本章小结
本章主要阐述了欧洲能源互联网的基本理论问题,为下文开展具体的法律和政策研究奠定基础。能源互联网的出现与“互联网”理念介入能源领域有关。近几年来清洁电力在全世界范围内的协调互济越来越引起国际关注,中国继“一带一路”重要倡议提出后,又提出“全球能源互联网”重大倡议,经过中国政府的不断推动,“全球能源互联网”倡议已经从倡议提出发展至获得国际共识。欧洲能源互联网属于全球能源互联网的规划内容之一,在法律和政策方面是国际上的“领头羊”。能源互联网的法律要素包含法律概念、法律原则和法律规则三个方面。能源互联网的法律概念,是指一切调整能源互联网建设活动的法律规范的总称。电力基础设施、电力市场和清洁能源分别作为能源互联网建设过程中的输送载体、交易载体和来源载体,构成能源互联网法律概念中的重要三元素,欧洲在这三方面出台了诸多法律与政策。能源互联网的发展应遵循国际法,秉持国际合作原则、和平解决争端原则、尊重国家电力主权原则、不干涉内政原则等。能源互联网的法律规则以国家为中心而订立,国家主权原则使得该法律规则体系本质上表现为以自愿、同意为前提。能源互联网的法律规则相较于能源互联网的原则更具有内容的明确性。能源互联网的建设给国际电力规则和体制带来诸多新的问题。总之,欧洲能源互联网的法律与政策是一个庞杂的体系,包含不同时期、不同领域、不同机构发布的诸多法律与政策文件,梳理其中主要的部分并归纳其主要特点为后文开展具体的针对性研究奠定基础。法律与政策的落实离不开欧洲能源互联网运行机构的帮助,主要包括输电系统运营商、配电系统运营商、电力系统协调机构和电力监管机构。这些机构在欧洲、欧盟和国家层面发挥不同的作用,共同促进能源互联网法律与政策的实施。
【注释】
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[55]清洁能源是指不排放污染物的能源,可再生能源是指可再生的非化石能源,新能源是指传统能源之外的各种能源形式。三者都包括风能、太阳能、地热能、波浪能、潮汐能、水力发电、生物质能等。新能源是一种新技术基础上加以开发利用的可再生能源,可再生能源在某种意义上也是一种清洁能源,利用可再生能源发电属于清洁能源发电的范畴。因此,全书对清洁能源、可再生能源和新能源这三个概念不作严格区分,按照各自通常的语境来使用。石油、天然气、煤炭、核能等非可再生能源或非清洁能源不属于本书的研究范畴。
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[95]Communication from the Commission-Energy for the Future:Renewable Sources of Energy-Green Paper for a“Community Strategy”,/*COM/96/0576 FINAL*/,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:51996DC0576&qid=1514958843827&from=EN,December 30,2019.
[96]“Green Paper a 2030 Framework for Climate and Energy Policies”,/*COM/2013/0169 final*/,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1514958843827&uri=CELEX:52013DC0169,December 21,2019.
[97]“Green Paper-Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply”,/*COM/2000/0769 final*/,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1514958843827&uri=CELEX:52000DC0769,December 30,2019.
[98]“Green Paper-Towards a Secure,Sustainable and Competitive European Energy Network”,{SEC(2008)2869}/*COM/2008/0782 final*/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1514958843827&uri=CELEX:52008DC0782,December 31,2019.
[99]“Green Paper-A European Strategy for Sustainable,Competitive and Secure Energy”,{SEC(2006)317}/*COM/2006/0105 final*/,http://eur-lex.europa,eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52006DC0105,December 31,2019.
[100]“Resolution on Energy Security in Connection with Energy Market and Harmonization between the Eastern European Partner and the EU Countries”,2013/C 338/03,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1514958843827&uri=CELEX:22013P1119(03),December 30,2019.
[101]“European Parliament Resolution on the Council Common Position for Adopting a European Parliament and Council Directive on the Promotion of Electricity Produced from Renewable Energy Sources in the Internal Electricity Market”[5583/1/2001-C5-0133/2001-2000/0116(COD)],http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52001AP0227&qid=1514958843827&from=EN,December 30,2019.
[102]“Resolution(EU)No.2016/1487 of the European Parliament of 28 April 2016 with Observations Forming an Integral Part of the Decision on Discharge in Respect of the Implementation of the Budget of the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators for the Financial Year 2014”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1514958843827&uri=CELEX:52016BP1487,December 12,2019.
[103]“Resolution(EU)No.2017/1634 of the European Parliament of 27 April 2017 with Observations Forming an Integral Part of the Decision on Discharge in Respect of the Implementation of the Budget of the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators for the Financial Year 2015”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1514958843827&uri=CELEX:52017BP1634,December 12,2019.
[104]“Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators-Publication of the Final Accounts for the Financial Year 2016”,OJ C 384,14.11.2017,p.1,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1514958843827&uri=CELEX:52017XX1114(04),December 12,2019.
[105]Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament-“The Share of Renewable Energy in the EU”-Commission Report in Accordance with Article 3 of Directive 2001/77/EC,evaluation of the Effect of Legislative Instruments and other Community Policies on the Development of the Contribution of Renewable Energy Sources in the EU and Proposals for Concrete Actions,{SEC(2004)547},/*COM/2004/0366 final*/,http://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1514958843827&uri=CELEX:52004DC0366,December 12,2019.
[106]Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament-“Renewable Energy Road Map-Renewable Energies in the 21st Century:Building a More Sustainable Future”,/*COM/2006/0848 final*/,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1514958843827&uri=CELEX:52006DC0848,December 12,2019.
[107]Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament,the Council,the European Economic and Social Committee,the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank,“Clean Energy For All Europeans”,COM/2016/0860 final,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1514958843827&uri=CELEX:52016DC0860,December 12,2019.
[108]Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament,the Council,the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions,“Energy 2020 a Strategy for Competitive,Sustainable and Secure Energy”,/*COM/2010/0639 final*/,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1409650806265&uri=CELEX:52010DC0639,December 12,2019.
[109]Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament-“Critical Infrastructure Protection in the Fight Against Terrorism”,/*COM/2004/0702 final*/,http://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52004DC0702,December 12,2019.(https://www.daowen.com)
[110]Communication From the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council,“Energy Efficiency and its Contribution to Energy Security and the 2030 Framework for Climate and Energy Policy”,/*COM/2014/0520 final*/,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1514958843827&uri=CELEX:52014DC0520,December 12,2019.
[111]Communication From the Commission to the European Parliament,the Council,the European Economic and Social Committee,the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank,“Third Report on the State of the Energy Union”,COM/2017/0688 final,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1514958843827&uri=CELEX:52017DC0688,December 12,2019.
[112]Communication from the Commission on a European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection,COM(2006)0786 final,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:52006DC0786,December 12,2019.
[113]Communication From the Commission to the European Parliament,the Council,the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on Security of Energy Supply and International Cooperation-“The EU Energy Policy:Engaging with Partners beyond Our Borders”,/*COM/2011/0539 final*/,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52011DC0539,December 12,2019.
[114]Communication From the Commission to the European Parliament,the Council,the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions,“Smart Grids:from Innovation to Deployment”,/*COM/2011/0202 final*/,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52011DC0202,December 12,2019.
[115]Communication From the Commission to the European Parliament,the Council,the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions,“Energy Roadmap 2050”,/*COM/2011/0885 final*/,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/;ELX_SESSIONID=pXNYJKSFbLwdq5JBWQ9CvYWyJxD9RF4mnS3ctywT2xXmFYhlnIW1!-868768807?uri=CELEX:52011 DC0885,December 30,2019.
[116]Chris Lo,“Overcapacity and the Challenges of Going 100%Renewable”,http://www.powertechnology.com/features/featureovercapacity-and-the-challenges-of-going-100-renewable-5872868/,December 30,2019.
[117]See Kerstine Appunn,“The Energy Transition and Germany's Power Grid:Connecting Up the Energiewende”,https://www.cleanenergywire.org/dossiers/energy-transition-and-germanyspower-grid,December 20,2019.
[118]Peter M.Connor et al.,“Policy and Regulation for Smart Grids in the United Kingdom”,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 40,2014,pp.269-286.
[119]See Yao Zhang,Wei Chen,Weijun Gao,“A Survey on the Development Status and Challenges of Smart Grids in Main Driver Countries”Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 79,2017,pp.137-147.
[120]András Mezösi,Zsuzsanna Pató & László Szabó,“Assessment of the EU 10%Interconnection Target in the Context of CO2 Mitigation”,Climate Policy 16,2016,p.659.
[121]参见李晓西:《能源的“全球梦”》,载《国家电网报》2016年4月21日,第1版。
[122]《欧盟向能源基础设施项目投资4.44亿欧元》,载中国电力企业联合会:http://www.cec.org.cn/guojidianli/2017-03-14/165941.html,2019年12月14日最后访问。
[123]See Communication from the Commission,“A European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection”,COM(2006)0786 final,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52006DC0786&from=EN,December 15,2017.
[124]参见程荃:《欧盟新能源法律与政策研究》,武汉大学出版社2012年版,第219页。
[125]参见周凤翱、陈子楠:《国外智能电网立法与我国〈电力法〉修订》,载《华北电力大学学报》(社会科学版)2012年第2期。
[126]参见周凤翱、陈子楠:《国外智能电网立法与我国〈电力法〉修订》,载《华北电力大学学报》(社会科学版)2012年第2期。
[127]“A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030”,COM(2014)15 final,p.7,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52014DC0015&from=EN,December 15,2019.
[128]See Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament,the Council,the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions,“Energy 2020 a Strategy for Competitive,Sustainable and Secure Energy”,/*COM/2010/0639 final*/,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1409650806265&uri=CELEX:52010DC0639,December 12,2019.
[129]Global Energy Interconnection,White Paper,International Electrotechnical Commission,p.16.
[130]参见杨泽伟主编:《从产业到革命:发达国家新能源法律政策与中国的战略选择》,武汉大学出版社2015年版,第78页。
[131]Mans Nilsson,“EU Renewable Electricity Policy:Mixed Emotions toward Harmonization”,in V.Birchfield,J.Duffield,Toward a Common European Union Energy Policy:Problems,Progress,and Prospects,New York,Palgrave Macmillan,2011,p.113.
[132]Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament,the Council,the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions,“Energy Roadmap 2050”,/*COM/2011/0885 final */,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/;ELX_SESSIONID=p XNYJKSFbLwdq5JBWQ9CvYWyJxD9RF4mnS3ctywT2xXmFYhlnlW1!-868768807?uri=CELEX:52011DC0885,December 12,2019.
[133]参见刘振亚:《以全球能源互联网解决资源环境难题》,载中国石油新闻中心:http://news.cnpc.com.cn/system/2017/03/08/001637826.shtml,2019年12月25日最后访问。
[134]European Commission,“2030 Energy Strategy”,https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-strategy-and-energy-union/2030-energy-strategy,December 25,2019.
[135]参见陈东坡:《“互联网+智慧能源”AB面》,载《中国石油企业》2016年第7期。
[136]See Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament-“The Share of Renewable Energy in the EU”-Commission Report in Accordance with Article 3 of Directive 2001/77/EC,Evaluation of the Effect of Legislative Instruments and other Community Policies on the Development of the Contribution of Renewable Energy Sources in the EU and Proposals for Concrete Actions,{SEC(2004)547}/*COM/2004/0366 final*/,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?qid=1514958843827&uri=CELEX:52004DC0366,June 12,2019.
[137]See Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament-“Renewable Energy Road Map”-Renewable Energies in the 21st Century:Building a More Sustainable Future,/*COM/2006/0848 final*/,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1514958843827&uri=CELEX:52006DC0848,July 30,2019.
[138]参见张立锋、冯红霞:《德国〈可再生能源法〉的演进及对中国的启示》,载《河北法学》2017年第10期。
[139]See Communication from the Commission—“Guidelines on State aid for Environmental Protection and Energy 2014-2020”,3.3.2.1 Aid for Electricity From Renewable Energy Sources,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52014XC0628(01),December 25,2019.
[140]See Communication From the Commission to the European Parliament,the Council,the European Economic and Social Committee,the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank,“Clean Energy for All Europeans”,COM/2016/0860 final,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?qid=1514958843827&uri=CELEX:52016DC0860,December 20,2019.
[141]参见曾令良:《欧洲联盟法总论——以〈欧洲宪法条约〉为新视角》,武汉大学出版社2007年版,第131页。
[142]参见杨解君主编:《欧洲能源法概论》,世界图书出版公司2012年版,第23页。
[143]参见曾文革主编:《欧盟法》,对外经济贸易大学出版社2015年版,第12页。
[144]参见《巴黎协定》中文版,2015年,第2页,载联合国:https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/chinese_paris_agreement.pdf,2019年12月13日最后访问。
[145]参见董亮:《欧盟在巴黎气候进程中的领导力:局限性与不确定性》,载《欧洲研究》2017年第3期。
[146]参见董亮:《欧盟在巴黎气候进程中的领导力:局限性与不确定性》,载《欧洲研究》2017年第3期。
[147]See Jeremy M.Hills,Evanthie Michalena,“Renewable Energy Pioneers are Threatened by EU Policy Reform”Renewable Energy 108,2017,pp.26-36.
[148]See Rafael M.Plaza,Transnational Transmission of Renewable Energies:A Study on International Legal Mechanisms to Further Cross-Border Interconnections of Power Transmission Facilities,Saarbrücken,Lap Lambert Academic Publishing,2014,p.60.
[149]参见杨泽伟:《跨国能源管道运输的争议解决机制》,载《法学》2007年第12期。
[150]白中红:《〈能源宪章条约〉争端解决机制研究》,武汉大学出版社2012年版,第138页。
[151]参见张晏瑲《论全球能源互联网的法律制约与契机》,载《河北法学》2018年第8期。
[152]参见[荷兰]马丁·w.海塞林克:《新的欧洲法律文化》,魏磊杰译,中国法制出版社2010年版,第141页。
[153]参见[荷兰]马丁·W.海塞林克:《新的欧洲法律文化》,魏磊杰译,中国法制出版社2010年版,第127页。
[154]Regulation(EC)No.714/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009,“Conditions for access to the Network for Cross-border Exchanges in Electricity and Repealing Regulation(EC)No.1228/2003(Text with EEA relevance)”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?qid=1515224326693&uri=CELEX:32009R0714,December 25,2019.
[155]Regulation(EC)No.663/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 Establishing a Programme to Aid Economic Recovery by Granting Community Financial Assistance to Projects in the Field of Energy,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515224326693&uri=CELEX:32009R0663,December 25,2019.
[156]“Commission Regulation(EU)No.838/2010 of 23 September 2010 on Laying Down Guidelines Relating to the Inter-transmission System Operator Compensation Mechanism and a Common Regulatory Approach to Transmission Charging”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32010R0838,December 29,2019.
[157]Regulation(EU)No.1227/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011,“Wholesale Energy Market Integrity and Transparency”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515224326693&uri=CELEX:32011R1227,December25,2019.
[158]Regulation(EU)No.1316/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013,“Establishing the Connecting Europe Facility,Amending Regulation(EU)No.913/2010 and Repealing Regulations(EC)No.680/2007 and(EC)No.67/2010”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32013R1316,December 25,2019.
[159]Regulation(EU)No.347/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2013,“Guidelines for Trans-European Energy Infrastructure and Repealing Decision No.1364/2006/EC and Amending Regulations(EC)No.713/2009,(EC)No.714/2009 and(EC)No.715/2009”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32013R0347,December 25,2019.
[160]Commission Regulation(EU)No.543/2013 of 14 June 2013,“Submission and Publication of Data in Electricity Markets and Amending Annex I to Regulation(EC)No.714/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515233624845&uri=CELEX:32013R0543,December 25,2019.
[161]Regulation(EU)No.233/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2014,“Establishing a Financing Instrument for Development Cooperation for the Period 2014-2020”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515224326693&uri=CELEX:32014R0233,December 25,2019.
[162]Regulation(EU)No.256/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014,“Notification to the Commission of Investment Projects in Energy Infrastructure within the European Union,Replacing Council Regulation(EU,Euratom)No.617/2010 and repealing Council Regulation(EC)No.736/96”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515224326693&uri=CELEX:32014R0256,December 25,2019.
[163]Regulation(EU)No.2016/1952 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2016,“European Statistics on Natural Gas and Electricity Prices and Repealing Directive 2008/92/EC”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515224326693&uri=CELEX:32016R1952,December 15,2019.
[164]Commission Regulation(EU)No.2017/2196 of 24 November 2017,“Establishing a Network Code on Electricity Emergency and Restoration”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515233624845&uri=CELEX:32017R2196,December 15,2019.
[165]Commission Regulation(EU)No.2017/2195 of 23 November 2017,“Establishing a Guideline on Electricity Balancing”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515233624845&uri=CELEX:32017R2195,December 25,2019.
[166]Council Directive 2008/114/EC of 8 December 2008,“Identification and Designation of European Critical Infrastructures and the Assessment of the Need to Improve their Protection”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0114,December 25,2019.
[167]Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009,“Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources and Amending and Subsequently Repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32009L0028,December 25,2019.
[168]Directive 2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009,“Common Rules for the Internal Market in Electricity and Repealing Directive 2003/54/EC”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515234394801&uri=CELEX:32009L0072,December 25,2019.
[169]Directive 2014/35/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014,“Harmonisation of the Laws of the Member States Relating to the Making Available on the Market of Electrical Equipment Designed for Use within Certain Voltage Limits”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515234394801&uri=CELEX:32014L0035,December 25,2019.
[170]Directive 2005/89/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 January 2006,“Measures to Safeguard Security of Electricity Supply and Infrastructure Investment”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515234394801&uri=CELEX:32005L0089,December 25,2019.
[171]Council Directive 2003/96/EC of 27 October 2003,“Restructuring the Community Framework for the Taxation of Energy Products and Electricity”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?qid=1515234394801&uri=CELEX:32003L0096,December 25,2019.
[172]Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012,“Energy Efficiency,Amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and Repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1516792503853&uri=CELEX:32012L0027,December 25,2019.
[173]Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010,“Energy Performance of Buildings(recast)”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:153:0013:0035:EN:PDF,December 25,2019.
[174]Commission Decision of 9 March 2016,“Setting-up a Commission Expert Group on Electricity Interconnection Targets”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515235717932&uri=CELEX:32016D0310(01),December 25,2019.
[175]Commission Decision of 15 November 2012,“Setting Up the Electricity Coordination Group”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515235717932&uri=CELEX:32012D1117(01),December 25,2019.
[176]2011/280/EU:Commission Decision of 16 May 2011 on Repealing Decision 2003/796/EC,“Establishing the European Regulators Group for Electricity and Gas”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515235717932&uri=CELEX:32011D0280,December 25,2019.
[177]Commission Recommendation of 8 May 2006,“Promotion of Shore-side Electricity for Use by ships at Berth in Community ports(2006/339/EC)”,OJ L 125,12.5.2006,pp.38-42,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515311060823&uri=CELEX:32006H0339,December 25,2019.
[178]88/611/EEC:Council Recommendation of 8 November 1988,“Promote Cooperation Between Public Utilities and Auto-producers of Electricity”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515317016847&uri=CELEX:31988H0611,December 25,2019.
[179]2014/761/EU:Commission Recommendation of 29 October 2014,“Application of Internal Energy Market Rules between the EU Member States and the Energy Community Contracting Parties”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515317016847&uri=CELEX:32014H0761,December 15,2019.
[180]2014/724/EU:Commission Recommendation of 10 October 2014,“The Data Protection Impact Assessment Template for Smart Grid and Smart Metering Systems”,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515317016847&uri=CELEX:32014H0724,December 25,2019.
[181]Council Recommendation of 11 July 2017 on the 2017 National Reform Programme of Germany and Delivering a Council Opinion on the 2017 Stability Programme of Germany,http://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515317016847&uri=CELEX:32017H0809(05),December 25,2019.
[182]Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on:Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Internal Market for Electricity(recast)[COM(2016)861 final-2016-379-COD];Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Risk-preparedness in the Electricity Sector and Repealing Directive 2005/89/EC[COM(2016)862 final-2016-377-COD];Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Establishing a European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators(recast)[COM(2016)863 final-2016-378-COD];Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Common Rules for the Internal Market in Electricity(recast)[COM(2016)864 final-2016-380-COD],OJ C 288,31.8.2017,pp.91-99,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515311060823&uri=CELEX:52016AE6895,December 25,2019.
[183]Opinion of the European Committee of the Regions,“Renewable Energy and the Internal Market in Electricity”,OJ C 342,12.10.2017,pp.79-110,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515311060823&uri=CELEX:52017AR0832,December 15,2019.
[184]Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on the Communication from the Commission,“Delivering the Internal Electricity Market and Making the Most of Public Intervention”C(2013)7243 final,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515311060823&uri=CELEX:52013AE6389,December 25,2019.
[185]参见周忠海主编:《国际法》(第3版),中国政法大学出版社2017年版,第30页。
[186]参见曾令良:《欧洲联盟法总论——以〈欧洲宪法条约〉为新视角》,武汉大学出版社2007年版,第147~150页。
[187]参见苗静:《辅助原则研究》,中国经济出版社2013年版,第135页。
[188]参见王铁崖:《国际法引论》,北京大学出版社1998年版,第88页。
[189]See Proposal for a Directive of the Council,“The Identification and Designation of European Critical Infrastructure and the Assessment of the Need to Improve their Protection”,{SEC(2006)1648}{SEC(2006)1654}/*COM/2006/0787 final-CNS 2006/0276*/,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52006PC0787,December 27,2019.
[190]See Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council,“The Internal Market for Electricity”(recast),COM/2016/0861 final-2016/0379(COD),http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2016:861:FIN,December 25,2019.
[191]参见杨解君主编:《欧洲能源法概论》,世界图书出版公司2012年版,第26页。
[192]Grzegorz Błajszczak,Iwona Gaweł,“Network Codes-European Energy Law in the Making”Acta Energetica 2/23,2015,p.6.
[193]参见张栋:《从欧洲互联电网发展我们可以学到什么?》,载《国际电网报》2017年3月7日,第5版,第2页。
[194]参见张栋:《从欧洲互联电网发展我们可以学到什么?》,载《国际电网报》2017年3月7日,第5版,第2页。
[195]36个成员国分别是:奥地利、比利时、波黑、保加利亚、捷克、克罗地亚、丹麦、法国、马其顿、德国、希腊、匈牙利、意大利、卢森堡、黑山、荷兰、波兰、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、西班牙、瑞士、芬兰、挪威、瑞典、冰岛、爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、塞浦路斯、英国、爱尔兰、阿尔巴尼亚和土耳其(加黑字体为欧盟成员国,欧盟成员国中仅有马耳他不是ENTSO-E成员国)。
[196]ENTSO-E,“ENTSO-E Member Companies”,https://www.entsoe.eu/about-entso-e/inside-entso-e/member-companies/Pages/default.aspx,December 17,2019.
[197]《欧洲互联电网成员国概况》,载中国电力新闻网:http://www.cpnn.com.cn/sd/gj/201411/t20141124_767355.html,2019年12月20日最后访问。
[198]欧洲互联电网(ENTSO-E)概况,载OFweek电力网:http://power.ofweek.com/2014-11/ART-35001-8130-28903158_4.html,2019年12月20日最后访问。
[199]See Erika Pierri et al.,“Challenges and Opportunities for a European HVDC Grid”,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 70,2017,pp.427-456.
[200]Grzegorz Błajszczak,Iwona Gaweł,“Network Codes-European Energy Law in the Making”,Acta Energetica 2/23,2015,p.6.
[201]See Commission Regulation(EU)No.838/2010 of 23 September 2010 on Laying Down Guidelines Relating to the Inter-transmission System Operator Compensation Mechanism and a Common Regulatory Approach to Transmission Charging,http://eur-1ex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32010R0838,December 25,2019.
[202]See Case ENC-04/17:Albania/Electricity,Energy Community,https://www.energycommunity.org/legal/cases/2017/case0417AL.html,December 25,2019.
[203]See Case ENC-04/17:Albania/Electricity,Energy Community,https://www.energycommunity.org/legal/cases/2017/case0417AL.html,December 25,2019.
[204]Lorenzo Kristov et al.,21st Century Electric Distribution System Operations,May 2014,p.10.
[205]See Commission Regulation(EU)No.2017/1485 of 2 August 2017 Establishing a Guideline on Electricity Transmission System Operation,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32017R1485,December 27,2019.
[206]The Role of Distribution System Operators(DSOs)as Information Hubs,A Eurelectric Networks Committee Paper,June 2010,p.19.
[207]See Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Internal Market for Electricity(recast),COM/2016/0861 final-2016/0379(COD),http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2016:861:FIN,December 25,2019.
[208]New World of Electricity,CORESO,https://www.coreso.eu/mission/new-electricityworld/,December 25,2019.
[209]See Nur IqtiyaniIlham,M.Hasanuzzaman,M.Hosenuzzaman,“European Smart Grid Prospects,Policies,and Challenges”Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 67,2017,p.778.
[210]See Articles of Association of the Council of European Electricity Regulators ASBL-Consolidated on 15 September 2015,https://www.ceer.eu/documents/104400/3733481/CEER_Statutes-EN_2015-09-15.pdf/c688187c-ab7c-a737-0c52-4eeff4f0446d,December 23,2019.
[211]See Regulation(EC)No.713/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1510142043706&uri=CELEX:32009R0713,December 25,2019.
[212]See Board of Regulators,http://www.acer.europa.eu/en/The_agency/Organisation/Board_of_Regulators/Pages/default.aspx,December 23,2019.
[213]See ACER's Annual Report on its Activities under Regulation(EU)No.1227/2011 on Wholesale Energy Market Integrity and Transparency(REMIT)in 2015,ACER,Market Monitoring Department,October 2016,p.88.
[214]See ACER's Annual Report on its Activities under Regulation(EU)No.1227/2011 on Wholesale Energy Market Integrity and Transparency(REMIT)in 2015,ACER,Market Monitoring Department,October 2016,p.7.
[215]Network Development and Infrastructure Regulation,http://www.acer.europa.eu/en/Electricity/Infrastructure_and_network%20development/Pages/default.aspx,December 23,2019.
[216]See Case ENC-09/17:Moldova/Electricity,https://www.energy-community.org/legal/cases/2017/case0917ML.html,December 23,2019.
[217]Nur IqtiyaniIlham,M.Hasanuzzaman,M.Hosenuzzaman,“European Smart Grid Prospects,Policies,and Challenges”Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 67,2017,p.777.
[218]See Opinion of the European Committee of the Regions,“Renewable Energy and the Internal Market in Electricity”,(2017/C 342/12),http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515311060823&uri=CELEX:52017AR0832,December 22,2019.
[219]President's Duties,https://www.ure.gov.pl/en/about-us/presidents-duties/22,Presidentsduties.html,December 25,2019.