七、分裂结构

七、分裂结构

分裂结构就是把紧密相连的语法成分分割开来,这些成分是英语句式“树干”中的蛀虫,因此要把它们去掉,以免影响主干。找到主干之后,可以再读一下分裂结构,这是第二层次的内容。分裂结构的4个考点系统总结如下。

图示

1.谓语分割主语和其后置定语

例句:The sense is growing that Americans need to turn things round fast,militarily and politically,if they ensure that events are not out of control.

【句式解析】本句的主干为:The sense is growing(意识在增长),that引导sense的同位语从句。由于谓语is growing很短,同位语从句很长,所以中心词sense和其后置同位语被分割了。同位语从句的主语为Americans,谓语是need,不定式to turn things round fast充当need的宾语,militarily and politically在两个逗号间,是状语结构充当的插入语,可以忽略。后面的if引导条件状语从句,that引导状语从句中ensure的宾语从句。

【译文】美国人越来越意识到:如果要不使局势失控的话,就需要马上在政治上和军事上行动起来。

2.宾补分割动词和宾语

例句:The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.(https://www.daowen.com)

【句式解析】本句的主干为:The goal will be to try to explain that图示to a citizenry.其中,to try不定式做表语,to explain不定式做try的宾语。explain的宾语是后面that there are not图示宾语从句,to a citizenry是宾补。explain词组的正常语序应该为:explain sth.to sb.(向某人解释某事),但由于宾语从句很长,宾补则分割了动词和其宾语。

【译文】所有的目标就是向迷惘、懵懂的公民解释,没有两种同样合理的科学理论解释了宇宙和生命的起源。

3.紧密相连的词组被分割

例句:Each of these characteristics sharply distinguishes the 21,000 people who left for New England in the 1630’s from most of the approximately 377,000 English people who had immigrated to America by 1700.

【句式解析】本句的主干为:Each of these characteristics distinguishes the 21,000 people from most of the 377,000 English people。其中distinguishes A from B是固定词组,意思是“把A从B中区分出来”。who left for图示为定语从句做21,000 people的后置定语,分割了distinguishes和from,考生只有先忽略后置定语,才可以把词组连接在一起。who had immigrated to America也是定语从句充当后置定语,修饰English people。

【译文】这些特点中的每一项,都使17世纪30年代移居新英格兰的21000人与截至1700年移居美洲的约377000个英国人中的绝大多数鲜明地区分开来。