三、总结
目前用于骨巨细胞瘤的分期和分级标准较多,不同的分级和分期对肿瘤的判断标准不一,但相互之间亦有交集。在临床实践中,不同的分级和分期方法在对骨巨细胞瘤侵袭、复发、预后等方面的判断上也都取得了良好的效果。但是各个标准的侧重点略有不同,一般来说,Campanacci分级偏重于根据影像学表现判断骨巨细胞瘤的生物学行为、恶性程度和预后;AJCC分期主要综合骨肿瘤的临床、影像和病理特点,综合判断患者的预后;Enneking分期和骨肿瘤的外科分期则主要用于帮助确定外科治疗方案。
Enneking和Campanacci主要根据肿瘤的X线表现判断肿瘤的生物学行为,对单纯依靠病理表现的Jaffe分级达到了良好的补充。在临床工作中,Enneking Ⅰ期和Campanacci Ⅰ级比较少见。大部分骨巨细胞瘤被发现和诊断时已经处于Enneking Ⅱ期或是Campanacci Ⅱ级。在大部分进展期的病变中,骨巨细胞瘤已突破骨皮质形成软组织肿块,推挤周围正常解剖结构,体积比较大的肿瘤可能还富含血管。肿瘤甚至可以通过邻近的韧带(如十字韧带)穿越到相邻的骨骼。因此单纯依靠X线作为判断指标的Enneking分期和Campanacci分级似乎略显粗糙。AJCC分期和外科分期可以进一步利用CT、MRI等检查结果,对肿瘤进行进一步判断。不过,随着影像学技术的进步,如何利用现有的断层扫描、三维重建,甚至3D打印等辅助诊断技术,进一步完善骨巨细胞瘤综合分型分期方法,仍是临床医师需要面对的课题。
对于骨科医师,尤其是骨肿瘤科医师来说,需要综合利用不同的分级分期方法,结合患者的临床表现、化验、活检结果,对骨巨细胞瘤的侵袭性、术后复发率及预后做出良好的判断,并制定治疗方案。总之,只有通过临床、影像学、病理“三结合”的方法,综合分析肿瘤的病史、影像学表现、组织学特征,才能有效地指导治疗和判断预后。
(乔苏迟,徐唯傑)
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