最后的观察

更新于 2026年10月13日 版权声明
最后的观察

大众媒介是典型的体制的玩物。它办起来很花钱,一般要求具有专门知识的显赫阶层(文案、节目策划人、“艺人”)来操持,在政治、经济、文化等方面具有重要的战略地位。从历史上来看,大众媒介很少由一个社会秩序的中央权力以外的力量来操持,它一般由王室、市场或寺庙来进行管理。〔22〕大众媒介在哪里,权力一般就在那里。国王一般掌控着让人嫉妒的权力,也就是复制、增长的权力——无论复制、增长的是话语、货币、相似性,还是婴儿。哈罗德·英尼斯可能会提醒我们,不同类型的权力喜欢不同类型的媒介。跨越空间的媒介通常受士兵和商人掌控,他们要建立政治、经济帝国;跨越时间的媒介通常受圣人、神职人员控制,他们要建立的是与记忆或希望有关的宗教帝国。重空间的媒介关注世俗问题,重时间的媒介关注宗教问题。虽然这种概全化是为了创造一种分析坐标,但在面对复杂的特殊案例时,我们永远不该丧失灵活性。本文呼吁一种大众媒介方法的诞生:它既在哲学层面上具有普遍性,同时又在实践上具有特殊性,它能囊括案例及历史,却无须将某种重要形式视为一切大众媒介的精髓。大众媒介的三大要素(听者与说者之间的鸿沟问题、时空范围问题、互动问题)既可以用来解释20世纪的传播,又可以用来解释古代国王的法令。当奥兹曼迪亚斯(Ozymandias)国王宣布广阔疆土归他统治时,没有人回嘴。权力也许才是终极的大众媒介:它想向谁说,就向谁说。它繁衍象征,跨越时空。它让受众噤若寒蝉,不能动弹。

参考文献及建议阅读书目

Fairclough,Norman.1995.Media Discourse.London:Edward Arnold.

Inns,Harold A.1951.The Bias of Communication.Toronto:University of Toronto Press.

Merton,Robert K.,with Marjorie Fiske and Alberta Curtis.[1946]2006.Mass Persuasion:The Social Psychology of a War Bond Drive.New York:Howard Fertig.

Neuman,W.Russell.1991.The Future of the Mass Audience.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

Peters,John Durham.2001.“Mass Audiences.”In Encyclopedia of Rhetoric,ed.Thomas O.Sloane,68-72.Oxford:Oxford University Press.

Scannell,Paddy,ed.1991.Broadcast Talk.Newbury Park,CA:Sage.

Stappers,James G.1983.“Mass Communication as Public Communication.”Journal of Communication 33,no.3:141-45.

Warner,Michael.2002.Publics and Counterpublics.New York:Zone.

Webster,James G.,and Patricia F.Phelan.1997.The Mass Audience:Rediscovering the Dominant Model.Mahwah,NJ:LEA.

Williams,Raymond.1958.“Conclusion.”In Culture and Society.New York:Columbia University Press.

〔1〕关于大众讲话的复杂微妙之处,见Paddy Scannell,“For Anyone-as-Someone Structures,”Media,Culture and Society 22(2000):5-24,and Warner(2000,65-124)。

〔2〕John Durham Peters,Speaking into the Air(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1999).

〔3〕其中有一个观点见Emanuel A.Schegloff,“Whose Text?Whose Context?”Discourse and Society 8,no.2(1997):165-87。

〔4〕Erving Goffman,Interaction Ritual(Chicago:Aldine,1967),141.

〔5〕Herbert Menzel,“Quasi-Mass Communication:A Neglected Area,”Public Opinion Quarterly 35(1971):406-9.

〔6〕Geoffrey N.Leech,English in Advertising:A Linguistic Study of Advertising in Great Britain(London:Longmans,1966),168.

〔7〕Peter Simonson,“Assembly,Rhetoric,and Widespread Community:Mass Communication in Paul of Tarsus,”Journal of Media and Religion 2(2003):165-82.

〔8〕Paddy Scannell,“Introduction:The Relevance of Talk,”Broadcast Talk,ed.Paddy Scannell(Newbury Park:Sage,1991),1-9;Paddy Scannell and David Cardiff,A Social History of British Broadcasting(Oxford:Blackwell,1991).

〔9〕Kathleen Hall Jamieson,Eloquence in an Electronic Age(New York:Oxford University Press,1988).

〔10〕Niklas Luhmann,DieGesellschaft der Gesellschaft(Frankfurt:Suhrkamp,1997),chap.2.助于理解的卢曼媒介进化观的英文阐述见Geoffrey Winthrop-Young,“On a Species of Origin:Luhmann's Darwin,”Configurations 11(2003):305-49。

〔11〕Peters,Speaking into the Air,chap.1.

〔12〕文艺复兴时期兴起的三项伟大发明——印刷术、火药、水手用的指南针——全都源于东亚。

〔13〕Natalie Zemon Davis,“Printing and the People,”in Rethinking Popular Culture,ed.Chandra Mukerji and Michael Schudson(Berkeley:University of California Press,1991),65-96.

〔14〕Benedict Anderson,Imagined Communities:Reflections on the Origins and Growth of Nationalism,2nd ed.(New York:Verso,1991).马歇尔·麦克卢汉在论文中令人惊叹地预见了安德森的论点,见“Technology and Political Change,”International Journal 3(1952):189-95。

〔15〕见Menahem Blondheim,“Why Is This Book Different from All Other Books?The Orality,the Literacy,and the Printing of the Passover Haggadah,”发表于Institute for Advanced Studies,Hebrew University,Jerusalem,November 2004;Paul Frosh,“Telling Presences:Witnessing,Mass Media,and the Imagined Lives of Strangers,”Critical Studies in Media Communication,23,no.4(October 2006):265-84.

〔16〕John Durham Peters,“Space,Time,and Communication Theory,”Canadian Journal of Communication 28(2003):397-411.

〔17〕John Durham Peters and Peter Simonson,Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968(Boulder:Rowman and Littlefield,2004).

〔18〕Joseph Turow,Breaking Up America(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1997).(https://www.daowen.com)

〔19〕见James R.Beniger,“Personalization of Mass Media and the Growth of Pseudo-Community,”Communication Research 14(1987):352-71;Stig Hjarvard,“Simulated Conversations:The Simulation of Interpersonal Communication in Electronic Media,”Northern Lights,vol.1,ed.Anne Jerslev(Copenhagen:University of Copenhagen Press,2002),227-52.

〔20〕Raymond Williams,Television:Technology and Cultural Form(New York:Schocken,1974),chap.1.

〔21〕Elihu Katz and Mihaela Popescu,“Supplementation:On Communicator Control of the Conditions of Reception,”in European Culture and the Media,ed.Ib Bondebjerg and Peter Golding(Bristol,UK:Intellect Press,2004),19-40.

〔22〕Carl Couch,“Markets,Temples,and Palaces,”Studies in Symbolic Interaction 7(1986):137-59.

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