本章小结

本章小结

本章扼要叙述了现代国际关系研究经历的不同学术转向。“语言学转向”尤其后现代主义国际关系理论,在一定程度上弥补了“社会学转向”对权力概念关注不够的缺陷。它在强调社会及语言建构国际关系“现实”的同时,揭示了权力关系如何在这一社会过程中的作用。通过对符号含义的探讨,可以得出这样一种认识,即对国际关系“知识”的发现、积累、整理、生产及消费,主要是通过语言活动(它是人类社会活动的重要方面)进行的,而且这些语言活动并非在纯粹的环境里进行,而是与权力关系密切地交织在一起。

本章还对权力的不同形态进行了叙述,说明这些不同权力形态之间并不是彼此排斥或竞争的关系,而是彼此关联、互相构成的。在一定的社会环境中,一定的权力形态可以为另一种权力形态的实施提供方便和服务。譬如,符号权力可利用话语制造出某种政治和社会环境,为使用强制性权力提供合法性和可能性。反过来,具有暴力特征的强制性权力使得符号权力得以施展,赋予并规定着一定事件的含义。它进一步促使机构性权力的介入,引起后者制定并实施相应的规则、规定和机制,使一定的行为和事件被纳入国际规范的治理结构中。

【注释】

[1]有关国际政治研究侧重物质视角的作品,可参阅肯尼思·华尔兹:《国际政治理论》(信强译,苏长和校),上海:上海人民出版社2003年版;约翰·米尔斯海默:《大国政治的悲剧》(王义桅、唐小松译),上海:上海人民出版社2003年版。

[2]James D.Fearon,“Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes”,American Political Science Review,Vol.88,No.3,1994;Anne Sartori,“The Might of the Pen:A Reputational Theory of Communication in International Disputes”,International Organization,Vo.56,No.1,2002.

[3]Robert Cox,“Towards a Post-Hegemonic Conceptualization of World Order:Reflections on the Relevancy of Ibn Khaldun”,in James N.Rosenau and Ernest-Otto Czenpiel(eds.),Governance Without Government:Order and Change in World Politics,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992,p.138.

[4]Robert Cox,“Social Forces,States amd World Orders:Beyond International Realtions Theory”,Millennium,Journal of International Studies,Vo.10,No.2,1981,p.141.

[5]参阅亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》(秦亚青译),上海:上海人民出版社2000年版;另参阅Stefano Guzzini and Anna Leander,Constructivism and International Relations:Alexander Wendt and His Critics,London:Routledge,2006。

[6]Richard Ashley,“Political Realism and Human Interests”,International Studies Quarterly,Vol.25,No.3,1981,p.207.

[7]Robert Cox,“Social Forces,States amd World Orders:Beyond International Realtions Theory”,Millennium,Journal of International Studies,Vo.10,No.2,1981.

[8]Andrew Linklater,Beyond Realism and Marxism:Critical Theory and International Relations,London:Palgrave Macmillan,1990,p.10.

[9]参阅Chris Brown,International Relations Theory:New Normative Approaches,New York:Harvester Press,1992;Mervyn Frost,Ethics in International Relations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996;Terry Nardin and David Mapel(eds.),Traditions of International Ethics,Cambridge:Cambride University Press,1992。

[10]李滨:《考克斯的批判理论:渊源与特色》,载于《世界经济与政治》,2005年第7期,第20页。

[11]可参阅Barry Buzan,The United States and the Great Powers:World Politics in the Twenty-First Century,Cambridge:Polity Press Lit.,2004;Georg Sφrensen,“The Case for Combining Material Forces and Ideas in the Study of IR”,European Journal of International Relations,Vol.14,No.1,2008;李少军:《事实与理论:对国际关系研究的哲学反思》,载于《外交评论》,2009年第4期。

[12]Nicholas Onuf,World of Our Making:Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations,Columbia:University of South Carolina Press,1989.

[13]Nicholas Onulf,“The Constitution of International Society”,European Journal of International Law,Vol.5,No.1,1994.

[14]Nicholas Onuf,World of Our Making:Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations,Columbia:University of South Carolina Press,1989,p.82.

[15]Nicholas Onuf,“Speaking of Policy”,in Vendulka Kubálková(ed.),Foreign Policy in a Constructed World,New York:M.E.Sharpe,2001,p.77.

[16]Nicholas Onuf,World of Our Making:Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations,Columbia:University of South Carolina Press,1989,pp.21 22,128.

[17]Nicholas Onuf,“Construcitivsm:A User’s Manual”,in Vendulka Kubálková,Nicholas Onuf,and Paul Kowert(eds.),International Relations in a Constructed World,New York:M.E.Sharpe,1998,p.63.

[18]Ibid.,p.61.

[19]Martha Finnemore,The Purpose of Intervention:changing beliefs about the use of force,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,2003,p.5.

[20]Martha Finnemore,National Interests in International Society,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1996,p.141.

[21]Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink,“International Norm Dynamics and Political Change”,International Organization,Vol.52,No.4,1998,p.914.

[22]参阅Jürgen Habermas,The Theory of Communicative Action,Vol.1,(trans.T.McCarthy),Boston:Beacon Press,1984。

[23]Richard Devetak,“Critical Theory”,in Scott Burchill,Andrew Linklater et al.(eds.),Theories of International Relations,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2005,p.156.

[24]Mark Hoffman,“The Third-Party Mediation and Conflict-Resolution in the Post-Cold War World”,in John Baylis and N.J.Regger(eds.),Dilemmas of World Politics:International Issues in a Changing World,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1992,p.265.

[25]有关后现代主义哲学及社会理论的评述,可参阅刘放桐编著:《新编现代西方哲学》,北京:人民出版社2000年版。

[26]包仕国:《西方国际关系理论的后现代主义阐释》,载于《理论与现代化》,2005年第5期,第15页。

[27]D.S.L.Jarvis,International Relations and the Challenges of Postmodernist Defending the Discipline,Columbia:University of South Carolina Press,2000,p.55.

[28]Jenny Edkins,Poststructuralism and International Relations:Bring the Political Back In,Boulder:Lynne Rienner Publishers,1999,pp.45 48.

[29]Roland Barthes,“From Writings to Texts”,in Josue Harrai,(ed.),Textual Strategies:Perspectives in Post-Structuralist Criticism,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1979,p.77.

[30]实际上,在后现代主义那里,有关含义理解问题大体存在着两种观点。一种观点认为,语言的全部含义存在于语言本身,即关注对文本含义的解读;另一种观点认为,单一文本没有含义,只有将文本放在一定的语境里,通过不同文本之间的关系发现其含义。后者观点更占据主导地位。(https://www.daowen.com)

[31]转引自D.S.L.Jarvis,International Relations and the Challenges of Postmodernist Defending the Discipline,p.58。

[32]有研究者对冷战后美国政府干预波黑事务的政策分析便是一个例子,参见David Campbell,“Identity,Sovereignty,Responsibility:Reflections of a Post-Cold War Moral Cartography”,in Yoseph Lapid(ed.),The Return of Culture and Identity in International Relations Theory,Boulder:Lynne Rienner,1996。

[33]Michel Foucault,Discipline and Punish:The Birth of the Prison,Harmonds worth:Penguin,1977,p.27.

[34]参阅Jim George,Discourses of Global Politics:A Critical(Re)Introduction to International Relations,Boulder:Lynne Rienner Publishers,Inc.,1994。

[35]James Der Derian,“Philosophical Traditions in International Relations”,Millennium:Journal of International Studies,Vol.17,No.2,1988,p.189.

[36]Robert Jackson and Georg Sφrensen:Introduction to International Relations:Theories and Approaches,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2003,p.250.

[37]Steve Smith,“New Approaches to International Theory”,in John Baylis and Steve Smith(eds.),The Globalization of World Politics,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1997,p.181.

[38]参阅Jim George,Discourses of Global Politics:A Critical(Re)Introduction to International Relations,Boulder:Lynne Rienner Publishers,Inc.,1994,p.27。

[39]Michel Foucault,“Nietzsche,Genealogy,History”,in M.T.Gibbons(ed.),Interpreting Politics,London:Sage,1987,228.

[40]Richard Devetak,“Postmodernism”,in Scott Burchill,Andrew Linklater,et al.:Theories of International Relations,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2005,p.164;David Campbell,National Deconstruction:Violence,Identity,and Justice in Bosnia,Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1998,p.34.

[41]James Der Derian,“The Boundaries of Knowledge and Power in International Relations”,in James Der Derian and Michael J.Shapiro(eds.),International/Intertextual Relations:Postmodern Readings of World Politics,Lexington:Lexington Books,1989,p.6.

[42]David Campbell,Writing Security:United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity,Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1992;Gearóid ó Tuathail,Critical Geopolitics:The Politics of Writing Geopolitical Space,Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1996;Cynthia Weber,Stimulating Sovereignty:Intervention,the State,and Symbolic Exchange,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995.

[43]James Der Derian,“The Boundaries of Knowledge and Power in International Relations”,in James Der Derian and Michael J.Shapiro(eds.),International/Intertextual Relations:Postmodern Readings of World Politics,Lexington:Lexington Books,1989,p.6.

[44]Betilde V.Mu图示oz-Pogossian,“Gendered Language and(Unequal)Power:Deconstructing US-Latin American Relations in the Early Cold War”,International Politics,Vol.45,2008,pp.703 -719;Susan Jeffords:“Commentary:Culture and National Identity in US Foreign Policy”,Diplomatic Hisotry,Vol.14,No.1,1994,p.91.

[45]可参见Richard Ashley,“Untying the Sovereign State:A Double Reading of the Anarchy Problematique”,Millennium:Journal of International Studies,Vol.17,No.2,1988,pp.227- 262。不过,阿什利的后现代国际关系话语也受到批评,参见Roger D.Spegele,“Richard Ashley’s Discourse for International Relations”,in Darryl S.L.Jarvis(ed.),International Relations and the“Third Debate”:Postmodernism and Its Critics,Connecticut:Praeger,2002,pp.91-126。

[46]卡尔·马克思:《共产党宣言》,载于《马克思和恩格斯选集》第一卷,北京:人民出版社1972年版,第250—251页。

[47]Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,“The German Ideology”,Collected Works,Vol.5,New York:International,1975,p.59,转引自[美]史蒂文·塞德曼著,刘北成等译:《有争议的知识——后现代时代的社会理论》,北京:中国人民大学出版社2002年版,第16页。

[48]庄伟礼:《后现代主义对国际关系研究的启示》,载于《世界经济与政治》,2005年第7期,第45页。

[49]郭树勇、唐小松:《试论后现代主义对西方国际关系理论的影响》,载于《解放军外国语学院学报》,2001年第3期,第105页。

[50]庄伟礼:《后现代主义对国际关系研究的启示》,载于《世界经济与政治》,2005年第7期,第49页。

[51]Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall,“Power in International Politics”,International Organization,59,Winter 2005,p.41.另可参阅Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall(eds.),Power in Global Governance,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2005。

[52]Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall,“Power in International Politics”,International Organization,59,Winter 2005,p.41.

[53]Yannis A.Stivachtis,“Power in the Contemporary International Society:International Relations Meets Political and Social Theory—A Critical Appraisal of U.S.Foreign Policy”,Journal of Political and Military Sociology,Vol.36,No.1,2008,pp.85 101.

[54]Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall,“Power in International Politics”,International Organization,59,Winter 2005,p.41.

[55]Chris Brown with Kirsten Ainley,Understanding International Relations,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2005,p.82.

[56]Max Weber,The Theory of Social and Economic Organization(trans.by A.M.Henderson and Talcott Parsons),New York:Free Press,1947,p.30.

[57]Robert Dahl,“The Concept of Power”,Behavioral Science,Vol.2,No.3,1957,pp.202 203.

[58]Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall,“Power in International Politics”,International Organization,59,Winter 2005,p.51.

[59]Susan Strange,State and Markets:An Introductionn to International Political Economy,New York:Basil Blackwell,1988,p.25.

[60]Michael Mann:The Sources of Social Power(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1993).

[61]可参阅Antonio Gramsci,Selection from the Prison Notebooks(translated and edited by Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith),New York:International Publishers,1971;Stephen Gill and David Law,“Global Hegemony and the Structural Power of Capital”,International Studies Quarterly Vol.33,No.4,1989,pp.475 -499;Immanuel Wallerstein,“The Interstate Structure of the Modern World-System”,in Steve Smith,Ken Booth,and Marysia Zalewski(eds.),International Theory:Positivism and Beyond,New York:Cambridge University Press,1996。

[62]Michel Foucault,The Order of Things:An Archeology of the Human Sciences,New York:Fantheon,1971,p.44.