在撒哈拉以南的种族隔阂,从而实现不同民族之间的平等交往与合作。(170)其间由于两次世界大战,英联邦运动会停办了12年。英联邦运动会也曾得到新西兰等英联邦国家的热情支持,然而,即便是1938年的悉尼运动会,也没有足够的人员和队伍。2014年在格拉斯哥举办的英联邦运动会的影响尤其突出:人们所关注的就是“英联邦运动会”与“苏格兰公投”之间的关系。(171)所有组织者以“英帝国运动会”的重建呼唤英帝国精神与英帝国时代重现的目的离现实生活越来越遥远,人们直接感受到的是:“英帝国”在英联邦国家人民的生活中不断地褪色。
王室的魅力、亲善与政府干预也是重要的维系方式之一。英国“脱欧”已经成为历史,而苏格兰公投甚至其脱英入欧还在漫漫征途之中,而且也是诸多媒体广泛报道的大众化与国际化的问题。我们可以充分感受到王室对苏格兰情深义重,多种亲善、怀柔的挽留信息不断地传送给苏格兰。英国广播公司于2014年9月20日报道,英国首相卡梅伦曾经在苏格兰公投前向女王求助,希望女王能够对苏格兰独立公投“挑挑眉表示不满”,哪怕只有四分之一英寸。女王的回应是:人们应该“慎重考虑未来”。(172)结果苏格兰2014年公投以45%对55%失败。卡梅伦还透露,女王知道结果后高兴得“呜呜哭起来”。(173)可见,苏格兰公投事件在女王的心中有着怎样的分量。卡梅伦在公投之前曾说,如果苏格兰离开就无法再回来;他曾经对此向女王道歉,称自己犯了一个“可怕的错误”。事实上,在英国文明走向“回归”的进程中,前首相卡梅伦或许是不列颠分裂的有力推手和英格兰历史上的罪人,因为苏格兰走向独立的脚步永远不会停止。
2020年9月,苏格兰民族党党魁斯特金公开宣称将在下一个春天举行第二次公投。2021年6月底7月初,英国女王伊丽莎白二世在亲王去世后第一次访问苏格兰,会见了斯特金和广大市民,并以自己的生活实践为例,说明自己与苏格兰之间血脉相连的关系;还有威廉王子与母亲戴安娜以及凯特王妃对苏格兰这片土地的深厚的感情。(174)约翰逊政府的一贯立场是反对苏格兰第二次公投。首相鲍里斯·约翰逊始终反对苏格兰举行第二次公投,至少不能让公投发生在自己的任期之内。他还援引斯特金此前的承诺,提出苏格兰人近年只能有2014年这一次公投,下次独立公投应该在2050年之后。约翰逊政府反对公投的理由是疫情问题尚未解决与苏格兰公投涉嫌违宪。(175)斯特金则认为,苏格兰独立不存在是与否的问题,而只是时间问题。斯特金对英国“脱欧”十分不满,她向欧洲表白,苏格兰将很快回到欧洲,“请为我们留灯”。在英国广播公司的节目中,斯特金表示,她将在新一任期过半时即2023年底推动独立公投。官方怀柔,尤其是王室的魅力和“亲情牌”以及政府干预,也难以阻止苏格兰人乃至其他民族走向独立的脚步。
英国文明确实走过了一条不同寻常的路程:荒蛮岛屿在经历了欧陆诸多暴力与文化征服之后,本地文明通过与罗马文明、盎撒文明、维京文明、诺曼文明与基督教文明、古典文明等的碰撞与融合,成功地实现了转化,而且较早地生长出爱留根纳的自然逻辑、约翰·司各脱的个体原则、威廉·奥卡姆的主观意识和牛津大学、1215年《大宪章》等近代文明要素,从而在政治制度革命和工业技术革命之后率先进入对内改良与对外扩张悖立并存与殖民发展的帝国时代。然而,英帝国已经崩塌,英联邦也面临分化,英国本土正面临着诸多民族独立的挑战与危机。由于英国文明筑基于英国早期本土文明与欧陆诸多征服者文明,尤其是基督教文明的融合,英国文明形成了以英格兰中心主义为内核的富有张力的殖民主义传统,并以非公平、非正义的方式去征服世界。英国文明的历史虽然为我们提供了许多珍贵的政治、经济、思想与文化遗产,可是今天的英国只能让我们面对这样一个朴素的事实:尽管呈现方式不一,但英联邦体系的崩溃、联合王国的分裂已成为历史趋势。
英国文明史在殖民主义背景下从蒙昧状态中走出,在面对多种力量征服的历史进程中吸纳了诸多外来文明。这些多元文明的碰撞与融合使不列颠形成以英格兰的“盎格鲁–撒克逊”精神为核心的不列颠文明,很快成长并进入以“帝国”为标志的鼎盛时代。然而,由于不列颠文明筑基于“理性”的张力与“神性”的预设,所谓“生而自由”与“渐进主义”只是西方的神话,以“殖民主义”为主要路径的帝国大厦必然崩塌——从帝国衰微到英联邦国家民族主义的兴起,从脱离欧洲到“苏格兰公投”的起步,“回归英格兰”既是“帝国的宿命”,也是“历史的循环”。
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