3.句子成分
主语、宾语、同位语、定语、表语、补语、谓语、状语和插入语
•句子成分有哪些
♦主语、宾语和同位语是句子的核心信息，是句子主要阐述的对象；
♦定语、表语和补语是用来修饰或限定主语、宾语或同位语的成分，是修饰性成分；
♦谓语决定了该句的句子类型，决定了该句有哪些主要成分；
♦状语主要是描述谓语状态的修饰或限定性信息，状语也可以用来修饰句子、定语、表语或补语；
♦插入语不是句子的主要成分，通过标点符号（逗号、破折号、括号或冒号）与句子分隔开，可位于句前、句中或句尾，起到补充信息的作用。
•句子成分的构成材料
♦主语、宾语、同位语：名词、代词、动名词、不定式、句子；
♦定语、表语、补语：形容词、介词短语、现在分词、副词、名词、代词、动名词、不定式、句子；
♦状语：副词、介词短语、现在分词、不定式、句子、形容词、名词；
♦插入语：名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、分词短语。
•主语充当主语的主要是名词、代词、不定式、动名词和主语从句。当主语较长（不定式、动名词、主语从句）时，为避免头重脚轻，可由it作形式主语。
♦句中的主语
•谓语
充当谓语的可以是系动词、不及物动词（短语）、及物动词（短语）。谓语可包含助动词（be，have，do）或情态动词，谓语有时态、语态和语气的变化。
练习
请画出句中的谓语。
•宾语
充当宾语的主要是名词、代词、不定式、动名词和宾语从句。当宾语较长（不定式、动名词、宾语从句）时，为避免头重脚轻，可由it作形式宾语。说明：宾语可分为一般及物动词后面的宾语、介词后面的宾语、具有“给”含义动词后面的直接宾语和间接宾语（双宾语）和使役动词等后面的复合宾语（即宾语＋补语）。
♦句中的宾语
•补语补语主要是宾语补足语，但当该句变成被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。补语和补语前面的宾语合起来被称为复合式宾语。例如：The story makes me happy.在这个句中me为宾语，happy为宾语补足语，它们合在一起被称作复合式宾语。充当宾语补足语的可以是形容词、介词短语、现在分词、副词、名词、代词、动名词、不定式、句子。不同的及物动词在添加宾语后，要再添加不同形式的宾语补足语。
♦可以添加名词为宾语补足语的动词有call，name，think，make等。
如：We call them moon cakes.
They named their baby Jim.
♦接形容词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有make，keep，think，find等。
如：At first I found Chinese hard.
♦接介词短语、副词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有find，keep，take，leave等。
如：The boy found his pen on the floor.
To her surprise，she found herself in a different world.
You should not leave the lights on while nobody is in the room.
♦接分词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有watch，see，hear，find，keep等。
如：In the country，he can hear birds singing.
I saw him doing his homework when I passed his window.
I was absent-minded when I heard my name called.
♦接不定式作宾语补足语的动词比较多，有expect，encourage，let，allow，permit，mean，lead，bring，cause，ask，invite，request，advise，persuade，tell，order等。
如：I expect you to return soon.
I will teach you to do the job.
No one can force him to do anything.
•With的复合宾语
♦with＋宾语＋形容词，如：It is not good manners to speak with your mouth full.
♦with＋宾语＋副词，如：The city looks more beautiful with all the lights on.
♦with＋宾语＋介词短语，如：The woman with a baby on her back lives downstairs.
♦with＋宾语＋不定式，如：With so much work to do，we can't kill any time by playing cards.
♦with＋宾语＋现在分词，如：With a boy leading the way，they started towards the village.
♦with＋宾语＋过去分词，如：With the problems settled，we all felt very happy.
♦with＋宾语＋名词，如：China is a great country，with its capital Beijing.
省略to的不定式作宾语补足语：在hear，listen to，let，have，make，see，watch，notice，observe等动词后面，使用不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式符号to要省略掉。如：He won't let me leave.在变成被动语态句时，动词不定式的符号to还要再加回去。如：He always makes me laugh.→I am always made to laugh.从句也可作宾语补足语，即宾语补足语从句。如：We will make our hometown what your hometown is now.宾语与宾语补足语在逻辑上是主系表结构，如：The cartoon makes the child happy.宾语the child和宾语补足语happy在逻辑上构成“The child is happy.”的主系表结构。
•表语系动词亦称联系动词，后面的成分被称作表语，系动词本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。常见的联系动词如下。
♦状态系动词：be
♦持续系动词：keep，rest，remain，stay，lie，stand
♦表象系动词：seem，appear，look
♦感官系动词：feel，smell，sound，taste
♦变化系动词：become，grow，turn，fall，get，go，come，run
♦终止系动词：prove，turn out（表达“证实”，“变成”之意）
表语可以由形容词、介词短语、现在分词、副词、名词、代词、动名词、不定式、句子充当。
♦句中的表语
有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语。例如：He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟表语，说明主语情况。）He fell off the ladder.他从梯子上摔下来。（fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。）
•定语修饰名词或代词的成分被称为定语。定语可以由形容词、介词短语、现在分词、副词、名词、代词、动名词、不定式、句子充当。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词（中心词）之前，称作前置定语；短语作定语时常放在中心词的后面，称作后置定语；从句作定语时放在中心词的后面，称作定语从句。
♦前置定语：一般而言，英语句子中的前置定语多为单词。
1）名词和名词所有格作前置定语
They are woman workers.
There are only boy students in the classroom.
Mary's sister is very tall.
2）形容词作前置定语
This is a tall tree.
Equal pay for equal work should be introduced.
3）代词作前置定语
I've been studying English these years.
My room is here.
That is his pen.
形容词性物主代词有my，your，his，her，its，our，your，their；指示代词包括：this，that，these，those，such，same等；不定代词有some，any，no，many，much，each，every，few，a few，little，a little，other，another，both，all等。
4）数词作前置定语
The book has three chapters.
The boy has five pencils.
This is the first room.
5）现在分词作前置定语
China is a developing country.
6）过去分词作前置定语
Wind came in through the broken window.
♦后置定语
后置定语可以是介词短语、形容词短语、现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式、动词不定式复合结构，有些形容词常与某些介词短语搭配作后置定语。
1）介词短语作后置定语
The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Guangzhou.
People in the world play basketball.
His love for his country is very great.
The city of New York is very large.
2）形容词短语作后置定语
He looked at the street full of cars.
Italian is a language very difficult to learn.
She has a garden much larger than yours.
3）现在分词短语作后置定语
They built a highway leading into the mountains.
We met a group of pupils returning from school.
4）过去分词短语作后置定语
What's the language spoken in that area?
Is there anything planned for tonight?
5）动词不定式作后置定语
①表示动宾关系：不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上构成动宾关系。
I have a lot of work to do today.
He had a big family to support.
②表示主谓关系：被修饰的名词与不定式在逻辑上构成主谓关系。
He's always the first to come.
Among the men to take part in the work，he is probably the most active.
③表示修饰关系：动词不定式对其修饰的成分起一种描绘阐述的作用。
It's already time to start planting trees.
He had no chance to go to school in those years.
④表示同位关系：不定式和被修饰的名词处于平行关系，只对其起一种解说作用。
Soon came the order to start the general attack.
We got no instructions to leave the city.
6）动词不定式复合结构作后置定语
He bought a house for his children to live in.
7）有些形容词常与某些介词短语搭配作后置定语
The leaders present at the meeting totaled eight.
This is a subject worthy of careful study.
8）形容词作后置定语
①以后缀-able和-ible结尾的形容词。
He is the only person reliable.
It's the only solution possible.
Are there any tickets available?
②形容词修饰，由any-，every-，some-等跟-body，-one，-thing构成的不定代词。
I'd like something cheaper.
There is nothing strange in the sky.
9）副词作后置定语
The weather here is very nice.
The building around are mostly of modern constructions.
10）过去分词也可以作后置定语
Is there anybody injured?
She liked all the courses offered.
The experience gained will be of great value to us.
11）复合定语可以替代短语和定语从句作前置定语
a long-term and low-interest loan（长期且低息的贷款）
a face-to-face talk（面对面的交谈）
a hit-and-run driver（一名肇事逃逸的司机）
a sugar-free drink（一杯无糖的饮料）
quality-oriented education（素质教育）
♦句中的定语
•状语
用于描述动词、句子、形容词、副词的状态，说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。
♦状语的构成：状语一般由介词短语、副词、形容词、分词（短语）、名词、不定式和句子来构成。
1）介词短语作状语
Please come in the evening.
He wrote with a red pencil.
2）副词作状语
Say again.
Suddenly it began to rain.
3）不定式（短语）作状语
He went to see a film.
My father was surprised to hear the news.
4）分词（短语）作状语
He sat there reading a novel.
The students went away laughing.
5）名词作状语
Wait a moment.
It can go all day and all night.
Today，I have 3 classes.
6）形容词作状语
I came home，safe but tired.
7）从句作状语
I'll write to you as soon as I get there.
He didn't come because he had to stay at home to finish his home work.
♦状语的种类：根据状语所表达的状态可以分为以下几种状语。
地点状语：The students are doing their homework in the classroom.
时间状语：I learned a lot from the peasants when I lived in the countryside.
目的状语：They set out early so that they might arrive on time.
原因状语：She will not go home because she has to attend a meeting.
结果状语：Li Ming studied so hard that he caught up with the others very quickly.
程度状语：I nearly forgot what he had promised.
方式状语：He came singing and dancing.
条件状语：If you work hard at English，you will do well in English.
让步状语：He went to school yesterday though he was ill.
比较状语：Lesson Two is not so difficult as Lesson One.
♦状语的位置：状语在句中的位置比较灵活，它可以处于句首、句中或句末。
Tomorrow I am going swimming.
Here in the cinema house，smoking is not allowed.
I often go to see a film.
He has already had his lunch.
He is always at home.
♦句中的状语
•同位语
由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构，其中前项与后项所指相同，句法功能也相同，后项是前项的同位语。如：Mr Wang，our English teacher，is very kind to us.其中our English teacher是主语Mr Wang的同位语，指同一人。He told me that his brother
John is a world-famous doctor.We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.
英语二中的同位语现象非常常见，常用于介绍某人或机构，且常以插入语的方式出现，如：
Michael Lynn，an associate professor of consumer behavior and marketing at Cornell's School of Hotel Administration，has conducted dozens of studies of tipping.
As Rakesh Khurana，another professor，points out，workers increase allegiance to the firm.
Turns out，according to Daniel Cook，a historian of childhood consumerism，it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.
•插入语
为了补充信息，进一步解释或衔接前后的信息，文章的作者在句中常常会中插入一些单词、短语或句子，这些成分在含义上起到补充的作用，表面上与句子割裂开，不作任何的语法成分，但在理解或翻译的过程中，要根据这些插入语所修饰或限定的对象将它们定为逻辑上的定语、状语或同位语等。如：The manager，very angry，criticized the employee who made a huge mistake.这里的插入语angry在含义上修饰manger，在翻译时可以根据需要翻译成manger的定语或表语。换句话说，虽然插入语一般作独立成分，但在逻辑上也解释、修饰句中的某一个成分，所以可看作是逻辑上的定语、同位语或状语等。
作为句子的附加成分，插入语通常用逗号（一个或两个）、破折号（一个或两个）或冒号与句子隔开。
1）名词作插入语
Our teacher，Mr Wang，is coming.
Professor Li，a leading authority in the flied，believes that H1N1 flu is not as serious as expected.
2）副词或副词短语用作插入语：surely，certainly，generally，personally，fortunately，luckily，exactly，frankly，obviously，naturally，briefly，anyway，indeed，still，besides，however，otherwise，therefore，though，or rather等。
She is looking fit，though.
I can，however，discuss this when I see you.
3）形容词或形容词短语用作插入语：true，sure enough，worse still，strange to say，needless to say，most important of all等。
Peter was afraid he had done badly on the test，and sure enough，his grade was failing.
And needless to say，I would love to be of assistance in translating the data.
4）介词短语作插入语：in a word，in a few words，in all，in total，in short，in other words，in a sense，in general，in fact，in addition，in one's opinion，as a matter of fact，as a result，as a consequence，of course，for example，by the way，above all，on the other hand，on the contrary，to one's joy，to one's surprise等。
A lot of people here，for example，Mr.Rogers，would rather have coffee.
Of course，he did not succeed for the lack of experience.
5）不定式短语用作插入语：to be sure，to be honest，to be frank，to be short，to be exact，to sum up，to tell the truth，to put it briefly/mildly，to conclude，to begin/start with，to make a long story short等。
To be sure，community service can aid reemployment.
6）分词短语作插入语：generally/frankly/truly/strictly speaking，talking of，including，judging from/by，compared to/with等。
Judging from the atmosphere，the students were all having fun then.
7）陈述短句作插入语：I am sure，I'm afraid，I think，I hope，I know，I suppose，I believe，I see，I/They say，I bet，you know，you see，what's more，what's worse，what is important，that is（to say），it seems to me，it is said等。
This year，it is said，we are going to have warmer winter.
You know that I think you are wrong.
8）疑问短句作插入语：do you think，do you suppose，do you guess，do you expect，do you believe等。其句型为“疑问词＋do you think等＋主语＋谓语？”
Who do you think you're talking to?
What present do you expect she has got for your birthday?
Why do you suppose the accident has happened?
How many books do you guess he bought the other day?
9）从句（有时是省略形式）作插入语：if you like，if you don't mind，if you please，if I may say so，if necessary，if any，if convenient，if not better than，as far as I know，as I see it，as it happens等。
You can use the dressing room there to try it on，if you like.
I could come earlier，if necessary.