阿尔茨海默病动物模型及行为学研究方法
阿尔茨海默病动物模型在阿尔茨海默病的机制研究过程中非常重要。目前,建立的阿尔茨海默病模型有多种,如Aβ海马注射阿尔茨海默病模型、胆碱能神经元损伤阿尔茨海默病模型等。这些阿尔茨海默病模型都存在部分特征性神经病理改变,但是对于人类而言,其阿尔茨海默病发病存在一定的渐进性,这是大部分模型所不能模拟和实现的。近些年来,随着科学技术的迅速发展,通过对转基因动物的在体深入研究,能够发现某一特定致病基因的作用。阿尔茨海默病转基因动物模型具有明确的阿尔茨海默病发病病因、阿尔茨海默病的病理及功能改变,可望成为研究阿尔茨海默病发病机制及研发治疗阿尔茨海默病药物的理想模型。文献报道,单基因突变的阿尔茨海默病转基因小鼠其行为学异常及神经病理改变出现得较晚,如某些单基因突变阿尔茨海默病转基因小鼠模型至少在10月龄时才出现Aβ老年斑沉积等病理改变或学习记忆能力障碍等行为学异常,仅表达APP突变的转基因小鼠在24月龄时才发展成可见的Aβ沉积,而仅早老素突变的转基因鼠小甚至在老龄动物阶段才表达有限的Aβ病理沉积或出现认知功能障碍,为了促进发展小鼠脑内的Aβ沉积和认知缺陷,研究者已经研究建立了一些双突变转基因阿尔茨海默病小鼠模型。如APP/PS1双转基因小鼠动物模型,此小鼠来源于C57BL/6小鼠,利用基因转入的方法,使小鼠大脑内高表达人PS1和APP两种突变基因。与正常小鼠比较,APP/PS1双转基因小鼠的特点是有明显的学习记忆障碍,并且12周后在转基因小鼠皮质和海马发现有Aβ沉积、Tau蛋白的过度磷酸化、突触损伤及神经炎等病理改变,第54周以后,小鼠脑内APP表达水平升高,通过β-及γ-分泌酶的先后剪切,Aβ沉积和老年斑的形成明显增多,最终导致胆碱能神经元损伤,影响转基因小鼠的学习记忆能力,上述改变可反映阿尔茨海默病的行为学异常和神经病理学变化,因此,APP/PS1转基因小鼠是实验研究过程中探讨阿尔茨海默病发病机制非常理想的动物模型。
经典的Morris水迷宫(Morriswatermaze,MWM)是20世纪80年代由英国心理学家Morris设计的并由此命名的,在学习记忆的研究中广泛应用,目前已经成为一种研究海马空间学习记忆功能的常用技术,这种实验方法能够较准确地反应动物的空间学习记忆能力。经典的Morris水迷宫实验主要分为定位航行试验和空间探索试验两个步骤,其储存的机制主要涉及如海马以及大脑皮层有关脑区。这样的实验方法测试小鼠所形成的记忆属于陈述性记忆,提供较为精确的实验数据,通过测试小鼠找到平台的路程及时间和经过平台的次数检测实验小鼠空间认知能力,间接反映实验动物的学习认知水平,系统的将实验动物的学习记忆能力障碍与运动、感觉缺陷分离开来,减少动物对学习记忆过程检测的干扰。Morris水迷宫实验在世界上已经得到广泛地认可,目前主要应用于学习记忆、神经退行性疾病、动物心理学研究、衰老与智力等相关科研研究领域,是开展行为学研究尤其是学习与记忆研究的首选经典实验。阿尔茨海默病主要的临床表现为学习记忆能力障碍,在阿尔茨海默病病程的早期就存在记忆力减退的症状,研究资料表明,大脑海马组织与短期学习记忆能力有关。研究证实,破坏海马及海马的关键部位CA3区将导致小鼠的学习记忆能力障碍,因为CA3区是海马储存记忆的关键部位,小鼠表现为水迷宫实验中,搜索平台的路程和时间延长。阿尔茨海默病的病理改变主要为Aβ沉积形成老年斑、Tau蛋白过度磷酸化形成神经原纤维缠结、神经元退化消失等,这些神经病理改变最初出现于Entorhinal皮层及海马,随着及疾病的不断进展,逐渐蔓延到整个皮层边缘区域,并且产生不可逆的、渐进性的认知功能、学习记忆能力障碍、语言障碍等。对于阿尔茨海默病等神经退行性疾病的患者,其典型的临床表现为陈述性学习记忆能力受损,因此,运用经典的Morris水迷宫实验检测此类疾病的行为学改变有重要的理论意义。
小鼠絮窝作为一种有目的指向性的行为,能够反映小鼠的认知能力和社会行为。研究发现,筑巢受到多个脑区和神经递质活动调控。因此,小鼠絮窝行为在许多疾病的病理机制研究中具有十分重要的意义。一些关于阿尔茨海默病小鼠絮窝行为的研究发现,APP/PS1小鼠在6月龄时即表现出明显的絮窝行为损伤。Deacon等发现,海马损伤能够导致小鼠絮窝能力下降,表现为絮窝材料减少和絮窝质量降低。也有研究发现,Aβ聚集以及Tau蛋白过度磷酸化可能与小鼠的絮窝行为有着密切的关系。由此可见,阿尔茨海默病病理改变对小鼠絮窝行为具有十分重要的影响。
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(王 玥)