2018年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷（一）
试卷一（Paper One）
Part ⅠListening Comprehension（30%）
略（请根据前言说明按时下载）
Part ⅡVocabulary（10%）
Section A
Directions：In this section，all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A，B，C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence，then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
31.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to ____the problem.
A.affliate B.alleviate C.aggravate D.accelerate
32.Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain，weakness，or emotional ____ is to ignore it，to tough it out.
A.turmoil B.rebellion C.temptation D.relaxation
33.Diabetes is one of the most____and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.
A.crucial B.virulent C.colossal D.prevalent
34.Generally，vaccine makers____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.
A.penetrate B.designate C.generate D.exaggerate
35.Ourbrainisverygoodatflteringoutsensoryinformationthatisnot____to what we need to be attending to.
A.pertinent B.permanent C.precedent D.prominent
36.New studies have found a rather____ correlation between the presence of small particles and both obesity and diabetes.
A.collaborating B.comprehending C.compromising D.convincing
37.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have____ effects on bones.
A.adverse B.prevalent C.instant D.purposeful
38.According to the Geneva____no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.
A.Customs B.Congresses C.Conventions D.Routines
39.Asthma patient doesn’t need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather____than persistent.
A.intermittent B.precedent C.dominant D.prevalent
40.Those depressed kids seem to care little about others，____communication and indulge in their own worlds.
A.putdown B.shut down C.settle down D.break down
Section B
Directions：Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
41.The truly competent physician is the one who sits down，senses the“mystery”of another human beings，and offers the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.
A.imaginable B.capable C.sensible D.humble
42.The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.
A.conserved B.theorized C.realized D.persisted
43.Because of adverse weather conditions，the travelers stopped to camp.
A.local B.unfamiliar C.good D.unfavorable
44.Inform the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy.
A.uneasy B.sleepy C.guilty D.fery
45.Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitro fertilization.
A.fetuses B.descendants C.seeds D.orphans
46.Mint is a herb that is well known for the aromaticoil distilled from all parts of the plant.
A.valuable B.fragrant C.medicinal D.favorful
47.Likewise，soot and smoke from fre contain a multitude of carcinogens.
A.a matter of B.a body of C.plenty of D.sort of
48.Many questions about estrogen’s effects remain to be elucidated，and investigations are seeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.
A.implicated B.implied C.illuminated D.initiated
49.Concerns have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects， such as memory loss，fuzzy thinking and learning diffculties.
A.ensue B.encounter C.impede D.induce
50.The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather diffcult.
A.suffcient B.plentiful C.adequate D.countable
Part Ⅲ Cloze (10%)
Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
A CT scan，also known as computed tomography scan， 51 computer-processed combinations of many X-ray measurements 52 from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of 53 areas of a scanned object，allowing the user to see inside the object without cutting.
Digital geometry processing is used to 54 generate a three-dimensional volume of the inside of the object from a large series of two-dimensional radiographic images taken around a single axis of rotation.Medical imaging is the most common application of X-ray CT.Its cross-sectional images are used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in various medical disciplines.
CT produces data that can be 55 in order to demonstrate various bodily structures based on their ability to absorb the X-ray beam.56， historically，the images generated were in the axial or transverse plane，modern scanners allow this volume of data to be reformatted in various planes or even as 3D representations of structures.
Although most common in medicine，CT is also used in other felds，such as nondestructive materials testing.Another example is archaeological uses such as imaging the contents of sarcophagi.Individuals 57 performing CT exams are called radiographers or radiologic technologists.
Use of CT has increased 58 over the last two decades in many countries.An estimated 72 million scans were performed in the United States in 2007.One study estimated that as many as 0.4%of current cancers in the United States are 59 CTs performed in the past and that this may increase to as high as 1.5 to 2%with 2007 rates of CT use；however，this estimate is 60 ，as there is not a consensus about the existence of damage from low levels of radiation.Lower radiation doses are often used in many areas，such as in the investigation of renal colic.Side effects from intravenous contrast used in some types of studies include kidney problems.
51.A.use of B.make for
C.make use ofD.use for
52.A.taken B.taking
C.having takenD.takes
53.A.special B.specialty
C.specifc D.specialized
54.A.too much B.further
C.much too D.far more
55.A.manufactured B.metabolized
C.manipulated D.misled
56.A.However B.Although
C.Nevertheless D.Moreover
57.A.responsive for B.responsible of
C.responsible for D.responding to
58.A.lightly B.dramatically
C.slightly D.dubiously
59.A.due to B.leading to
C.resulting in D.causing
60.A.fought B.disputed
C.strived D.competed
Part ⅣReading Comprehension（30%）
Directions：In this part there are six passages，each of which is followed by fve questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A，B，C，and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
When Tony Wagner，the Harvard education specialist，describes his job today，he says he’s“a translator between two hostile tribes”—the education world and the business world，the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs.Wagner’s argument in his book Creating Innovators： The Making of Young People Who Will Change the World is that our K-12 and college tracks are not consistently“adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in the marketplace”.
This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly no such things as a high-wage，middle-skilled job—the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation.Now，there is only a high-wage， high-skilled job.Every middle-class job today is being pulled up，out or down faster than ever.That is， it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried—made obsolete—faster than ever.Which is why the goal of education today，argues Wagner，should not be to make every child“college ready”but“innovation ready”—ready to add value to whatever they do.
That is a tall task.I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate.“Today，”he said via e-mail， “because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device，what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know.The capacity to innovate—the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life—and skills like critical thinking，communication and collaboration are far more important than academic knowledge.As one executive told me，‘We can teach new hires the content.And we will have to because it continues to change，but we can’t teach them how to think—to ask the right questions—and to take initiative.’”
My generation had it easy.We got to“fnd”a job.But，more than ever，our kids will have to“invent”a job.Sure，the lucky ones will fnd their frst job，but，given the pace of change today，even they will have to reinvent，re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it.
“Finland is one of the most innovative economies in the world，”Wagner said，“and it is the only country where students leave high school‘innovation-ready’.They learn concepts and creativity more than facts，and have a choice of many electives—all with a shorter school day，little homework， and almost no testing.There are a growing number of“reinvented”colleges like the Olin College of Engineering，the M.I.T.Media Lab and the‘D-school’Stanford where students learn to innovate.”
61.In his book，Wagner argues that____.
A.the education world are hostile to our kids
B.the business world are hostile to those seeking jobs
C.the business world are too demanding on the education world
D.the education world should teach what the marketplace demands
62.What does the“tall task”refer to in the third paragraph？
A.Sustaining the middle class.
B.Saving high-wage，middle-skilled jobs.
C.Shifting from“college ready”to“innovation ready”.
D.Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.
63.What is mainly expressed in Wagner’s e-mail？(https://www.daowen.com)
A.New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.
B.Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.
C.Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.
D.Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.
64.What is implied in the fourth paragraph？
A.Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.
B.Jobs changed slowly in the author’s generation.
C.The author’s generation led an easier life than their kids.
D.It was easy for the author’s generation to fnd their frst jobs.
65.What is the purpose of the last paragraph？
A.To orient future education.
B.To exemplify the necessary shift in education.
C.To draw a conclusion about the shift in education.
D.To criticize some colleges for their practices in education.
Passage Two
Yet these global trends hide starkly different national and regional stories.Vittorio Colao，the boss of Vodafone，which operates or partially owns networks in 31 countries，argues that the farther south you go，the more people use their phones，even past the equator：where life is less organized，people need a tool，for example to rejig appointments.“Culture infuences the lifestyle，and the lifestyle infuences the way we communicate，”he says，“If you don’t leave your phone on in a meeting in Italy，you are likely to miss the next one.”
Other mundane factors also affect how phones are used.For instance，in countries where many people have holiday homes they are more likely to give out a mobile number，which then becomes the default where they can be reached，thus undermining the use of fixed-line phones.Technologies are always“both constructive and constructed by historical，social，and cultural contexts”，writes Mizuko Ire，an anthropologist at the University of California in Irvine，who has co-edited a book on Japan’s mobile-phone subculture.
Indeed，Japan is a good example of how such subcultures come about.In the 1990s Americans and Scandinavians were early adopters of mobile phones.But in the next decade Japan was widely seen as the model for the mobile future，given its early embrace of the mobile Internet.For some time Wired，a magazine for technology lovers，ran a column called“Japanese schoolgirl watch”，serving readers with a stream of mobile oddities.The implication was that what Japanese schoolgirls did one day，everyone else would do the next.
The country’s mobile boom was arguably encouraged by underlying social conditions.Most teenagers had long used pagers to keep in touch.In 1999 NTT，Japan’s dominant operator，launched i-mode，a platform for mobile-Internet services.It allowed cheap e-mails between networks and the Japanese promptly signed up in droves for mobile Internet.Ms Ito also points out that Japan is a crowded place with lots of rules.Harried teenagers，in particular，have few chances for private conversations and talking on the phone in public is frowned upon，if not outlawed.Hence the appeal of mobile data services.
The best way to grasp Japan’s mobile culture is to take a crowded commuter train.There are plenty of signs advising you not to use your phone.Every few minutes announcements are made to the same effect.If you do take a call，you risk more than disapproving gazes.Passengers may appeal to a guard who will quietly but frmly explain：“dame desu”—it’s not allowed.Some studies suggest that talking on a mobile phone on a train is seen as worse than in a theatre.Instead，hushed passengers type away on their handsets or read mobile-phone novels（written Japanese allows more information to be displayed on a small screen than languages that use the Roman alphabet）.
66.According to the passage，an Italian would leave his phone on in a meeting for which of the following reasons？
A.He is afraid of missing a business opportunity.
B.His family members may call him in emergency.
C.He thinks it is rude to leave a call unanswered.
D.He needs to get posted about the latest change in the work schedule.
67.Which of the following statements is best supported by the passage？
A.How we use our phones refects where we live.
B.Technologies determine the way we communicate.
C.Culture infuences the development of technologies.
D.Social conditions dictate the mobile future.
68.The author suggests that Japan leads the world in the mobile-phone culture in that____.
A.the Japanese are the earliest mobile phone users
B.the Japanese are the chattiest mobile phone users
C.the Japanese use mobile Internet early on
D.Japan provides the best mobile phone services
69.It can be inferred from the passage that the Japanese teenagers are fond of the mobile data services because____.
A.they like to play electronic games
B.they like to talk to their friends on the phone
C.they can read novels on the phone
D.they can communicate with their friends more conveniently
70.Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage，based on its content？
A.the Japanese phone culture
B.culture and technology
C.all alike，all different
D.handy，if you are thrifty
Passage Three
For 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant，the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth.Yet，even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet，the solar constant cannot be measured precisely.Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground.
With the advent of satellites，however，scientists have fnally been able to measure the Sun’s output without being impeded by the Earth’s atmosphere.Solar Max，a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration（NASA），has been measuring the Sun’s output since February 1980.Although a malfunction in the satellite’s control system limited its observation for a few years，the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuffe in 1984.Max’s observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all.
The satellite’s instruments have detected frequent，small variations in the Sun’s energy output，generally amounting to no more than 0.05 percent of the Sun’s mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks.Scientists believe these fuctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Sun’s disk.Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun’s surface that have strong magnetic felds and a temperature about 2，000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Sun’s surface.Particularly large fuctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups.In 1980，for example，Solar Max’s instruments registered a 0.3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth.At that time a sunspot group covered about 0.6 percent of the solar disk，an area 20 times larger than the Earth’s surface.
Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine.Although Solar Max’s data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun’s output，some scientists have thought that the satellite’s aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years，thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant.This possibility was dismissed，however，by comparing solar Max’s observations with data from a similar instrument operating on NASA’s Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.
71.According to the passage，scientists believe variations in the solar constant are related to____.
A.sunspot activityB.unusual weather patterns
C.increased levels of dustD.fuctuations in the Earth’s temperature
72.Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite？
A.The Earth is too far from the Sun.
B.Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.
C.There is not enough sunlight during the day.
D.The Earth’s atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.
73.Why did scientists think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable information？
A.Solar Max did not work for the frst few years.
B.Solar Max’s instruments were getting old.
C.The space shuttle could not fx Solar Max’s instruments.
D.Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar Max’s detectors.
74.The attempt to describe the solar constant can best be described as____.
A.an ongoing research effort
B.a question that can never be answered
C.an issue that has been resolved
D.historically interesting，but irrelevant to contemporary concerns
75.What does this passage mainly discuss？
A.The components of the Earth’s atmosphere.
B.The launching of a weather satellite.
C.The measurement of variations in the solar constant.
D.The interaction of sunlight and air pollution.
Passage Four
In the past，American colleges and universities were created to serve a dual purpose―to advance learning and to offer a chance to become familiar with bodies of knowledge already discovered to those who wished it.To create and to impart，these were the hallmarks of American higher education prior to the most recent，tumultuous decades of the twentieth century.The successful institution of higher learning had never been one whose mission could be defined in terms of providing vocational skills or as a strategy for resolving societal problems.In a subtle way Americans believed postsecondary education to be useful，but not necessarily of immediate use.
Another purpose has now been assigned to the mission of American colleges and universities. Institutions of higher learning—public or private—commonly face the challenge of defning their programs in such a way as to contribute to the service of the community.
This service role has various applications.Most common are programs to meet the demands of regional employment markets，to provide opportunities for upward social and economic mobility，to achieve racial，ethnic，or social integration，or more generally to produce“productive”as compared to“educated”graduates.Regardless of its precise defnition，the idea of a service-university has won acceptance within the academic community.
One need only be reminded of the change in language describing the two-year college to appreciate the new value currently being attached to the concept of a service-related university. The traditional two-year college has shed its pejorative“junior”college label and is generally called a“community”college，a clearly value-laden expression representing the latest commitment in higher education.Even the doctoral degree，long recognized as a required“union card”in the academic world，has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to a professor’s classroom duties. The idea of a college or university that performs a triple function—communicating knowledge to students，expanding the content of various disciplines，and interacting in a direct relationship with society—has been the most important change in higher education in recent years.
The novel development，however，is often overlooked.Educators have always been familiar with those parts of the two-year college curriculum that have a“service”or vocational orientation. It is important to know this.But some commentaries on American postsecondary education tend to underplay the impact of the attempt of colleges and universities to relate to，if not resolve，the problems of society.What’s worse，they obscure a fundamental question posed by the service-university—what is higher education supposed to do？
76.The opening paragraph is written in order to state____.
A.the future usefulness of the knowledge obtained in college
B.the missions of different educational institutions in America
C.the purpose of American postsecondary education in the past
D.the history of the development of American higher education
77.Which of the following does NOT belong to the applications of the colleges’novel role？
A.producing“educated”graduates
B.improving people’s social and economic status
C.cultivating“productive”graduates
D.promoting employment
78.The change in language describing the two-year college is mentioned in Paragraph 4 so as to ____.
A.reveal the change of two-year college in status
B.indicate the valuation of a service-oriented university
C.show the advantage of a junior college over higher education
D.criticize the doctoral degree
79.Judging from the context，the word“pejorative”（Para.4）most probably means____.
A.ambiguous B.obscure C.disapproving D.uncommon
80.The author’s attitude toward the new concept of higher education is____.
A.negative B.positive C.impartial D.neutral
Passage Five
Parkinson’s disease，first described in the early 1800s by British physician James Parkinson as “shaking palsy”，is among the most prevalent neurological disorders.According to the United Nations，at least four million people worldwide have it：in North America，estimates run from 500，000 to one million，with about 50，000 diagnosed every year.These fgures are expected to double by 2040 as the world’s elderly population grows；indeed，Parkinson’s and other neurodegenerative illness common in the elderly（such as Alzheimer’s and amyotrophic and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis）are on their way to overtaking cancer as a leading cause of death.But the disease is not entirely one of the aged：50 percent of patients acquire it after age 60；the other half are affected before then.Furthermore，better diagnosis has made experts increasingly aware that the disorder can attack those younger than 40.
So far researchers and clinicians have found no way to slow，stop or prevent Parkinson’s.Although treatments do exist—including drugs and deep-brain stimulation—these therapies alleviate symptoms，not causes.In recent years，however，several promising developments have occurred.In particular，investigators who study the role proteins play have linked miscreant proteins to genetic underpinnings of the disease.Such fndings are feeding optimism that fresh angles of attack can be identifed.
As its 19th-century name suggests—and as many people know from the educational efforts of prominent Parkinson’s sufferers such as Janet Reno，Muhammad Ali and Michael J.Fox—the disease is characterized by movement disorders.Tremor in the hands，arms and elsewhere，limb rigidity，slowness of movement，and impaired balance and coordination are among the disease’s hallmarks.In addition，some patients have trouble walking，talking，sleeping，urinating and performing sexually.
These impairments result from neurons dying.Although the victim cells are many and found throughout the brain，those producing the neurotransmitter dopamine in a region called the substantia nigra are particularly hard-hit.These dopaminergic nerve cells are key components of the basal ganglia， a complex circuit deep within the brain that fne-tunes and coordinates movement.Initially the brain can function normally as it loses dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra，even though it cannot replace the dead cells.But when half or more of these specialized cells disappear，the brain can no longer cover for them.The defcit then produces the same effect that losing air traffc control does at a major airport. Delays，false starts，cancellations and，ultimately，chaos pervade as parts of the brain involved in motor control—the thalamus，basal ganglia and cerebral cortex—no longer function as an integrated and orchestrated unit.
81.Which of the following statements about Parkinson’s disease can be best supported by the passage？
A.Parkinson’s disease will become one of the leading causes of death for the old people.
B.Parkinson’s disease is not entirely one of the aged，as half of the patients are young people.
C.Parkinson’s disease frst appeared in the 19th century.
D.Parkinson’s disease is a neurological disorder，but not yet a neurodegenerative illness.
82.The author of the passage suggests that the developments in the study of Parkinson’s disease can help____.
A.prevent Parkinson’s
B.alleviate the causes of Parkinson’s
C.fnd new avenues for treatment of Parkinson’s
D.cure Parkinson’s
83.According to the passage，what causes Parkinson’s disease？
A.The dopaminergic nerve cells are impaired by the victim cells.
B.The dopaminergic nerve cells can no longer coordinate movement.
C.There are tumors in the brain.
D.There are not enough dopaminergic neurons in the brain.
84.Janet Reno and Michael J.Fox are mentioned in the passage because____.
A.they were experts on Parkinson’s disease
B.they made great efforts to fght Parkinson’s disease
C.they succeeded in fghting Parkinson’s disease
D.they were well-known sufferers of Parkinson’s disease
85.The primary purpose of this passage is to____.
A.analyze what causes Parkinson’s disease
B.demonstrate how to prevent Parkinson’s disease
C.warn the young people of the danger of Parkinson’s disease
D.present new movements in the study of Parkinson’s disease
Passage Six
Is the profession of medicine in retreat？I’m reminded of this with September welcoming a new infux（流入）of medical students.A handful of them may be some of the wide-eyed enthusiasts who attended a meeting at the Royal Society of Medicine（RSM）earlier this year about why they should choose a career in medicine.Choose medicine，I said，because it is a profession that allows you to pursue many different paths，catering for the diverse personalities that constitute any medical school’s intake.
But I’m beginning to wonder if I misled them？Not just on the opportunities that will open up to them and only be limited by their own ambition and abilities.No，I’m questioning something more fundamental：the perception of medicine as a profession.
Doctors have traditionally embellished（润色）their day jobs with roles，for example，on medical committees，college councils，and faculties for conferences，meetings and training courses.Journal editors and associate editors are prime examples of doctors taking on an additional responsibility to their full-time role.
The advantages of these outside interests and positions have been considerable for individuals and for the organizations that employ them.The organizations gain greater infuence，open themselves up to new ideas and alternative strategies，and can gain a competitive advantage.Doctors have considered that these additional responsibilities are an important differentiator between medicine as a profession and medicine as a factory job.
Yet times are changing.Clock-watching has become common place，with the European a Working Time Directive being the most obvious examples.More troublesome for many senior doctors is the issue of job planning，which is beginning to limit the additional roles and responsibilities that doctors can undertake.Organizations are becoming more corporate and less enlightened.
Most doctors will find a way round this new regime，but short-term petty-minded bosses are beginning to view doctors as factory workers.Their limited vision considers doctors to be dangerously independent，malfunctioning cogs（无足轻重的成员）in their wobbly health care machine，a species to be controlled and beaten into the shape of appropriate widget（装饰品）.
Medicine was never meant to be governed by such tunnel vision，was it？Ultimately it will be the less enlightened organizations who will fail.These organizations will perceive little value in doctors spreading their wings and will treat them like factory workers，clocking on and off and flling in timesheets.Doctors in these organizations will begin to wonder whether medicine is any longer a profession when its practitioners are forced to cower（畏缩）before number crunchers and bean counters.
86.Why does the author wonder if he misled the prospective medical students？
A.Because he misinformed them in their choice.
B.Because he worries about medicine as a profession.
C.Because he questions their ambition and competence.
D.Because he is not sure about their diverse personalities.
87.Which of the following is NOT a benefit for the employers from their doctors taking on additional responsibilities？
A.More positions. B.Greater infuence.
C.Greater competitiveness. D.More exposure to new ideas.
88.What is the most probable message from the passage？
A.Most employers are short-term petty-minded.
B.Medicine is becoming more like a factory job.
C.Doctors’role and responsibilities change all the time.
D.Senior doctors are challenged with a shrinking market.
89.In the last paragraph，the author seems to warn____.
A.the government against limiting the doctors to take additional roles
B.the organizations against viewing doctors as factory workers
C.the practitioners against taking on additional responsibilities
D.the doctors against spreading their wings too widely
90.What is the author’s purpose of writing the passage？
A.To advise the organizations to be open-minded.
B.To remind the readers of medicine as a profession.
C.To question the role of taking on an additional position.
D.To explain the advantages of taking on an additional position.
试卷二（Paper Two）
Part VWriting（20%）
Directions：In this part there is an essay in Chinese.Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET.Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.
未来医学的发展趋势
为了适应社会、经济和现代科技的发展、环境的变迁带来的各种变化，解决医学发展中面临的问题，应对人类对健康、生活质量和医疗服务等的更高要求，医学呈现出新的发展趋势。
1.医学生命科学研究内容与方式更加强调综合与交叉渗透，向着系统科学、整体研究发展。
生命的复杂性以及心理、社会、环境等因素的影响，决定了医学本身的复杂性。多学科交叉综合、相互协作，成为探究医学生命科学“复杂性”的必由之路。20世纪90年代以来，继人类基因组计划之后，生命科学领域兴起了“组语言”，发生了“组革命”。由此带来的医学生命科学相关的海量数据，广泛的医学生命科学资源，各种高通量检测与分析技术，信息科学、数理、计算机科学等计算与分析手段，为新时期医学生命科学系统、整体性研究提供了平台。新兴交叉学科如生物信息学、系统生物学以及系统生物医学等，迅速成为当代科技领域的前沿与焦点，并引发了医学生命科学研究由现象到规律、由结构到功能、由局部到系统、由线性到非线性、由单纯还原分析到还原分析与系统综合相结合的转变，标志着医学生命科学在研究方法和观念上的突破，促使医学研究在还原论的基础上，朝向系统论、整体研究发展。
2.医学更加注重新理论、新技术和新方法对自身发展的影响，医学各学科、医学和其他学科之间出现交叉、整合与重新构建趋势。
疾病预防、早期诊断、个体化诊疗成为当代医学的新理念。同时，随着时代步伐的行进，自然科学中新技术、新材料和新方法的不断引入，推动了医学向着更深入、系统的层次发展。目前医学生命科学从分子、细胞、组织、器官、整体乃至环境、社会等不同水平，深入研究人类个体发生、发展、衰老、死亡以及疾病发生、发展与转归的规律，同时促进了更多的新的诊断、治疗方法、技术、药物和器械的研制。医学与生命科学、医学与信息科学、医学与各门基础科学如化学、数学、物理，以至医学与工程技术科学、纳米科学等各门学科，均已朝向更为广泛和深入的整合，并推动了医学相关的新兴学科群的形成。特别是生物信息学、干细胞学、纳米科学的研究进展及其在医学上的应用，正在医学的各个领域引起新的革命。因此，医学科学课、医学和其他学科呈现交叉、整合与重新构建趋势，并向系统、立体研究发展。
3.医学发展从单一的医疗体系向中、西医疗大医疗体系交叉渗透、相互融合发展。
调查结果显示：中、西医结合治疗是人民健康的需求，是中、西医两大医疗体系交叉渗透、相互融合发展的基础。中医学在继承与发扬中医特色的同时，注重对现代科学技术的不断汲取与深化；中、西医学朝向以系统、预防、个体化为特点的未来医学协调发展，由共存走向逐步交叉、融合。
4.医学发展从注重疾病诊治到生命全过程的健康监测，强调健康维护，控制疾病，重预防、治未病。
目前许多科学家在生命科学领域面临的挑战就是如何认知和防治复杂性疾病。现阶段，常规的药物治疗和手术治疗不能根治糖尿病、肿瘤这样的复杂性疾病，我们可以从提高病人的生存质量入手，采取对生命全过程的健康监测，强调健康维护，控制疾病发展。尤其重要的是，新的医学模式要求梳理预防战略观念和新的诊疗观念，要求医学服务形式从医疗型、保健型转变，要求医学服务模式从以医疗为导向向以预防为导向转变。
5.医学发展从注重城市医疗卫生研究到全面重视城乡社区医疗卫生保健。
新的医学模式要求医学服务从针对个体，向针对个体、家庭与社区的转变。人的健康不是孤立的，是与社会、社区与家庭紧密相连的，为了更好地治疗和控制疾病，医疗服务进入社区是医学发展的必然。医学模式的转变，要求卫生服务必须从单纯医疗型扩大为医疗预防保健型。社区保健适应了这种趋势，同时，社区保健适合我国国情。