阶级支配的限制性
在政府中任职是阶级支配最终和最可见的层面,这根源于企业所有权、投资活动的控制以及政策研制网络的运作。如果政府官员不需要等待企业领袖做出在什么时间和什么地点投资的决定,而且大众对政策研制网络的政策提案十分熟悉的事实如果没有进一步约束政府官员,那么权力精英渗入选举和政府的程度将比现在少很多。
尽管权力精英的支配不意味着否认政府政策存在着持续冲突这一现实,但是这些冲突很少涉及到对规则本身的挑战,而正是这些规则赋予了上层阶级和企业共同体以特权。大多数利益集团过程中的斗争只是就某一具体利益的分配而展开,它们通常包含了相互竞争的商业利益之间的冲突。
同样,政策制定过程中的冲突有时会涉及到权力精英中的温和保守派和极端保守派之间的分歧。过去很多看上去似乎是企业共同体的失败的议题,现在才发现真实的情况原来只是温和保守派决定为了自身利益与自由派—劳工联盟站在同一边。在其他时候,政策分歧涉及到的议题都是企业共同体从整体利益考虑与单个产业的利益发生了冲突,正如在贸易政策和一些环保立法上表现的那样。
企业共同体影响最为深远的一次失败,即1935年的《全国劳动关系法》,在孕育20世纪30年代中叶北方的强大工人运动方面起到了重要作用。这一失败的背景,是强大的劳工骚乱,以及南方工业资本家试图通过与自由派民主党人合作以确保将他们自己的劳动力排除在外。这场失败,尽管被后续立法所缓和,但对美国权力结构的性质却产生了很大影响。它展现了企业权力在某些情况下受到限制的可能性。
职业安全与健康监察局在20世纪70年代获得立法通过是唯一一次展现了自由派—劳工联盟对整个企业共同体的胜利的例子。它发生在社会动荡期这一事实再次表明了企业共同体在某些情况下可能会失败。然而,权力精英和保守派投票集团后来成功地扭转了这一失败,则显示了为什么社会学的分析与历史维度的结合可以最好地展现企业支配的全貌。
尽管20世纪30年代至60年代的立法议题显示,当发生经济骚动和强大社会运动时,阶级支配可能会受到限制,但小布什政府上台以来,我们却从未看到任何限制力量的出现。这个国家现在正处在企业—保守派联盟的统治之下,他们相信自由派—劳工联盟已经越来越无权势了,从他们对2003年入侵伊拉克前夕爆发的反战运动的反应就可以看出这一点。他们对温和保守派也不抱多少敬意,后者在很多议题上的意见都遭到了忽视,包括伊拉克问题。小布什政府刚上台时打算采取强硬统治方式的决心在9·11事件之后得到了进一步加强,恐怖袭击被看作是一个主要的威胁来对待。在这种背景下,很有可能,企业—保守派联盟唯一真实的限制来自于伊拉克战争的时间和暴力程度,以及金融和货币市场对不断增加的预算赤字和联邦债务的反应。
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