阶级认识:一种资产阶级的心智品质
将公司的所有者和高管浇铸成一个全国性的上层阶级的那些机构,不受任何给定的个体或家族的存在或缺席的影响。家族在阶级结构中可能会兴起或衰落,但上层阶级的习俗制度(institutions)会继续存在。在全国范围内,上层阶级中的每一个人并不是都认识所有人,但是每一个人认识的人,都会认识这个国家里其他地方的某些人,而这要归功于共同的学校经历、同一个地方的夏令营活动、相同社交俱乐部的成员资格,或者同一个董事会里的董事资格。在任何一个给定的历史时刻,上层阶级都是一个由相互交叠的社交圈子所组成的复杂网络,而将这些社交圈子编织在一起的,则是拥有共同属性的成员,以及从相似的生活方式中形成的大量标志着相同社会地位的符号(signs)。从社会心理学家的角度来看,上层阶级是由无数面对面的小群体所组成的,而随着人们从一种社会环境转移到另一种环境中,这些小群体的构成也在不断地发生变化。
卷入到这些制度中的人,通常会慢慢地形成一种阶级认识(class awareness),包括优越感、骄傲感和貌似合理的特权感。在心底里,许多上层阶级的成员都认为他们比其他人要优秀,因此完全应该得到他们现在这样的生活。这种阶级认识的基础,是公司所有权,但是,通过共享的社会认同以及经由参加上层阶级的社交机构而建立的人际纽带,这种认识得到了强化。
更重要的是,上层阶级的基础是以股票、债券和不动产等形式表现出来的对创收性投资的所有权和控制权,这一事实说明,它既是一个上层阶级,也是一个资产阶级(capitalist class)。它的成员关注的不仅仅是一家公司或某个商业部门的利益,而且关注诸如投资氛围和利润率这样的事情。也就是说,他们有一种资产阶级的心智品质(a capitalist mentality)。
除了少部分加入自由派—劳工联盟或左翼运动中的异类,上层阶级的成员在与作为一个整体的企业共同体的福利有关的议题上,也采取的是一种保守主义的观点。他们的这种倾向导致了一种普遍的阶级视角,而这种视角在下一章讨论的政策研制网络中则得到了应用和强化。政策研制网络中的各种组织增强了前一章中解释过的经济权力和本章所论证的社会内聚力,从而使得上层阶级的成员能够在各种政策议题上达成一致——要知道,政策上潜在的误解和分歧是非常巨大的。人们往往是互不信任或自私自利的,而且不同产业中的不同企业,其要求也千差万别。即使对相互缠绕在一起的上层阶级和企业共同体来说,培育出一种共同的政策观点也并非是自然而然的。此外,他们还不得不与许多人竞争,这些人除了工作和住宅之外就一无所有或所剩不多,或者只拥有获得教育文凭的机会,而正是这些机会有可能帮助他们在职业阶梯上向上流动。上层阶级的成员不能完全依靠经济和社会权力来确保他们在任何一场已经出现的公开阶级冲突中获胜。
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