肱骨大结节骨折手术

更新于 2026年10月30日 版权声明
第四节 肱骨大结节骨折手术

肱骨大结节骨折临床分为无移位的单纯大结节骨折和有移位的大结节骨折。无移位的大结节骨折多是直接暴力挫伤,骨块多为粉碎性,一般外展位固定。有移位的大结节骨折由于受冈上肌的牵拉,骨折块移位并嵌于盂肱关节内。肱骨大结节骨折后冈上肌腱失去了附着点,严重影响肩关节外展功能。如果畸形愈合,肩峰与肱骨大结节发生撞击,将导致肩袖损伤。常规采用肩关节前方内侧弧形切口,将三角肌在肩峰的附着点切开,暴露肱骨大结节骨折端,进行直视下复位固定。手术显露广泛,创伤较大。由于三角肌在肩峰的附着点切开,术后影响早期活动,容易发生肩关节粘连,不利于功能恢复。

关节镜监视下撬拨复位治疗关节内骨折,镜下手术视野清晰,可清除关节内碎屑,达到精确的复位,应用微型空心钛合金螺纹钉或可吸收钉内固定,生物相容性好,由于不切开三角肌在肩峰的附着点,不破坏肩关节的解剖结构,术后早期功能练习,防止肩关节粘连,有利于功能恢复。术后反应轻,固定可靠,不需要再手术取出螺钉,免除再次手术的痛苦,MRI检查无伪影。手术切口小,创伤小,住院时间短,术后功能恢复好,降低创伤性关节炎的发生率。

【体位】

侧卧位牵引患肢。

【麻醉】

高位臂丛、颈丛或全身麻醉。

【切口设计】

用记号笔标出肩峰、喙突和肱骨大结节等骨性标志和入口。在肩关节后方“软点”即肩峰后外缘向下15mm再向内10mm,进行关节穿刺,向关节内灌注生理盐水,以便于穿刺锥进入。

【手术步骤】

(1)于肩关节后入口置入关节镜,建立前方关节镜入口,作为手术器械通道。

(2)常规进行关节镜检查骨折移位情况,镜下清除关节内陈旧性积血和碎骨片。

(3)将肩关节外展60°,于肱骨结节骨折处插入克氏针,牵拉肱骨大结节骨折块并进行撬拨复位(图34-4-1A)。

(4)经X线透视和关节镜检查确认骨折块已达解剖复位,将两枚克氏针交叉钉入骨折的对端,将骨折块进行固定。根据骨折块的大小,选用不同规格的空心螺钉或可吸收钉套在导针上固定骨折块。

(5)在关节镜监视下活动肩关节,动态观察其稳定性。

【术后处理】术后患肢三角巾悬吊制动3周,早期行肩关节功能康复训练,术后复查X线片观察复位情况(图34-4-1B)。

图示

图34-4-1 手术要点

A.关节镜下显示肱骨大结节骨折线;B.术后X线片显示骨折复位情况

(刘玉杰)

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