平滑肌肉瘤
平滑肌肉瘤(leiomyosarcoma,LMS)是一种来源于平滑肌细胞的软组织恶性肿瘤,占所有软组织肉瘤的5%~10%。多发生于中、老年患者,儿童和青少年相对较少。可发生于机体的任何部位,除了子宫(详见子宫肉瘤)、胃肠、腹膜后、肢体高发部位外,肾、骨、颅内、胰腺等也有发生。
手术是唯一可能根治平滑肌肉瘤的方法,MRI、CT和骨扫描的术前分期综合评估尤为重要。功能性MRI的发展可以清楚地显示肿瘤与周边组织的关系,常规用于初诊分期及治疗的动态评估及随访中[1]。高分辨率CT主要用于检测远处转移病灶,尤其是肺或腹腔脏器的转移。PET-CT具有全身显像的优势,SUV值与有丝分裂计数和分级相关[2],治疗前的PET-CT检测不仅有助于良、恶性的判断,还可充分发现较为隐匿、无症状的转移病灶,有助于高级别肿瘤的分期[3]。此外,有研究报道,治疗前后使用PET-CT SUV值变化差异,对高级别肿瘤治疗的反应进行评估,可以指导后期治疗及预后判断[4,5]。
由于平滑肌肉瘤发病部位的不同,治疗的方式也稍有差异。原发灶在腹腔或腹膜后的患者,术前评估难以获得R0切除者,推荐新辅助治疗,降期后可以提高R0切除的机会,不常规推荐术后辅助化疗[6]。早期肢体和躯干平滑肌肉瘤在充分影像学评估后,术前能够R0切除的Ⅰ期患者,局部穿刺明确病理,2周内予以手术切除,穿刺针道要设定在手术可切除范围内。对于术前没有获得病理或细胞学依据患者,应该进行术中切取活检,如冰冻病理为恶性患者,需要进行R0切除。初诊为局部晚期无法达到R0切除的平滑肌肉瘤,推荐大剂量新辅助化、放疗进行转化,以利于提高组织学阴性边缘。肢体的LMS新辅助化疗不仅可以降低瘤负荷,尽可能保留神经、血管和肌肉功能,创造保肢条件;还能够通过根除微转移性疾病,降低局部复发的风险,改善生存率[7]。
除子宫平滑肌肉瘤为化疗高敏肿瘤外(详见子宫肉瘤),其他部位的平滑肌肉瘤是化疗中度敏感肿瘤。根据患者病情需要和KPS评分,一线化疗方案推荐多柔比星(阿霉素)±异环磷酰胺,多柔比星联合达卡巴嗪,吉西他滨联合多西他赛[8]。多柔比星和异环磷酰胺的联合方案在LMS的应答率在30%以上[9,10]。部分临床研究结果还显示,吉西他滨对非胃肠LSM的有效性与蒽环类药物相当,也可以作为一线推荐[11]。曲贝替定(trabectedin,ED-743)在欧洲已经批准上市。曲贝替定与达卡巴嗪头对头比较,二线应用含蒽环类药物治疗失败的不可切除或转移性平滑肌肉瘤,PFS分别为4.2个月和1.5个月[12]。但是曲贝替定1.5 mg/m2 24小时连续静脉注射Q3w的治疗剂量在中国人群临床试验失败,该药物未在中国上市。帕唑帕尼(pazopanib)Ⅱ期(EORTC)和Ⅲ期(PALETTE)临床试验治疗化疗失败的LSM患者,非子宫LSM的mPFS为4.5个月、mOS为17.5个月,优于子宫平滑肌肉瘤(61.3%为三线治疗),mPFS为3.0个月,mOS为11.1个月[13,14]。国产小分子多靶点的新药安罗替尼ⅡB期临床试验,治疗蒽环类失败的LMS,入组41例,mPFS为5.83个月,已经在国内获批作为二线治疗LMS的适应证。另一酪氨酸激酶多靶点抑制剂瑞戈非尼(regorafenib)治疗平滑肌肉瘤的mPFS为3.7个月[15]。
(胡海燕)
参考文献
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