(二)新增的内容
1.神经质
神经质是一种稳定的人格特质,目前认为其主要表达两个方面的内容,即情绪稳定性和负性情绪倾向[40]。
情绪稳定-低神经质个体:常常表现为安静、轻松、自信、随和、稳重、自我克制;他们较少感受到大起大落的情绪体验,不易焦虑和沮丧不安。情绪不稳定-高神经质个体:常常喜怒无常、易兴奋激动紧张、多焦虑、郁闷、不安、敏感;他们在情绪上倾向于过度反应,在遭遇挫折或强烈的情绪体验时要经过长时间才能恢复常态[41]。
神经质是一种消极的人格特性,具有负性情绪倾向。神经质人格特征的个体对生活事件的应对能力较差,做事易冲动,同时会有更多的非理性观念,更容易遭受心理上的困扰。Wright等[42]的研究发现对消极情感影响最大的人格因素是神经质因素。国内邱林等[43]在研究主观幸福感的结构及其与人格的关系中也发现个体的消极情感与神经质因素密切相关。过度神经质会增加患焦虑、抑郁障碍和其他情感障碍的风险。一项遗传学研究中发现神经质具有重性抑郁及广泛焦虑的基因易感性[44]。
而在大五人格因素模型中对于神经质的界定更为系统全面,在大五人格理论中,神经质又分为6个代表稳定的人格倾向子维度,每个子维度的差异都可能表现出不同的行为特征,可见神经质这种人格特性的复杂性。而神经质之所以与很多精神疾病都存在一定的关联,可能就是神经质的多子维度以及其自身的复杂性[45]。鉴于神经质特性与精神疾病的密切关系,因此中国版DCPR加入了这一人格因素的诊断(见表8)。
表8 神经质(满足标准A)

2.逛医行为
逛医行为(Doctor shopping behaviors)是指病患为了更快更好地解决实际问题,而在医治过程中一再游走于不同医生及不同医院之间的行为表现。逛医行为的根源主要是患者对医生的不信任和对疾病的不了解,亦或是因为不愿意面对残酷的现实,通过不断地寻求医务服务而寻求任何一个可能的机会[46]。
这种现象存在以下几方面不利影响:①对患者而言,由于反复游走于不同的医生和医院之间,造成每个医生都无法全面地对其病情进行掌握,最终患者得不到实质性的获利,往往是花费了大量的钱财而病情得不到改善,反而有时候还会加重;②对医生而言,这种病人的存在无疑增加了其工作量,而反过来工作量的增加又降低了医生分配给每个人的看诊时间与看病质量,影响良好医患关系的建立;③就目前中国的就医环境而言,社会医疗负担在不断增大,而这种行为严重造成医疗资源的浪费,造成很多医疗资源不能得到有效利用,且逛医行为也有可能引起药物滥用。
为了更好地服务患者以及更好地利用医疗资源,需针对逛医行为进一步深入研究以及明确诊断(见表9)。
表9 逛医行为(必须满足标准条件A~C)

3.体像障碍
体像障碍又称丑人综合征,是一种对轻微的或想象的外表缺陷的先占观念,这种观念垄断了患者的思想,患者常常不可忍受自身的“丑陋缺陷”,反复就诊和咨询医生,并由此产生心理痛苦的病症[47]。体像障碍具有较高的发病率,再加上此类患者还会出现较高的药物滥用史以及自杀倾向,因此需要引起社会的广泛重视[48](见表10)。
表10 体像障碍(必须同时满足A和B)

4.重大疾病/手术后的躯体不适
临床上,在重大疾病或手术后患者往往会出现焦虑抑郁等情绪障碍,然而有相当一部分患者还甚至会出现头痛头晕、胸闷等功能性躯体不适症状,这些不适无法用疾病本身来解释,即使有些患者可能存在疾病本身所致的相关躯体症状,但其所主诉的躯体不适远远强于疾病本身引起的不适感[49]。这类患者往往被临床医师所忽视,从而严重影响患者疾病或术后恢复,导致其生存质量下降,我们将此类症状称之为重大疾病/手术后的躯体不适(见表11)。
表11 重大疾病/手术后的躯体不适(必须同时满足A~C)

心身医学经历了两个世纪的发展壮大,已深入到综合医院的各个专业学科。而心身医学的研究领域仍处于起步阶段,心身疾病的流行病学调查、心身疾病的筛查工具的创制和诊疗规范制定以及心身疾病的疾病负担研究仍需进一步完善。
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[作者:刘晓云 吴爱勤 袁勇贵]