五、并列结构

五、并列结构

1.并列结构的实质

首先看下面三个句子:

➢ A long-held view of the history of the English colonies has been as following.(人1门一直拥有的关于英国殖民地历史的观点是如下几点。)

➢ England's policy toward these colonies before 1763 was controlled by commercial interests.(1763年前,英格兰对这些殖民地的政策主要是由商业利益所决定的。)

➢ A change to a more imperial policy generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution.(帝国主义政策的改变,产生了对立,最终导致了美国革命。)

如上三句话的意思表达已然完整清晰,但是为了增加阅读难度,出题人硬是把这三句话用and并列结构把两个that引导的表语从句糅合在一起。

A long-held view of the history of the English colonies that became the United States has been that England's policy toward these colonies before 1763 was controlled by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy,dominated by expansionist militarist objectives,generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution.

从这个例子可以看出,并列结构是通过并列连词把形式相同的部分连接在一起的一种语言形式,是把句子写长的一种重要方法。它有几个特殊的要求。

(1)前后并列的部分,形式必须一致,即动词和动词并列、名词和名词并列、从句和从句并列、句子和句子并列。如果形式出现不一致,则是语法错误。

(2)如果是三者或三者以上并列,则中间要有逗号,在最后一个并列部分前加并列连词,而不必在每个并列部分的前面加上连词。例如:swimming,playing chess and dancing,而不能写成swimming,and playing chess and dancing.细心的考生可能会遇到如下情况:dancing and singing and swimming,这并不是语法错误,它是词组dancing and singing和动名词swimming先并列,dancing和singing再并列,因为dancing and singing语义接近。

(3)并列连词并不只有and,还有一些其他的词或词组,分别代表不同的逻辑关系,请考生将此记牢。例如:

➢ but表示转折关系。

➢ or表示选择关系。

➢ for表示因果关系,是“由于”的意思,连接两个并列的句子。

➢ rather than表示否定关系,是“而不是”的意思。

➢ not图示but图示否定前者,肯定后者,是“不是……而是……”的意思。

➢ whether图示or图示表示选择关系。

➢ neither图示nor图示表示否定两者。

➢ both图示and图示,not only图示but also图示表示肯定两者。

2.如何找并列关系

根据并列前后的语法成分必须一致的原则,可以采用三个步骤来找到并列关系。

第一步,在并列连词and,but等处分割句子,然后定位到并列连词后面的内容。

第二步,根据并列连词后面内容的形式,向前找第一个与其形式一样的部分。

第三步,找到并列的内容后,把并列部分拆分为原始的分句结构。

下面举例说明如上三个步骤。

Over and over again,the Revolutionary generation asserted that the welfare of the Republic rested upon an educated citizenry and that schools would be the best means of educating the citizenry in civic values and the obligations.

第一步,在and处拆分,并定位到and后面的内容that。

第二步,由于that是从句的连词,我们也要向前寻找从句的连词,在asserted后找到第一个that,于是我们可以判定是asserted的两个并列宾语从句。

第三步,拆分句子为:

➢ The Revolutionary generation asserted that the welfare of the Republic rested upon an educated citizenry.(革命一代宣称:共和国的安宁依赖于受教育的人民。)

➢ The Revolutionary generation asserted that schools would be the best means of educating the citizenry in civic values and the obligations.(革命一代宣称:上学受教育是培养市民价值观和责任感的最好方式。)

【译文】革命一代一遍又一遍地指出:共和国的安宁依赖于受教育的人民,上学受教育是培养市民价值观和责任感的最好方式。(https://www.daowen.com)

可以看出,一旦把并列成分拆开,句意就变得比较容易理解了。由此可见,并列结构是英文句式“大树”分叉的部分,如果能把枝杈分开来看,就容易得多。所以,写作是把语义相关的中文短句用并列的形式连成长句,而阅读则是把英文的长句拆成短句的过程。

3.并列结构的主要模式

在并列结构中,主要有以下几种模式是考生经常无法辨认出的,也就是考点所在,请看下面的表格。

图示

下面举例说明这四种并列模式。

(1)介词的并列

例句:It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only external and internal criticism of sources and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

【句式解析】本句的句子主干为:It applies to traditional historians,后面的who view history as only external and internal criticism of sources是historians的后置定语,属于“定语从句充当后置定语”的情况;and处分割,后面是介词to,我们就要找前面的to,出现在applies的后面,于是把句子拆分为:

➢ It applies equally to traditional historians.

➢ It applies equally to social science historians.

historians后面的who equate their activity with图示是定语从句,修饰先行词social science historians。

【译文】传统的历史学家把历史仅看成对史料的内部和外部的批评,社会科学历史学家把科研看作具体的技巧,它适用于他们两者。

(2)从句的并列

例句:And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes,and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.

【句式解析】本句的主干是:it is imagined by many,其中it是形式主语,而that引导的从句才是真正的主语,由于这个从句较长,为了避免头重脚轻,使用it来代替that引导的主语从句。主语从句的主干是the operations can be compared with these processes,by no means是状语,表示否定含义,是“绝不”的意思。然后,我们在and处拆分,由于后面出现that,我们首先想到的是从句的并列,向前寻找另外一个that,在many后面,所以可以判断出是两个主语从句并列,因此把句子拆分为:

➢ It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means

compared with these processes.

➢ It is imagined by many that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.

【译文】大家都能想象得到,普通大脑的思维是不能和这些方法进行比较的,而且这些思维方法必须通过特殊的培训才能掌握。

(3)句子的并列

例句:The manager was in more direct relation with the men and their demands,but he had seldom had that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had in the old family firms.

【句式解析】逗号前是一个简单句,主语是The manager,系表结构为was in more direct relation图示。并列连词but后出现的he是第二个简单句的主语,因为后面出现谓语动词had seldom had,所以是两个简单句的并列。在第二个分句中,which引导定语从句,做knowledge的后置定语,属于递进修饰的形式。

【译文】经理直接和员工接触并处理他们的要求,但是却不了解职工的个人信息,而这通常是旧式家族企业中一个管理者应该知道的。

(4)两个并列连词的并列

例句:The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial,but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.

【句式解析】本句话共有3个并列连词:neither,nor和but,其后面的as superficial,as artificial和as the result是并列的。我们可以忽略这些连词,直接连成句,因为它们只是表示肯定或否定的关系,于是句子可以拆分为:

➢ The casual friendliness图示should be interpreted as superficial.(由于有neither,所以是否定)

➢ The casual friendliness图示should be interpreted as artificial.(由于有nor,所以是否定)

➢ The casual friendliness图示should be interpreted as the result of图示tradition.(由于有but,所以是肯定)

【译文】这种很随意的美国式朋友关系并不意味着肤浅和做作,而是美国传统文化发展的结果。