反向CART技术相关并发症
与反向CART技术直接相关的并发症如下。
(1)正向夹层或血肿向血管远段扩展:这类并发症往往见于进行反向CART技术后,术者经正向指引导管注射造影剂所致,也见于正向导引钢丝越过闭塞段走行太远。为避免此类并发症发生,在进行反向CART技术后应尽量避免经正向指引导管造影,术者可以通过对侧冠状动脉造影和(或)IVUS明确闭塞以远靶血管情况;避免正向导引钢丝走行太远,建议尽量进行定向反向CART技术。
(2)分支血管受累:进行反向CART技术后,部分患者可能会出现分支血管受累,甚至导致分支血管闭塞。研究发现,反向CART技术后有2%的患者出现非ST段抬高心肌梗死,但与常规正向介入治疗相比,反向CART技术并不增加12个月MACE发生率(8.9% vs.9.1%)。尽管如此,术者仍应尽可能避免在大的分支血管附近进行反向CART技术,避免进行扩展反向CART技术。由于反向CART的技术特点,完全避免分支血管丢失几乎不可能,因此对于附近有较大分支血管的病例,建议在进行反向CART技术之前送入导引钢丝对分支血管进行保护,必要时按双支架术在分支血管内植入支架,对于部分主支和分支血管严重成角的病例,当导引钢丝较难进入分支血管时,可以采用反向导引钢丝技术(Reverse Wiring技术)(图15—0—14)。

图15—0—14 反向导引钢丝技术
A.前降支近中段完全闭塞,钝形头端伴有分支血管;B.对侧冠状动脉造影提示闭塞远端终止与较大分支血管处,无残端;C.闭塞血管开通后,为防止较大对角支血管丢失,尝试经KDL导管送入导引钢丝保护,但无法进入,遂使用KDL导管及Sion Black导引钢丝进行反向导引钢丝技术,将KDL导管和Sion Black导引钢丝送至前降支中远段,回撤KDL导管;D.回撤Sion Black导引钢丝使其进入对角支近端;E.继续回撤Sion Black导引钢丝使其进入对角支中远段;F.植入支架后最终结果
(3)血管穿孔:不少术者担心进行反向CART技术时,球囊导管在内膜下扩张有可能会导致血管穿孔。研究发现,在反向CART技术中,59.5%的正向导引钢丝位于内膜下,因此在理论上球囊扩张时有穿孔的可能性,但在临床研究中并没有发现血管穿孔与反向CART技术直接相关。反向CART技术导致血管穿孔仅见于个案报道,这类并发症常见于冠状动脉血管迂曲、钙化或冠状动脉解剖结构不明时,也见于使用较大球囊。为避免血管穿孔发生,建议对这类病变正向、逆向导引钢丝互为参考,必要时使用Knuckle技术,有些病例需借助IVUS指引下进行反向CART技术。
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