2.词
名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语、谓语动词、非谓语动词和连词
•名词
表示人、物、事等。
♦不可数名词:water→a large amount of water
♦可数名词:student→a large number of students
♦名词的所有格:boy's,teachers'
♦专有名词:China,IMF(International Monetary Fund)
•代词
代替名词的词被称为代词。
♦人称代词:I,me,they,them
♦物主代词:my,mine,their,theirs
♦反身代词:myself,themselves
♦指示代词:this,these
♦疑问代词:who,whom,whose
•形容词
用于修饰名词或代词。
♦以不同方式修饰名词,如:the sad boy→The boy is sad.→The news makes the boy sad.在这三个表达中,形容词sad分别以定语、表语或补语的方式来修饰名词boy。
♦复合形容词的构成:kind-hearted,peace-loving,ordinary-looking,hard-working,newly-built,world-famous,snow-covered,three-hundred-year-old
•副词
用于修饰动词、句子或形容词等,描述它们的时间、地点、方式、程度、频度或关系等。
♦时间、地点副词:firstly,secondly,finally;here,there,upwards,downwards
♦方式、程度、频度副词:fast,slowly;really,nearly,very;always,seldom,never
♦疑问、连接、关系副词:how,where,when,why
•介词短语
♦简单介词构成的介词短语:across the river,at the school
♦短语介词构成的介词短语:according to Professor Li,thanks to your help,in terms of the developed countries
♦分词转化成的介词:considering,including,regarding
•谓语动词
♦系动词:be,get,become,keep,seem,turn,prove
♦不及物动词:run,sleep,fly,arrive,live
♦一般及物动词:like,create,realize
♦可接双宾语及物动词:give,offer,pay,teach,show,bring
♦可接复合式宾语及物动词:make,enable,encourage
•非谓语动词
英语语法规定,一个简单句子中只能有一个谓语动词,若再使用其他动词时需要根据该动作发生的时间、语态等情况来改变它们的形式,即改成非谓语动词,包括不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)和分词,分词包括现在分词(doing)和过去分词(done)。虽然动名词和现在分词的形式相同,但前者的作用相当于名词而后者相当于形容词和副词。下表分别列出了所有非谓语动词的形式变化和语法功能。

•连词
用于连接句子成分和句子的连接词。
♦连接代词:who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever
♦连接副词:when,how,why,where,whenever,wherever
♦并列连词and,but,or,both…and…,not only…but also…,either…or…,neither…nor…
♦从属连词:when,while,although/though,if,than,so…that,as…as…