2018年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷（二）
试卷一（Paper One）
Part ⅠListening Comprehension（30%）
略
Part Ⅱ Vocabulary（10%）
Section A
Direction：In this section，all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A，B，C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence，then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
31.The medical team discussed their shared____to eliminating this curable disease.
A.obedience B.susceptibility C.inclination D.dedication
32.How is it possible that such____deception has come to take place right under our noses？
A.obvious B.signifcant C.necessary D.widespread
33.Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from____on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.
A.confguration B.constitution C.condemnation D.contamination
34.The school board attached great emphasis to____in students a sense of modesty and a sense of community.
A.diluting B.inspecting C.instilling D.disillusioning
35.Danish research shows that the increase in obese people in Denmark is roughly____to the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
A.equivalent B.temporary C.permanent D.relevant
36.Ted was felled by a massive stroke that affected his balance and left him barely able to speak____.
A.bluntly B.intelligibly C.reluctantly D.ironically
37.We must test our____about what to include in the emulation and at what level in detail.
A.intelligence B.imitations C.hypothesis D.precautions
38.We must____the problem，which is why our map combines both brain structure and function measurements at large scale and high resolution.
A.set…back B.take…over C.pull…in D.break…down
39.We are much quicker to respond，and we respond far too quickly by giving____to our anger.
A.vent B.impulse C.temper D.offence
40.It is simply a fantastic imagination to____that one can master a foreign language overnight.
A.conceive B.conceal C.convert D.conform
Section B
Directions：Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
41.Then a strong current of electrons follows that path from the cloud to the ground，and it is that current that lights the channel as the lightning we see.
A.opens B.completes C.illuminates D.electrifes
42.He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.
A.successor B.replacement C.surrogate D.choice
43.Large community meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviate tensions.
A.facilitate B.intimidate C.terminate D.mediate
44.Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively in subjects with active disease.
A.defnitely B.truly C.simply D.solely
45.Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffc congestion.
A.ameliorated B.aggregated C.deteriorated D.duplicated
46.Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing our children.
A.breach B.grief C.threat D.abuse
47.A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlled way.
A.defnitely B.desperately C.intentionally D.identically
48.Big challenges still await companies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.
A.applying B.relating C.relaying D.transforming
49.Regardless of our uneasiness about stereotypes，numerous studies have shown clear difference between Chinese and western parenting.
A.specifcations B.sensations C.conventions D.conservations
50.The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency.
A.wavered B.instigated C.experimented D.relied
Part ⅢCloze（10%）
Directions：In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank，there are four choices marked A，B，C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
The same benefts and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer—the three-dimensional imaging improves detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist’s workload，which， 51 ，can result in missed positive scans.
Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented 52 data on a CAD （computer-aided diagnosis）program they’ve designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 53 CT scanning.Their study was 54 by the NIH and the university.
In the study，CAD was applied to 32 low-dose CT scanning with a total of 50 lung nodules，38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam. 55 the 38 missed cancers，15 were the result of interpretation error （identifying an image but 56 it as noncancerous）and 23 57 observational error（not identifying the cancerous image）.
CAD found 32 of the 38 previously missed cancers（84%sensitivity），with false-positive 58 of 1.6 per section.
Although CAD improved detection of lung cancer，it won’t replace radiologists，said Sgmuel G.Armato，PhD，lead author of the study.“The computer is not perfect，”Armato said.“It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that 59 .The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that the computer may 60 something suspicious.It’s sort of a spell-checker，or a second opinion.”
51.A.in common B.in turn
C.in one D.in all
52.A.preliminary B.considerate
C.deliberate D.ordinary
53.A.being used B.to use
C.using D.use
54.A.investigated B.originated
C.founded D.funded
55.A.From B.Amid
C.Of D.In
56.A.disseminating B.degenerating
C.dismissing D.deceiving
57.A.were mistaken for
B.were attributed to
C.resulted in
D.gave way to
58.A.mortalities B.incidences
C.images D.rates
59.A.don’t B.won’t
C.aren’t D.wasn’t
60.A.stand for B.search for
C.account for D.mistake for
Part ⅣReading Comprehension（30%）
Directions：In this part there are six passages，each of which is followed by fve questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A，B，C，and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
Planes may account for only 2 per cent of the world’s carbon emissions，but it is a figure destined to rise.The aviation industry is expanding at a dramatic rate，around 5 percent a year.Twice as many passengers are likely to be passing through British airports in 2020 compared with today，and three times by 2030.
As the developed world acknowledges climate change warnings，the carbon emissions from other industries will fall.The aviation industry’s output will therefore account for an even larger percentage of emissions.One calculation，by the Climate Change Research（CCR），suggests the U.K.aviation industry could end up accounting for every gram of our carbon quota by 2040.Such calculations suppose aircraft designers cannot clean up their act，a suggestion firmly rejected by experts who point to a massive research program aimed at cutting fuel use by planes by around 50 percent by 2020，a move that would also halve their carbon emissions.
To reach that aim，a key factor will be lightweight composites，materials made of several components，including carbon fbres.These are as strong and fexible as metal but as light as plastic. Planes such as the Airbus A340 are already made of material that is 10 percent carbon composite.This cuts weight，decreases fuel use and reduces carbon emission.The next generation of aircrafts，will make even more use of composites：a tremendous saving in weight，fuel and carbon.
Then there is the simple matter of air traffc control.At present，individual countries have their own routes for aircraft crossing their airspace.“Essentially aircraft travel on dog-legs across Europe，and that is very ineffcient in terms of fuel use，”said Dr.John Green，of the Royal Aeronautical Society.“We need to rationalize air traffc control so that planes fy in straight，energy-effcient lines，an idea that is now being discussed in the EU.”
Finally，there is aviation fuel.Making it ecologically friendly poses the greatest challenges of all. Biofuels can be used as petrol and diesel substitutes for cars and lorries，but not in planes.“Biofuel is essentially alcohol，and that burns at the wrong temperature for aircraft engines，”says Green.“We can use coal to make kerosene，which we could burn in aircraft engines，but that does not help the issue of global warming，of course.”But this does not stop scientists from dreaming.One idea，put forward by the U.S.geneticist Craig Venter last week，would be to create micro-organisms，ftted with artifcial chromosomes，which could convert sunlight into fuels that could be burnt in aircraft.These would not involve burning fossil carbon and would be the perfect green fuel.It is still a far-off prospect but realistic，say biologists.
61.The fact that passengers passing British airports will double or even triple indicates that____.
A.the British aviation industry is growing very rapidly
B.more and more British people tend to choose fying when traveling
C.the aviation industry develops much faster than other industries in developed countries
D.the aviation industry will cause more pollutants when compared with other industries
62.The experts in aviation industry disapproved the claim by the CCR because____.
A.the calculation of aviation industry’s carbon emission is based on prediction instead of facts
B.the fgure calculated is much more than the experts in aviation industry expected
C.airlines are also making great efforts to reduce their oil consumption and carbon emissions
D.the experts didn’t agree with the way of their calculation of the carbon emissions by planes
63.People are using more composites in making aircrafts mainly because____.
A.composites themselves are very light，strong and as fexible as metal
B.composites can reduce the plane weight leading to less fuel consumption and carbon emissions
C.composites can cause less carbon emissions in the process of fying
D.composites are less expensive than metal
64.In order to reduce carbon emissions，airlines can____.
A.change air traffc routes to make it straight and shorter for a fight
B.use lighter materials like composites in building a plane
C.reduce the number of engines on a plane to cut weight
D.produce environment-friendly fuels
65.According to the text，what can we learn about aviation fuels？
A.Biofuels can be used as replacement for vehicles as well as planes.
B.Neither biofuels nor coals can be used for planes.
C.The idea of green fuel is to change solar energy into fuels.
D.The idea of green-fuel，which is only an illusion，is challenged and doubted by scientists.
Passage Two
Misconduct is a word that is always on professors’minds.Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientifc standards，such as plagiarism for fabricating data.But these high-profle infractions（违法）occur relatively rarely.Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.
Faculty members don’t need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harassment or appropriation of students’work to fail in their responsibility to their charges.Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.
What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement（强烈的）reactions to a host of questionable behaviors.In particular，they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring.These included routinely being late for classes，frequently skipping appointments with advisees，showing favoritism to some students，ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own，belittling colleagues in front of students，providing little or no feedback on students’theses or dissertations，and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.
The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach.And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.
To address this systemic issue，we must do a better job of exposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars.For instance，on online modules.The societies of academic disciplines，institutions and individual departments can play a big part here，by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students to report violations.
The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address，but“inadequate teaching”can be subjective.Still，if universities establish specifc rules for academics to follow，real patterns of abuse will be easier to fnd.For instance，these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within 15 days，provide more than just negative feedback during a student’s oral defense of their thesis，or be available regularly to answer questions.
To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short，universities should establish teaching-integrity committees，similar to the research-integrity committees that handle issues of scientific misconduct.These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take，either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual，or simply by adopting the same process as that of other committees，such as for tenure applications.
66.What is implied in the frst two paragraphs？
A.The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.
B.The high-profle infractions are not adequately reported.
C.The frequent minor misconducts deserve more attentions.(https://www.daowen.com)
D.The violation of scientifc standards cannot be eradicated.
67.What，in the respondents’mind，is the nature of showing favoritism to some students？
A.It is a serious high-profle infraction.
B.It is an interesting but avoidable behavior.
C.It is a punishable but avoidable misconduct.
D.It is a questionable but non-punishable behavior.
68.The occurrence of neglectful teaching and mentoring among the faculty can be ascribed to____.
A.their offering more courses than they can handle
B.their paying little attention to the students’feedback
C.their receiving inadequate education in how to teach
D.their lacking interest in the areas other than their own
69.Which of the following is NOT suggested as a way to address the systemic issue？
A.Development of codes of conduct.
B.Exposure of online misconducts.
C.Education about the rules of proper mentoring.
D.Development of clear mechanism for reporting.
70.What is mainly discussed in the last two paragraphs？
A.The approaches to addressing the problems of“inadequate teaching”.
B.The specifc rules to punish those who consistently fall short.
C.The different committees dealing with“inadequate teaching”.
D.The codes of conduct for the students to report violations.
Passage Three
The use of animals to better understand human anatomy and human disease is a centuries-old practice.Animal research has provided valuable information about many physiological processes that are relevant to humans and has been fundamental in the development of many drugs，including vaccines， anesthetics，and antibiotics.Animals and humans are similar in many ways.Animal behavior can be as complex as human behavior，and the cellular structures，proteins，and genes of humans and animals are so similar that the prospect of using animal tissues to replace diseased human tissues is under intense investigation for patients who would otherwise never receive a potentially life-saving transplant.
However，the way in which animals and humans react to their environments，both physiologically and behaviorally，can be drastically different，and the conditions under which laboratory animals are kept can infuence and alter experimental results.The husbandry and treatment of laboratory animals has been and continues to be a major topic of ethical debate.Concern over the care and management of animals used in scientifc research was initially raised in the 19th century in Great Britain，where the Cruelty to Animals Act was adopted in 1876.A signifcant step forward––for both supporters and opponents of animal research—occurred in 1959，when British zoologist William Russell and British microbiologist Rex Burch published The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique.This work introduced the goals of replacement，reduction，and refnement：replacement of animal testing with other techniques， reduction of the number of animals tested，and refinement of animal tests to reduce suffering.These concepts became the foundation for the development of scientifc alternatives to animal testing，and they continue to guide the treatment of animals in modern scientifc research.
Alternatives to animal testing are primarily based on biochemical assays，on experiments in cells that are carried out in vitro（“within the glass”），and on computational models and algorithms（演算法）.These techniques are typically far more sophisticated and specifc than traditional approaches to testing in whole animals，and many in vitro tests are capable of producing information about the biological effects of a test compound that are as accurate––and in some cases more accurate than––information collected from studies in whole animals.
Traditional toxicity tests performed on animals are becoming outmoded.These tests result in the deaths of many animals and often produce data that are irrelevant to humans.Recognition of the inadequacy of animal toxicity testing has resulted in the development of better techniques that are able to produce comparable toxicity values of chemicals that are applicable to humans.
While animal testing is not always the most effcient way to test the toxicity of a chemical or the effcacy of a pharmaceutical compound，it is sometimes the only way to obtain information about how a substance behaves in a whole organism，especially in the case of pharmaceutical compounds.Studies of pharmacokinetic effects（effects of the body on a drug）and pharmacodynamic effects（effects of a drug on the body）often require testing in animals to determine the most effective way to administer a drug； the drug’s distribution，metabolism，and excretion；or any side effects in the body.These studies are dependent on a circulating system，which are extraordinarily diffcult to perform outside animal bodies， since in vitro studies often cannot form a complete picture of a drug’s action.
Supporters and opponents of animal testing sometimes have the same goals；however，an extraordinary amount of energy is wasted both on poorly executed animal testing and on poorly conceived efforts to stop animal testing.Because of the enormous effort required to change decades of research and product development that has crucially depended on animal testing，the unifcation of organizations that bring together supporters of animal welfare and supporters of science is required.This unifcation is taking place，and interest in and support for these organizations is growing.
71.Why are animal researches so important in medical experimentations？
A.Animals can be used as drugs to cure human diseases.
B.Animals are very similar to human beings in many aspects.
C.Animals can take place some human tissues with problems.
D.Animal researches are important in physiological process and drug development.
72.From the second paragraph，what topic is raised for discussion？
A.The atmosphere for civil discourse.
B.The role of scientifc animal research.
C.The opposition of scientifc animal research.
D.The alternative way for animal research.
73.Which of the following is NOT the reason that the opponents of the animal research base their view？
A.The physiologic and behavioral differences between animals and humans.
B.Treatments of animals are disputable.
C.The overuse of mice in cancer experimentation.
D.The conditions under which laboratory animals are kept can infuence and alter experimental results.
74.Why is animal testing irreplaceable in some cases？
A.Drugs must be tested on animal before used on humans.
B.Animal testing is more effcient to producing results.
C.Drug testing depends on circular system of animals.
D.Animals are more cost-effcient.
75.What message does the author try to convey about the scientifc experimentation in animals？
A.Ethical opposition is the major reason to replace the animal experimentation.
B.It plays an irreplaceable part in biomedical science.
C.Scientists have found alternatives to free animals from the sufferings.
D.Supporters and opponents of animal testing are always at odds with each other.
Passage Four
Skilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management，aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests. Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refned， or even replaced in some cases，by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers.The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management.These new capabilities，often termed“stratifed（分层的）”or“personalized”medicine，are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.
Genetic medicine，which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way，has，until recently，been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease.Recognition that most disease has a genetic component，the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services.In order to optimize beneft equitably across the population，physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.
Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect，so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties. For some clinicians，particularly those involved in clinical research，these advances are already a reality.However，a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice，perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable.Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations，media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic.Indeed，knowing one’s entire genomic sequence is not the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be，and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype（鼓吹）and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.
Finally，both professional and the public should have a realistic view of what is possible.Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms，the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low.Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identifcation of a particular combination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.
76.Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with？
A.Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.
B.Genetic biomarkers have been largely refned over the past.
C.Physical examination remains essential in fne tuning a diagnosis.
D.Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.
77.What，according to the second paragraph，can be said of genetic medicine？
A.It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.
B.It has been widely recognized among the physicians.
C.It necessitates adaptation of the healthcare community.
D.It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.
78.The future of the genomic technologies，for the most part，lies in____.
A.the greater potential of treating rare diseases
B.the greater efforts in the relevant clinical research
C.the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ them
D.the greater publicity of their benefts in the media portrayals
79.In the last paragraph，the author cautions against____.
A.underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factors
B.unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative power
C.abuse of genetic medicine in treating common diseases
D.unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics.
80.Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage？
A.Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.
B.Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.
C.Genetic medicine will exert great infuence on medicine.
D.Genetic medicine is defned as“stratifed”medicine.
Passage Five
Beyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain，Freud identified two sources of psychic energy，which he called“drives”：aggression and libido.The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives，shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds；they surface， heavily disguised，only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives，focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life.But researchers have found evidence that Freud’s drives really do exist，and they have their roots in the limbic system，a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions，the modern suite of drives comprises fve：rage，panic，separation distress，lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.
The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system，it also involves parts of the forebrain，the seat of higher mental functions.In the 1980s，Jaak Panksepp，a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio， became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventral tegmental area，which in humans lies just above the hairline.When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse，the animal would sniff the air and walk around，as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry？No.The mouse would walk right by a plate of food，or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for something new.“What I was seeing，”he says，“was the urge to do stuff.”Panksepp called this seeking.
To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London，that sounds very much like libido.“Freud needed some sort of general，appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects，”says Solms.“Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.”Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams.Since the 1970s，neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement— which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons.Accordingly，they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest.When Solms looked into it， though，it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental area， the same structure that Panksepp had identifed as the seat of the“seeking”emotion.Dreams，it seemed， originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.
Freud’s psychological map may have been fawed in many ways，but it also happens to be the most coherent and，from the standpoint of individual experience，meaningful theory of the mind.“Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin，who lived before the discovery of genes，”says Panksepp.“Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus.We need to talk about it，develop it，test it.”Perhaps it’s not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right，but of fnishing the job.
81.Freud believed that aggression and libido____.
A.were the only two sources of psychic energy
B.could sometimes surface in our conscious life
C.affected our behavior unconsciously
D.could appear clearly on our dreams
82.Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido？
A.Emotion. B.Lust. C.Seeking. D.Urge.
83.Jaak Panksepp’s study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive____.
A.originates in the limbic system
B.involves parts of the forebrain
C.controls how we respond to stimulus
D.exists in many other animals
84.According to Mark Solms，dreaming____.
A.takes place during the whole sleeping period
B.involves a primitive part of the brain known as the pons
C.originates in the forebrain
D.just takes place in a certain period
85.It can be inferred that Freud and Darwin are similar in that their theories____.
A.have long been discredited
B.provided good guide for further research
C.are placed in the same category
D.are concerned about human being
Passage Six
Less than a year ago，a new generation of diet pills seemed to offer the long sought answer to our chronic weight problems.Hundreds of thousands of pound-conscious Americans had discovered that a drug combination known as“fen-phen”could shut off voracious（贪吃的）appetites like magic，and the FDA had just approved a new drug，Redux，that did the same with fewer side effects.Redux would attract hundreds of thousands of new pill poppers within a few months.
But now the diet-drug revolution is facing a backlash.Some of the nation’s largest HMOs，including Aetna U.S.Healthcare and Prudential Healthcare have begun cutting back or eliminating reimbursement （退款补偿，报销）for both pills.Diet chains like Jenny Craig and Nutri/System are backing away from them too.Several states，meanwhile，have restricted the use of fen-phen.Last week the Florida legislature banned new prescriptions entirely and called on doctors to wean（使断绝）current patients from the drug within 30 days.It also put a 90-day limit on Redux prescriptions.Even New Jersey doctor Sheldon Levine，who touted Redux last year on TV and in his book The Redux Revolution，has stopped giving it to all but his most obese（肥胖的）patients.
The reason for all the retrenchment（紧缩，删节）：potentially lethal side effects.Over the summer，the FDA revealed that 82 patients had developed defects in their heart values while on fen-phen，and that seven patients had come down with the same condition on Redux.
As if that weren’t bad enough，physicians reported that a woman who had been taking fen-phen for less than a month died of primary pulmonary hypertension，a sometimes fatal lung condition already associated with Redux.And an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association last month confrmed earlier reports that both fen-phen and Redux can cause brain damage in lab animals.
These fndings led the New England Journal to publish editorial admonishing doctors to prescribe the drugs only for patients with severe obesity.Meanwhile，FDA asked drug makers to put more explicit warnings on fen-phen and Redux labels.Since mid-July，prescriptions for fen-phen have dropped 56%， and those for Redux 36%，according to IMS America，a pharmaceutical market research frm.
All that really does，however，is to bring the numbers down to where they should have been all along.Manufacturers said from the start that their pills offered a short-term therapy for the obese，not for people looking to ft into a smaller bathing suit.FDA approved Redux with just such a caveat，and when limited to these patients，the drugs may still make sense—despite the risks—because morbid obesity carries its own dangers，including heart disease，diabetes and stroke.Too often，however，Redux and fen-phen were peddled to all comers，almost like candy.The current backlash，says Levine，is a“roller coaster that never should have happened”.
86.What does the phrase“pill poppers”in the frst paragraph mean？
A.Pill distributors. B.Pill manufacturers.
C.Pill promoters. D.Pill takers and abusers.
87.The worst case that revealed the fatal dark side of the diet pills is____.
A.82 patients on fen-phen and seven on Redux had developed heart disease
B.a woman patient on fen-phen had died of abnormally high blood pressure
C.a woman patient on fen-phen had died of a lung disease
D.both diet pills have caused brain damage
88.New England Journal admonished doctors to____.
A.give the pills only to the severely overweight persons
B.take the obese patients off the drugs completely
C.reduce prescriptions of the pills drastically
D.put clearer warnings on the drug labels
89.According to the drug manufacturers，the pills____.
A.only offer temporary treatment for patients with morbid obesity
B.are meant for all the people who yearn for slimness
C.are the best cure to our chronic weight problems
D.are the most important weight-loss discoveries
90.We can infer from the last paragraph that____.
A.the severe obesity carries the potential of illness
B.the pills were sold to all comers without discrimination
C.the pills may still be effective if properly administered
D.the pills shouldn’t have been hailed as miraculous cures and then discarded
试卷二（Paper Two）
Part ⅤWriting（20%）
Directions：In this part there is an essay in Chinese.Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET.Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.
未来医学发展趋势
根据现代医学的发展轨迹和社会的发展趋势，未来20年或30年，医学将发生很大的变化。
一、医学的任务将从以防病治病为主逐步转向以维护和增强健康、提高人的生命质量为主。在未来寻求医学服务的，不再仅仅是患者，而会有相当数量的正常人；询医问药的人，也不仅仅是因为躯体的缺欠或某个系统有病患的患者，相当多的人是为得到生活指导和心理咨询而求医；医生开出的不会全是去药房取药的处方，还有如何提高生活质量的处方。医学的对象将从以患者为主的模式逐步转变成为面向整个人群的模式。因此，整个社会卫生资源的配置将重点分为两极，即社区医学服务与医学中心。有相当数量的医生是从事社区服务的全科医生，而比全科医生多得多的，在某种意义上来说，更直接、更有效、更节省资源的是社区护理队伍。社区护理队伍包括家庭病床服务、老年公寓服务以及社区围产与婴幼儿服务等等。
二、信息学、生物信息学将改变医学工作的方式。长期以来精心保存的厚厚的病历，将被一张可以记载一个人一生的病情变化、诊疗经过，甚至全部影像资料的卡片代替。病历，不再只是在某医院、某时期的病情档案的记录，而是其一生的健康与疾病变化的记载。预计在不久的将来，作为医学咨询或医疗、预防等辅助手段，电子医疗和网上医院一定会走向社会，走入市场。但必须强调的是：无论科学怎样发达，诊断或治疗手段如何先进，电子医疗、远程会诊都不能代替最基本的医生与患者面对面的直接诊疗。各种先进的医疗手段都很重要，但最重要的还是医生的基本功，而医生使用计算机的能力只是医生的基本功之一。
三、医学工作的范围将从“出生到死亡”扩展为“生前到死后”。既往，人们认为“人从生到死，总离不开医生”。如今，在人还未出生的时候（胎生期），医生就可以对某种疾病做出正确的诊断，并可进行外科治疗，从而矫正畸形、修复缺损；待手术完毕，再把胎儿还纳子宫，使胎儿正常发育，待其成熟后娩出。此时不仅畸形或缺损得以矫正，而且连瘢痕都没有，这就是所谓的胎儿外科。当今的医院儿科还只是从新生儿开始，在不久的将来，在妇产科和儿科之间，将出现一个新兴的交叉学科—胎儿学科。现在，脑死亡者是个宝贵的卫生资源，在医学领域不仅具有可供利用、造福世人的价值，更具有研究的价值，如：器官保存、组织与细胞的保存与增值，都是新的研究课题和有发展前途的医学新领域。