第7节 原发性脊柱肿瘤的预后与影响因素
脊柱肿瘤的预后与其恶性程度及侵袭范围相关。良性肿瘤患者临床随访结果总体较好。恶性肿瘤患者预后差,其中减压术后神经症状改善者预后较好。Dreghorn随访发现原发恶性脊柱肿瘤平均生存期只有7个月,而脊索瘤和浆细胞瘤平均生存期可以超过7年。恶性小圆细胞肿瘤包括Ewing肉瘤、成神经细胞瘤及髓内肿瘤则预后较差。
在肿瘤切除减压后进行关节植骨融合能保证脊柱的稳定性。在手术前行切开活检明确诊断有助于作出正确的手术方案。病情及条件允许的情况下,对恶性肿瘤进行广泛范围的切除是控制肿瘤的有效手段。对良性肿瘤可行瘤内和边缘切除。对良恶性之间的肿瘤应行根治性切除。对恶性肿瘤即使行广泛的根治性切除,仍有可能复发。
Celli等认为肿瘤与脊椎和硬膜之间的位置关系不能作为肿瘤是否具有侵袭性的判断。对肿瘤进行局部切除预后最差。即使肿瘤在术中做到了肉眼下完整切除,也应在术后行辅助治疗如放疗等。
总之,对脊柱肿瘤进行翻修术应该选择合理的手术入路。对肿瘤的生物学行为必须有清晰的了解。要对特殊患者的肿瘤学行为进行观察,复习所有的病理切片。仅对影像学资料进行观察并不能确定肿瘤的生物学行为,其只能对肿瘤的治疗提供一个整体的框架。需要结合其他信息资料作出具体的治疗方案。
对肿瘤所侵及的解剖部位及初次手术时的切除情况应该有了解。未受到肿瘤侵及的正常脊柱结构也应该进行仔细观察以考虑能否作为肿瘤切除的正常界限,有时候需要牺牲神经根以达到根治性的肿瘤切除。
随着现代脊柱内固定和假体如钛质网笼、3D打印个性化一体成型的钛合金假体的发展,近年来脊柱重建技术已经有了很大发展。作为一个脊柱外科医生必须对复杂的内固定选择方案有一个清晰的了解。总之,为了保证翻修手术取得成功,需要多科室工作人员在脊柱外科和骨肿瘤科医生的总体协调下共同努力。
(肖建如 杨兴海 李佳林)
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