注释　NOTES

2025年11月01日

版权

注释　NOTES

Preface　前言

Craig Clunas, Fruitful Sites: Garden Culture in Ming Dynasty China. Durham: Duke University Press, 1996: 19.

柯律格．《丰饶之地：中国明代的园林文化》．达勒姆：杜克大学出版社，1996：第19页.

Nature Within Walls: The Chinese Garden Court at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2003: 19.

伊丽莎白·哈默.《墙内自然：大都会艺术博物馆内的中国园林庭院》.纽约：大都会艺术博物馆，2003：第19页.

Notes from the Translator　译者絮语

As commercial numbers among Chinese folks, the symbols 〡, 〢, 〣, 〤, 〥, 〦,〧, 〨, 〩 and 十 stand for the Arabian numbers respectively from 1 to 10. It is put as 〢〤 for two dou and four sheng in weight and 〣〤 for three chi and four cun in length. It is particularly convenient to use this system of symbols in vertical account books and for algebraic expression.

中国民间商业计数，以〡，〢，〣，〤，〥，〦，〧，〨，〩，十代表阿拉伯数字1到10。两斗四升记作〢〤，三尺四寸记作〣〤。以此符号用于竖写账簿和代数式都很简便。

Chen Congzhou. "Shubian Renyu." In Huang Changyong (ed.), Yuanlin Qingyi, pp. 286-287, 289, 294. Nanjing: Jiangsu wenyi chubanshe, 2005.

陈从周．书边人语//黄昌勇编．《园林清议》．南京：江苏文艺出版社，2005：286-287页，289页，294页.

The classic was written by Yu Hao, an architect active during the period that spanned the late Five Dynasties period (907-960) and the Northern Song (960-1127).

《木经》喻皓所撰。喻皓为五代末北宋初人。

Suzhou Gardens: An Overview　苏州园林概述

王应麟，字伯厚，号深宁居士，南宋三朝元老。著述颇丰，计有二十余种，六百多卷。所撰《玉海》二百卷，囊括当时科举考试所需的各类知识。最为人知的却是蒙学著作《三字经》。

Wang Yinglin (1223-1296), style name Bohou, sobriquet Recluse of Shenning, a high official whose service covered three emperors of the Southern Song and a scholar and polymath whose writings amount to six hundred volumes on twenty or so fields. His The Sea of Jade, a major encyclopaedia on topics ranging from classics and history to astronomy and geography, amounts to two hundred volumes, but he is best known as the author of "Three Character Classic," a popular children's primer.

豨韦，黄帝前的古帝，建都于今河南滑县。《庄子·知北游》：豨韦之囿……

Xiwei, a ruler who lived earlier than the Yellow Emperor, with what is presentday Huaxian county in Henan province as the capital of his territory. Zhuangzi ("Knowledge Wandered North"): "But Xiwei had his own park…"

黄帝，即轩辕，中华民族的祖先，贵为五帝之首。据《史记》，其他四帝为颛顼、帝喾、尧、舜。《庄子·知北游》：……黄帝之圃……

Yellow Emperor (2717-2599 BC), also Xuanyuan, the ancestor of the Chinese people and the first of the Five August Emperors along with Zhuanxu (4946-4849 BC), Ku (3331-3266 BC), Yao (2377-2259 BC) and Shun (2172-2089 BC) prior to the Xia, according to Record of the Great Historian. Zhuangzi ("Knowledge Wandered North"): "…the Yellow Emperor's garden…"

周文王，周武王之父，商时封西伯。追谥为西周第一任君王。

King Wen of Zhou (1152-1050 BC) was Western Earl of the Shang and father of King Wu (c. 1087-1043 BC), the first monarch of the Western Zhou posthumously(1046-771 BC).

秦始皇嬴政，秦朝第一位皇帝，秦朝是中国历史上第一个中央集权的封建帝国。

Qinshihuang (in reign 246-210 BC), or Ying Zheng (259-210 BC), is the founding emperor of the Qin, the first centralized feudal empire in Chinese history.

汉武帝刘彻，西汉第七位皇帝，将汉王朝打造成当时最强大的帝国。

Emperor Wu of Han (in reign 141-87 BC), or Liu Che (156-87 BC), is the seventh emperor, who built the Han into the most powerful country in the world at the time.

梁孝王刘武，汉武帝的叔叔。其兔园是当时文人雅士常相光顾的乐土。

Prince Xiao of Liang (?-144 BC), or Liu Wu, was an uncle of Emperor Wu of Han, whose Hare Garden was a pleasure ground frequented by the most famous writers of the day.

魏文帝曹丕，三国魏的开国皇帝，亦是杰出多产的文学家。

Emperor Wen of Wei (in reign 220-226), or Cao Pi (187-226), was a prolific, outstanding literary figure and the founder of the Kingdom of Wei of the Three Kingdoms period.

隋炀帝杨广，隋朝第二位皇帝，创始了科举制度。

Emperor Yang of Sui (in reign 605-618), or Yang Guang (569-618), is the second emperor of the Sui, who endorsed the imperial examination system.

唐懿宗李漼，唐朝倒数第四位皇帝，游宴无度。

Emperor Yizong of Tang (in reign 859-873), or Li Cui (828-873), the fourth last emperor of the dynasty notorious for his incessant outings and lavish banquets.

宋徽宗赵佶，北宋倒数第二位皇帝，昏君，书画成就颇高。

Emperor Huizong of Northern Song (in reign 1100-1126), or Zhao Ji (1082-1135), the last but one emperor of the Northern Song, was a total failure as a ruler in spite of his striking achievements in calligraphy and painting.

靖康二年，金兵攻陷汴京（今开封），北宋灭亡。十年后，赵构渡江，偏安临安，为南宋第一位皇帝。

In 1127, the Northern Song came to an end after the invading Jurchen troops sacked its capital Bianjing in present-day Kaifeng. A decade later, Zhao Gou (1107-1187) crossed the Yangtze River and settled down in Lin'an, where he continued his Jianyan reign (1127-1130) as the first emperor of the Southern Song.

元世祖忽必烈，建立元朝，将中国疆域拓展至东起太平洋西到黑海，北起西伯利亚南到阿富汗的范围，占世界版图的五分之一。

Kublai Khan (1215-1294), or Emperor Shizu of Yuan (in reign 1260-1294), is the founder of the Yuan who expanded the Chinese territory from the Pacific to the Black Sea and from Siberia to what is present Afghanistan, covering one fifth of the world's inhabited land area.

梁冀，字伯卓，大将军梁商之子，东汉两位皇后的哥哥，冲、质、桓三帝时擅朝政。朝廷权臣，大肆敛财，广开园林，占地广阔，中有假山、山涧、野兽等。二十多年恶贯满盈，天怨人怒，终于在桓帝时自杀。

Liang Ji (?-159), style name Bozhuo, son of a general-in-chief, brother-in-law to two emperors of the Eastern Han, and regent for emperors Chong (144-145), Zhi (145-146) and Huan (146-167). Taking advantage of his high position, he amassed a staggering amount of wealth, with which he built splendid parks that covered large tracts of wooded land and contained numerous artificial mountains, precipitous mountain creeks, and wildlife. He eventually died at the hands of the third emperor after his twenty-odd years of utterly corrupted and high-handed rule ran out of control and incurred the wrath of both the court and commonality.

张伦，北魏司农。园子华丽，可媲美皇家园林。其中重岩复岭、深溪洞壑、高林巨树。悬葛垂萝、崎岖石路，有若自然。

Zhang Lun (fl. 5th century), a treasury minister of the Northern Wei whose beautiful garden rivaled the royal ones of his time, in which mountain ranges, caves, streams, forests, vines and tendrils, winding paths, and plank roads carved out of steep rocks combined to conjure up a vista very close to nature.

作者未提及茹浩为皇帝监造的这座园子。

The author did not mention the garden, of whose construction Ru Hao supervised for his emperor.

石崇，西晋诗人、权臣，巨富，曾与国舅斗富。其金谷园中假山流水、楼榭亭阁、奇花异兽、珍珠玛瑙不一而足。人与园史书皆有记载，文学作品亦多有提及。

Shi Chong (249-300), a poet and an influential official of the Western Jin who was so rich that he once beat an uncle of the emperor in a wealth competition. His Garden of Golden Valley contained hills and lakes, bridges and pavilions, beautiful plants and exotic animals, not to mention a good variety of precious stones. Both his name and garden were recorded in history books, and portrayed in literary works.

徐勉，南梁政治家、文学家，节俭正直，为官清廉，家无蓄积。《诫子崧书》：……非在播艺以要利人，正欲穿池种树，少寄情赏……

Xu Mian (466-535), a statesman of the Southern Liang who was frugal, upright and incorruptible, having little property to himself throughout his life. In a letter to his son, Xu Song, he said that he farmed and gardened on a small lot not for profit, but to seek personal ease of mind.

庾信，南北朝诗人，《哀江南赋》为其代表作。当时诗人羁留北朝，赋中表达了强烈的南归愿望，南方是他生活、出仕之地。然而北周旋即灭亡，北朝结束，归乡终成泡影。

Yu Xin (513-581), a writer of the Southern and Northern Dynasties whose literary production is represented by "Lament for the South," in which he expressed his strong wish to return to the South, where he had lived and worked, a wish which was quickly dashed with the fall of the Northern Zhou (557-581), the last one of the Northern Dynasties (386-581) , where he was retained as a high official.

宋之问，早唐诗人，其蓝田别业后为王维所有。

Song Zhiwen (c. 656-712), an early-Tang poet whose abode at Lantian, Shaanxi province, finally came under the possession of Wang Wei.

王维，字摩诘，盛唐文学家、艺术家、政治家。诗书、音乐、绘画特臻其妙，后人称其为南宗山水画之祖。

Wang Wei (701-761), style name Mojie, one of the most famous men of arts and letters and statesman during the high Tang, one of the golden ages in Chinese cultural history. Popularly known as a model of humanistic education as expressed in poetry, calligraphy, music and painting, he is also established as the founder of the revered Southern school of painter-poets concerning landscape themes.

李德裕，晚唐诗人、宰相，其洛阳的平泉别墅建筑与山水相得益彰。

Li Deyu (787-850), a poet and prime minister of the late Tang whose Pingquan Villa in Luoyang was known for its harmony between elegant architecture and beautiful landscape.

白居易，字乐天，号香山居士，现实主义诗人，语言平易通俗。与李白、杜甫并称唐代三大诗人。

Bai Juyi (772-846), style name Letian, sobriquet Retired Scholar of Fragrant Hill, a great realistic poet known for his simple and easy-to-understand style, was one of the three greatest poets of the Tang together with Li Bai and Du Fu.

李格非，北宋文人，同里人，女词人李清照之父。

Li Gefei (c. 1045-c. 1105), a native of Tongli town and a literary figure of the Northern Song who was father of the renowned woman ci master Li Qingzhao(1084-1155).

富弼，北宋时封郑国公，数次出使辽国，与文彦博同时拜相。

Fu Bi (1004-1083), who became Duke of Zheng of the Northern Song in 1061, had served among other important positions as envoy to Khitan for several times, and co-prime minister with Wen Yanbo (1006-1097) in 1055.

周密，南宋末年画家、雅词词派领袖。其画作、诗作多描绘家乡浙江湖州的山水园林。

Zhou Mi (1232-1298), a painter who was also the leader of a refined school of lyrical poetry during the twilight years of the Southern Song. The splendid gardens and landscape of his hometown Huzhou, Zhejiang province, were central themes in his paintings and poems.

万历年间，米万钟于海淀北部水泽上营此园，借景西山，利用了原有水源。米氏大多时间居于此园，另有漫园及湛园。

This garden was built by Mi Wanzhong on a marshland in north Haidian around the period 1611-1613 by borrowing the views of the Western Hills in the distance and accommodating to available water on the site. The Mis spent most of their time in this garden, but they also owned the Water-Brimmed Garden and the Crystal Garden.

此园在西海德胜门，即积水潭东，中有三层楼阁，四时景色各异。

Located to the east of Jishuitan neighborhood or the Western Lake at the Desheng Gate, the garden features a three-storied belvedere where the scenery changes with the seasons.

王世贞，明朝诗人、史学家，主张恢复秦汉散文及唐诗传统，后略有改变。张南阳为其营弇山园假山，慧眼独具，遂成精品。张南阳另一杰作是上海豫园的大假山。

Wang Shizhen (1526-1590), a poet and historian of the Ming who advocated the restoration of the Qin and Han traditions in prose writing and of Tang standards in poetry, though he changed his mind a little bit in his later years. The artificial mountain in his Yanshan Garden was built by Zhang Nanyang (c. 1517-1596), who, with a painter's discerning eye, turned the garden into a landscaping masterpiece. Zhang's another renowned work is the big artificial mountain in the Gratification Garden in Shanghai.

南宋士人严沆于杭州购园，名为皋园，以诫皋鱼之失。皋鱼为孔子同时代人，有三失：少而学，游诸侯以后吾亲，失之一也；高尚吾志，闲吾事君，失之二也；与友厚而中绝之，失之三也。

The Southern Song scholar-official Yan Hang (1617-1678) purchased a garden in Hangzhou and named it "Gao Yu Garden" to guard against the failures of Gao Yu, a contemporary of Confucius who was remorseful for ranking his parents behind his pursuit of studies in other countries, not serving his prince because of his own moral integrity and losing friendship midway.

顾辟疆，苏州望族名士。辟疆园乃史籍所载苏州第一名园。王献之……先不识主人，径往其家。值顾方集宾友酣燕，而王游历既毕，指麾好恶，旁若无人。顾勃然不堪……便驱其左右出门……然后令送著门外。

Gu Pijiang (fl. 4th century) hailed from a well-established clan in Suzhou and was a scholar-turned high official. His garden put its name on the map as the first ever built in Suzhou thanks to an uninvited visit by the celebrated EasternJin calligrapher Wang Xianzhi (344-386), who, upon finishing his self-guided tour of this garden, started making derogative comments on what he had just seen. A chagrined Gu Pijiang, who happened to be busy feting a horde of friends, first threw the arrogant man into a panic by driving his entourage out, and then showed him the door.

孝武帝司马曜，东晋倒数第三位皇帝，击败前秦，国运中兴。

Emperor Xiaowu (in reign 373-396), or Sima Yao (362-396), the third last emperor of the Eastern Jin who somehow gave his dynasty a new lease of life by vanquishing a strong foe in the north, the troops of the Former Qin (350-394).

朱长文，号乐圃，北宋书学理论家，博学多才，筑乐圃为藏书楼，时人以不到乐圃为耻。

Zhu Changwen (1039-1098), sobriquet Lepu (Loving Gardener), a Northern-Song theorist on ancient books and history records, and an erudite scholar who turned his garden into a great library. It was said that the celebrities of his time would consider it a shame if they had never visited his garden.

王唤，南宋绍兴十四年（1144年）任平江知府，清理兵燹废墟，重建家园。绍兴十五年重刊北宋李诫编著的建筑规范书《营造法式》，此书传世，王唤功不可没。

Wang Huan (fl. 12th century) became prefect of Pingjiang (present-day Suzhou) in 1144 when he began rebuilding the city from the ruins wrought by the all-powerful invading Jurchen troops. He also contributed remarkably to the preservation of Treatise on Architectural Methods by republishing it in 1145, an important architectural classic compiled by Li Jie (1065-1110) of the Northern Song.

苏舜钦，字子美，北宋诗人。沧浪亭始建于五代末期，原为皇家园林，现列入《世界遗产名录》。园名源自屈原的《渔父》：沧浪之水清兮，可以濯吾缨。沧浪之水浊兮,可以濯吾足。

Su Shunqin (1008-1048), style name Zimei, a poet of the Northern Song. The name of his Dark Blue Waves Pavilion, now a UNESCO world heritage site, built upon the former site of an imperial garden dating back to the end of the Five Dynasties period, is derived from two lines in the poem "Fisherman" by Qu Yuan(c. 340-278 BC) of the Warring States period, "If the Dark Blue Waves River is clean I wash my hat ribbon in it; If the Dark Blue Waves River is dirty I wash my muddy feet in it."

梅宣义，苏轼同僚、诗友。其在桃花坞的五亩园，遍种桃花，流水环绕，占地五亩，亦称“梅园”。

Mei Xuanyi (fl. 11th century), one of Su Shi's colleagues and poet friends. His Five-“Mu" Garden at the Peach Blossom Lowland, a scenic area of peach groves and gentle waters, is also called Plum Garden, which covers a lot of five mu exactly.

朱勔，因谄得官，不可一世，声名狼藉，为皇帝从苏州运送奇花异石至京城汴京。自营同乐园，园林之大，奇石之多堪称江南第一。后钦宗将其流放、斩首，园子遂夷为平地。

Zhu Mian (1075-1126), a notorious, powerful sycophant whose job was to ship exotic flowers and stones for Emperor Huizong from Suzhou up north to the capital. His own property, the Garden of Universal Joy, was said to be number one in the south for its unmatched size and immense collection of rare stones, but it was leveled to the ground soon after he was dismissed and beheaded on a later Emperor's order.

黄省曾，明朝诗人、学者，著述颇丰，内容涉及经学、史学、地理、农学等多方面。

Huang Xingzeng (1496-1561), a productive and versatile Ming poet and scholar who authored many works on Chinese classics, history, geography, agriculture, and animal husbandry.

计成，江苏省吴江县同里人，明代造园家，江南若干园林为其所造。其《园冶》是世界上第一部系统的造园专著，涉及风景、植物、建筑等方面。后人皆遵循他制定的规矩、原则，其他国家的造园也深受其影响。

Ji Cheng (1582-c. 1642), a native of Tongli town, Wujiang county in Jiangsu province, was a Ming-dynasty garden designer and builder who had quite a few gardens in the Jiangnan area to his credit. His The Craft of Gardens is the world's first manual ever dedicated to landscape, horticultural and architectural gardening, and the principles and rules of the thumb laid down by him are religiously followed by gardeners in China and having a considerable impact on garden-making in other countries.

文震亨，明末画家、藏书家，亦解造园。其曾祖文徴明与沈周、唐寅、仇英并称明四家。

Wen Zhenheng (1585-1645), a painter and book collector well-versed in landscape gardening who lived in the late Ming. His great-grandfather, Wen Zhengming(1470-1559), was one of the four famous painters during the Ming, the other three being Shen Zhou (1427-1509), Tang Yin (1470-1523) and Qiu Ying (1498-1552).

张涟，字南垣，明清之际造园家，亦通画理。关于他最详尽的记载见于吴伟业（梅村）的《张南垣传》。无锡寄畅园假山为其叠石代表作。

Zhang Lian (1587-1673), style name Nanyuan, a landscape gardener in the Ming-Qing period who was also well-versed in landscape painting theories. The most detailed record of him is found in "Biography of Zhang Lian" written by Wu Weiye (1609-1672), style name Meicun. The artificial mountain in the Solace-Imbued Garden of Wuxi is one of his rockwork masterpieces.

张然，苏州著名叠山家。清顺治年间，其父张涟派其进京为皇家营西苑。

Zhang Ran (fl. 17th century), a renowned rockwork builder active in Suzhou who was dispatched by his father Zhang Lian to Peking during the Shunzhi reign(1638-1661) of the Qing for a royal mission to rebuild artificial mountains in the Western Park.

李渔，号笠翁，明末清初戏曲家、戏曲理论家、出版家、美学家。成立芥子园书铺销售自己作品，倡编《芥子园画谱》，并作序。其时最多才多艺的文人，敢想敢干，集演员、制片人、导演、编剧于一身，常携家班巡演。

Li Yu (1611-1680), sobriquet Liweng, a playwright, drama theoretician, publisher and aesthetician of the late Ming and early Qing period who set up the Mustard Seed Garden Bookstore to sell his own books, and who initiated the compilation of the painting manual Mustard Seed Garden Manual of Model Paintings, which was published with his own preface. Considered to be the most versatile and enterprising literatus of his time, he was actor, producer, director and playwright combined in one, and used to travel with his own troupe.

戈裕良，江苏常州人，早年即受雇治园叠山。其所叠环秀山庄假山，现代建筑家刘敦桢评为苏州第一座湖石山。其他作品还有扬州小盘谷、常熟燕园及如皋文园假山等。

Ge Yuliang (1764-1830), a native of Changzhou, Jiangsu province, who was hired to build gardens and pile rockeries at an early age. One of his rockwork masterpieces in the Beauty-Encircled Mountain Abode is lauded by the modern architecture historian Liu Dunzhen as the first of the Lake Tai stone rockeries in Suzhou. His other rockeries are found in the Lesser Winding Gully in Yangzhou, the Homecoming Swallow Garden in Changshu, the Literary Garden in Rugao and some other gardens.

王献臣，明朝人，为官正直，为宦党诬陷、流放，遂对仕途心灰意冷，归隐故乡苏州。与书画家文征明过从甚密，文积极参与了拙政园的设计，并绘园景图。

After Wang Xianchen (1469-?), an upright scholar-official of the Ming was exonerated from eunuchs' frame-up charges that had sent him into exile, and he was so disenchanted and tired of officialdom that he retired to his hometown Suzhou, where he built the Humble Administrator's Garden. He associated with the brilliant painter, calligrapher and writer Wen Zhengming (1470-1559), who was greatly involved in the making of the garden and did paintings of its scenery.

潘岳，西晋诗人、赋作家。妙有姿容，竟至掩盖文名，誉为天下第一美男。其《闲居赋》称“智之不足”“筑室种树、灌园鬻蔬”，此亦拙者之为政也。

Pan Yue (247-300), a poet and prose-writer and official of the Western Jin whose fabulous literary talent is often overshadowed by his looks—he is regarded as the most handsome man of China through the ages. In his poem, "Idle Life Rhapsody," he portrays himself as a slow-witted and humble administrator who contents himself with building houses, planting trees, watering gardens and growing vegetables.

陈之遴，海宁人，翰林编修，与徐氏为姻亲。顺治十年（1653年），2000两银子廉价购下拙政园。

Chen Zhilin (1605-1666) was grand secretary of the Hanlin Academy from Haining, and a relative by marriage to the Xus. The exact amount of money he paid for this garden in 1653 was 2,000 taels of silver.

吴璥，字式如，吏部尚书协办大学士。嘉庆末年购得园中部，因此亦名“吴园”。

Wu Jing (1747-1822), style name Shiru, who served as minister of civil personnel and assistant grand secretary. He bought the central part of the garden during the late years of Emperor Jiaqing's reign. For this reason the garden is also called "Wu's Garden."

刘敦桢，建筑家、建筑教育家、中国营造学社成员。创办我国第一所由中国人经营的建筑师事务所，从事建筑史尤其是古代中国建筑史的教育与研究工作，亦研究中国传统民居和园林。

Liu Dunzhen (1897-1968), an architect and educator in architecture, also a member of the Society for the Study of Chinese Architecture. The builder of the first architects' office operated by the Chinese, Liu is most known for his architecture education and studies in architecture history, traditional Chinese architecture history in particular. He was also involved in researches of traditional Chinese dwellings and gardens.

亭名源自《荀子·天论》：桃李倩粲于一时，时至而后杀。至于松柏，经隆冬而不凋，蒙霜雪而不变，可谓得其真矣。

The name of this pavilion is attributed to Xunzi ("Discourse on Heavens"): "The peach and plum trees may look pretty and brilliant for a time, but they die when their season comes to an end. As to the pine and cypress trees, they refuse to wither in the throes of subfreezing midwinter. They may be smothered by frost and snow but they never change themselves. Indeed, they have attained the truth."

徐泰时，万历八年，四十一岁中进士。授工部营缮主事，进秩太仆寺少卿，创建维修皇家建筑。万历十七年，罢官还乡，营建祖父徐朴的园子，即为留园，苏州园林的瑰宝。

Xu Taishi (1540-1598) was a successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations when he turned forty-one in 1581. In his pursuit of officialdom, he began as a director of construction in the Ministry of Works and ended up as Chamberlain for the Imperial Stud, and his responsibilities were construction and maintenance of imperial buildings. In 1589, he was removed from his official position, and went home to build his own garden on an estate left by his grandfather Xu Pu (fl. 15th century). The product of his labor eventually emerged as the best of all the gardens in Suzhou, and remains this way to this day.

名字源自陶渊明《读山海经》：既耕亦已种，时还读我书。

The name is derived from "Reading the Book of Mountains and Rivers" by Tao Yuanming (c. 365-427), "Now that tilling and sowing are over, / It's high time I returned to reading."

钱泳，清代文人，工诗书画。其《履园丛话》内容详实，史料精确，晓畅易懂。

Qian Yong (1759-1844), a man of letters of the Qing well versed in poetry, calligraphy and painting, but he is most remembered for his A Collection of Anecdotes in the Lü Garden with its substantial contents, accurate data and lucid writing style.

顾文彬，字艮庵，书法家、收藏金石书画，治别业怡园。

Gu Wenbin (1811-1889), style name Gen'an, a calligrapher and collector of ancient books, paintings, bronzes and stone tablets who was also owner of the Garden of Brotherly Indulgence.

岁寒诸友此处指松、柏、冬青、竹、梅等植物，天寒愈显苍翠。

The Wintry Friends here refer to pines, cypresses, wintergreens, bamboos and plum trees, which look their best in cold weather.

李斗，清戏曲作家，亦工诗、音律、算术。历时三十年写成《扬州画舫录》，书中记载了丰富的人文历史资料，包括扬州城市区划、运河沿革、文物、园林、文学、曲艺、风俗等。

Li Dou (1749-1817), a major playwright of the Qing who was also well-versed in poetry, music and mathematics. It took him over 30 years from 1764 to 1795 to finish writing the Record of the Painted Pleasure Boats of Yangzhou, in which he documented an abundance of cultural and historical facts, including the cityscape of Yangzhou, the history of the Grand Canal, artworks, gardens, literature, performing arts, and folklore.

倪瓒，号云林子，无锡人，元末明初山水画家、诗人，与黄公望、吴镇、王蒙合称元四家。时人认为其沉默寡言，过分挑剔，这在其画作中也有所反映。

Ni Zan (1301-1374), sobriquet Son of Clouds and Woods, a native of Wuxi who was a landscape painter and poet during the Yuan and the early Ming, and one of the Four Masters of the Yuan in landscape painting along with Huang Gongwang (1269-1354), Wu Zhen (1280-1354) and Wang Meng (1308-1385). He was characterized by his contemporaries as particularly reticent and fastidious, qualities that are found in his paintings.

沈周，号石田，明书画家，吴门画派掌门人。其画作《庐山高图》《杖藜远眺图》《沧州趣图》等表现了对自然的关切，并伴有往日美学的发现。

Shen Zhou (1427-1509), sobriquet Shitian, a famed Ming-dynasty calligrapher and painter who was also leader of the Wu (Suzhou) School of Literati Painters. Most of his paintings, such as Lofty Mountain Lushan, Poet on a Mountaintop, and Cangzhou Landscape, are characterized by his deep concern with preservation of mother nature and the aesthetic discoveries of bygone ages.

Master-of-Fishnets Garden, Suzhou　苏州网师园

【从周案一】钱大昕清乾隆六十年（公元1795年）《网师园记》：“带城桥之南，宋时为史氏万卷堂故址，与南园沧浪亭相望。有巷曰网师者，本名王思。曩卅年前，宋光禄悫庭购其地，治别业为归老之计，因以网师自号，并颜其园，盖托于鱼隐之义，亦取巷名相似也。光禄既殁，其园日就颓圮，乔木古石，大半损失，唯池水一泓，尚清澈无恙。瞿君远邨偶过其地，悲其鞠为茂草也，为之太息。问旁舍者，知主人方求售，遂买而有之。因其规模，别为结构，叠石种木，布置得宜，增建亭宇，易旧为新。既落成，招予辈四五人，谈宴为竟日之集。石径屈曲，似往而复，沧波渺然，一望无际。有堂曰梅花铁石山房，曰小山丛桂轩；有阁曰濯缨水阁；有燕居之室曰蹈和馆；有亭于水者曰月到风来；有亭于崖者曰云冈；有斜轩曰竹外一枝；有斋曰集虚……地只数亩，而有纡回不尽之致。……柳子厚所谓奥如旷如者，殆兼得之矣。”

[Chen Congzhou: Note 1] In his "Notes on the Master-of-Fishnets Garden," Qian Daxin writes, "[The garden] on the former site of Shi's Hall of Ten Thousand Volumes of the Southern Song sits south of the Belt City Bridge and faces the Dark Blue Waves Pavilion in the south. The lane the garden is located on is named after it, but its former name was wangsi. Thirty years earlier, Song Luru, style name Queting, the surveillance commissioner, bought the lot there and built a garden where he could become an 'angling hermit' and fulfill his filial duty for his mother. He named the garden after his sobriquet, 'Master of Fishnets,' which is analogical to fish and pronounced in the same way as the lane's former name. After Song died, his garden gradually fell into decay. Most of its tall trees and ancient rockeries were gone; only the pond with its limpid water remained. When a gentleman by the name of Qu Yuancun passed by, he was sad at the sight of the overgrown weed that covered the place. Sighing, he asked a neighbor about it, and was told that its master was putting it up for sale. He bought it and set about restructuring his newly acquired property in line with its size, piling up rockeries, planting trees, and building new pavilions and dwellings to replace its old looks. When the project was completed, he feasted us friends and told them about what he had done in those busy days (we chatted all day long). In his new estate, a stone-paved path took a twisting course, now leading forward, now turning back in a setting so labyrinthine that it seemed sometimes to have disappeared below the horizon. There were the Plum Flower and Iron Ore Mountain Abode, the Verandah of a Hillock Clustered with Osmanthuses, Hat-Ribbon Washing Belvedere, an idler's dwelling called Studio for Fostering Modesty and Amiability, the waterside Pavilion of Moon Arriving and Breeze Coming, the Cloudy Ridge Pavilion on top of an artificial mountain cliff, the Verandah of a Twig Beyond Bamboos, and the Gathering-in-Emptiness Chamber…. This land, though covering only a few mu, seems to be pregnant with pleasant surprises…. 'Being unfathomable is to be expansive,' in the words of Liu Zongyuan (773-819), style name Zihou, but this estate is at once unfathomable and expansive."

褚廷璋清嘉庆元年(公元1796年) 《网师园记》：“远邨于斯园增置亭台竹木之胜，已半易网师旧规……乾隆丁未（公元1787年）秋，奉讳旋里，观察（宋鲁儒名宗元）久为古人，园方旷如，拟暂僦居而未果。”

Chu Tingzhang (?-1797) says in his "Notes on the Master-of-Fishnets Garden" written in 1796, "The pavilions, terraces, bamboos and trees and other scenic elements added by Yuancun to this garden have changed half of the former arrangements…. When I went home for a family funeral in a year of ding-wei under the Qianlong reign (1787), the surveillance commissioner had long been deceased, and his garden was deserted. I wanted to rent it for a temporary stay, but failed."

冯浩清嘉庆四年(公元1799年) 《网师园序》：“吴郡瞿君远邨，得宋悫庭网师园，大半倾圮，因树石池水之胜，重构堂亭轩馆，审势协宜，大小咸备，仍余清旷之境，足畅怀舒眺。”园后归吴嘉道，为时不久。

Feng Hao (1719-1801) says in his "Preface to the Master-of-Fishnets Garden," which he wrote in the fourth year of the Jiaqing reign (1799), "When the gentleman Qu Yuancun from Wujun prefecture bought the garden of Song Luru, more than half of it had crumbled. Qu had big halls and dwellings and small pavilions, verandahs and chambers rebuilt to mingle with the garden's beautiful trees, rockwork and water according to a well-conceived plan, with due attention paid to preserving the original delicate and spacious sceneries, so that the entire garden has enough to offer those who come to relax and look afar." Later, the garden came briefly under the ownership of Wu Jiadao.

网师园在苏舜钦的沧浪亭之东，李鸿裔遂自号“苏邻”。李氏同治元年（1862年）购得网师园，六年后辞官居园中。

The Master-of-Fishnets Garden is situated to the east of Su Shunqin's Dark Blue Waves Pavilion, hence the sobriquet of "Neighbor of Su Shunqin" chosen by Li Hongyi himself, who bought the estate in 1862, and settled down in it after giving up his post six years later.

【从周案二】见俞樾《撷秀楼匾额跋》及达桂、程德全之网师园题记。又名蘧园。

[Chen Congzhou: Note 2] See "Postscript to the Inscription on Beauty-Garnering Loft's Nameboard" by Yu Yue, as well as the colophons on the painting "Master-of-Fishnets Garden" by Da Gui and Cheng Dequan (1860-1930). The Master-of-Fishnets Garden's byname is "Lotus Garden."

【从周案三】据张学铭先生见告，园旧有黎元洪赠张锡銮书匾额。后改称逸园。

[Chen Congzhou: Note 3] I learned from Zhang Xueming (1908-1983), the second son of Zhang Zuolin, that the garden used to have a board inscribed in the handwriting of Li Yuanhong (1864-1928), vice president of the Republic of China. The garden was later renamed "Garden of Leisure." Though Zhang Xiluan owned the Garden, he never lived there in his lifetime.

叶恭绰，号遐庵，晚清廪贡生，曾任北洋政府交通总长、广州国民政府财政部长等。新中国成立后，任中国画院院长。后半生致力于学术研究，其书亦佳。

Ye Gongchuo (1881-1968), sobriquet Xia'an, a successful candidate in the imperial examinations at provincial level during the late Qing, minister of communication and subsequently minister of finance in the early Republican years, and foundation president of the Chinese Academy of Painting in New China. He dedicated the second half of his life to academic studies, and he also established himself as a renowned calligrapher.

张泽，字善子，现代画家，尤擅画虎。其弟张爰，号大千，是20世纪享誉国际的中国艺术家，善画风景、荷花。兄弟二人建大风堂画斋，遂有大风堂画派。他们与张锡銮子师黄交好，因此赁居网师园殿春簃。抗日战争爆发前兄弟二人离开此园。

Zhang Ze (1882-1940), style name Shanzi, a modern painter famous for his tiger paintings. His younger brother, Zhang Yuan (1899-1983), sobriquet Daqian, a painter whose forte of landscape and lotus painting established his position as one of the most internationally renowned Chinese artists of the 20th century. The two brothers established the Painting Studio of Dafeng Hall, hence the School of Dafeng Hall. They had been friends with Zhang Shihuang, son of Zhang Xiluan, who lent the Late-Spring Peony Lodge to them as a living place. The two brothers left the garden before the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out.

何亚农，本名何澄，字亚农，文物鉴赏家、收藏家。早期加入中国同盟会，为国民党元老，1908年毕业于日本陆军士官学校。后退出政界经营实业，投身教育。何氏对此园进行全面整修，充实字画，复用“网师园”旧名。1946年病故，其妻继承此园。四年后妻亦卒，子女将园献交国家。

He Yanong (1880-1946), born He Cheng with the style name Yanong, a connoisseur and collector of cultural relics. Before graduation from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1908, he joined the Chinese United League, becoming one of the founding fathers of the Kuomintang. Later he retired from politics to become a businessman and educator. He renovated the garden, replenished it with artistic works, and named it back to the Master-of-Fishnets Garden. The garden was inherited by his wife upon his death in 1946, and his children donated it to the government when their mother died four years later.

俞樾，号曲园居士，清末学者、书法家，红学家俞平伯曾祖。嘉庆六年阮元于杭州创诂经精舍，俞樾于此课徒三十载。吴昌硕、章炳麟等皆出其门下。

Yu Yue (1821-1907), sobriquet Recluse of the Twisted Garden, a scholar and calligrapher in the late Qing, and great-grandfather of Yu Pingbo (1900-1990), a prominent scholar in the study of A Dream of Red Mansions. He taught for thirty years in the Confucian Classics Elucidation Academy established by Ruan Yuan(1764-1849) in 1801 in Hangzhou, where Wu Changshuo (1844-1927) and Zhang Binglin (1869-1936) were his students in 1869 and 1891 respectively.

《庄子·人间世》：唯道集虚，虚者，心斋也。

Zhuangzi ("In the World of Man"): "The Way gathers in emptiness alone; emptiness is the fasting of the mind."

晏几道，号小山，北宋词人，晏殊第七子。诗作清丽，情感真挚。

Yan Jidao (1030-1110), sobriquet Xiaoshan, a lyrical poet of the Northern Song and the seventh son of Yan Shu. His poems strike one as refreshing, sincere and sentimental.

【从周案四】苏叟《养疴闲记》卷三：“宋副使悫庭宗元网师小筑在沈尚书第东，仅数武。中有梅花铁石山房，半巢居。北山草堂附对句‘丘壑趣如此；鸾鹤心悠然’。濯缨水阁‘水面文章风写出；山头意味月传来’。（钱维城）花影亭‘鸟语花香帘外景；天光云影座中春’。（庄培因）小山丛桂轩‘鸟因对客钩语；树为循墙宛转生’（曹秀先）。溪西小隐斗屠苏附对句‘短歌能驻日；闲坐但闻香’（陈兆仑）。度香艇无喧庐琅开圃附对句‘不俗即仙骨；多情乃佛心’（张照）。”

[Chen Congzhou: Note 4] Lu Jin 陆锦 (fl. 18th century, style name Susi 素丝, a homonym of Susou), Idle Notes Written in Recuperation, Volume Three, "In Vice-Minister Song Luru's Net Master's Tiny Court just a few footsteps east of Minister Shen's residence, within its small space, there is the Plum Flower and Iron Ore Mountain Abode and Semi-Subterranean Den. A couplet in the Thatched Hut of Northern Mountain reads, 'With interesting knoll and dale like this, even the immortals will put their hearts at ease.' A couplet for the Hat-Ribbon Washing Belvedere: 'The beauty of the water surface is written out by the wind; the meaning of the hilltop is spelled out by the moon.' A couplet for the Flower Shadow Pavilion: 'Singing birds and fragrant flowers form the vista beyond the window; skylight and cloud shadows are reflected in the winecups.' A couplet for the Verandah of a Hillock Clustered with Osmanthuses: 'Birds learn to parrot humans just for their guests' sake; trees look as if reborn to follow the wall's contours.' A couplet for the 'Huge' Thatched Hut: 'Singing a ditty, one stops the sun on its orbit, and setting in leisure, one inhales the fragrance.'' A couplet for the Yard of Bamboos, 'He who frees from vulgarity has a celestial spine; he who is compassionate has the Buddha's heart.'"

王国维，晚清学者、古典文学评论家，以西学方法治史。融合中西哲学与美学，形成独特的美学思想体系，《人间词话》中表露无遗。于史学、文学评论、戏剧、考古、美学均有深诣。

Wang Guowei (1877-1927), a late-Qing man of letters and critic of classic Chinese literature known for his Western approach to Chinese history. He combined Western and traditional Chinese philosophies and aesthetics to come up with an aesthetic system of his own, which is crystallized in his Poetic Remarks on the Human World. He was well accomplished in many academic fields such as history, education, literary critique, drama, archeology and aesthetics.

Dark Blue Waves Pavilion, Suzhou　苏州沧浪亭

欧阳修，北宋诗人、政治家，苏舜钦挚友。唐宋八大家之一，在宋朝发起古文运动，参与编纂《新唐书》《五代史》。

Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072), a poet and statesman of the Northern Song, and a close friend of Su Shunqin. One of the Eight Tang-Song Prose Masters, he was the initiator of the "ancient prose" campaign in the Song literary circle. In addition to his literary achievements, he was also involved in the compilation of the New Book of Tang and the History of the Five Dynasties.

梅尧臣，字圣俞，北宋现实主义诗人，诗歌革新运动的推动者。经欧阳修举荐，参与编纂《新唐书》。

Mei Yaochen (1002-1060), style name Shengyu, a realistic poet and a leading figure of a new poetic style that revived ancient literature in the Northern Song. With Ouyang Xiu's recommendation, he took part in the compilation of the New Book of Tang.

吴昌硕，清末篆刻家、书画家。同治八年（1869年），入杭州诂经精舍，师从俞樾。光绪六年（1880年），为吴云孙辈当塾师。听枫园主吴云时为苏州知府，亦是书画家、金石收藏家，昌硕目睹俞樾为吴云题联贺七十大寿。

Wu Changshuo (1844-1927), a seal carver, painter, and calligrapher of the early 20th century. When he was twenty-six in 1869, he became a disciple of Yu Yue in the Confucian Classics Elucidation Academy in Hangzhou. In 1880, as the tutor of the grandchildren of Wu Yun (1811-1883), a painter, calligrapher, and antique collector, prefect of Suzhou at the time and owner of the Listening to Maples Garden, he was able to witness Yu composing a couplet for Wu at his 70th birthday party.

章惇，字子厚，北宋政治家、改革家。受封申国公，故名申公。

Zhang Dun (1035-1105), style name Zihou, a statesman and reformist of the Northern Song. He was appointed as the Duke of Shen kingdom, hence his name Shengong, or the Duke of Shen.

蕲王即韩世忠，与岳飞、张俊、刘光世并为抗金四名将，亲见宋朝由盛而衰。

The King of Qi was none other than Han Shizhong, one of the four major antiJurchen generals along with Yue Fei (1103-1142), Zhang Jun (1086-1154) and Liu Guangshi (1086-1142) during the period that saw the all-powerful Song go downhill.

祠中三面墙上嵌594幅与苏州历史有关的人物平雕石像，包括商末自陕西岐山搬至江苏无锡、常州的泰伯、仲雍，春秋时期吴王阖闾，以及现代建筑家贝聿铭、作家苏童等。

Three of the shine's four walls are inlaid with 594 stone portraits of historical figures related to Suzhou, ranging from Taibo (fl. 11th century BC) and his brother Zhongyong (fl. 11th century BC) who moved their dukedom from what was present-day Qishan in Shaanxi to present-day Wuxi and Changshu in Jiangsu toward the end of the Shang (1600-1046 BC), and Helü (?-496 BC), the duke of Wu of the early Spring and Autumn period (1046-770 BC), to such modern-day dignitaries as the architect Ieoh Ming Pei (1917- ), and the author Su Tong (1963- ).

Retreat and Reflection Garden, Tongli　同里退思园

任传薪，字味知，退思园第二代也是最后一代主人。深感女子教育的迫切，于1902年以退思园为校舍办丽则女校。

Ren Chuanxin (1887-1962), style name Weizhi, the second and last owner of the Retreat and Reflection Garden. Cherishing the importance of education for the weaker sex, he established the Lize Girls' School on the premises of the garden in 1902.

吴梅，字瞿安，戏曲理论家、教育家、曲谱收藏家，北京大学专授昆曲戏曲第一人。朱自清、田汉、梅兰芳、俞振飞皆其弟子。

Wu Mei (1884-1939), style name Qu'an, a traditional opera theoretician, educator, and collector of opera music scores, and the first professor to teach Kunqu Opera and drama in Peking University. His students included the essayist and poet Zhu Ziqing, the playwright Tian Han, the Peking Opera guru Mei Lanfang, and the Peking and Kunqu Opera superstar Yu Zhenfei.

曾朴，字孟朴，现代学者、出版家。其父于明朝小辋川上筑虚廓园（亦名曾家花园）。1904年，参与创建小说林书社，发行小说。金松岑与其共撰《孽海花》，由此社出版，被誉为晚清四大谴责小说之一。虚廓园中一池湖水，假山树木倒映其中。

Zeng Pu (1872-1935), style name Mengpu, a scholar and publisher of modern China. His father built the Ethereal Outline Garden (also known as Zeng's Garden) in the precinct of the Lesser Wangchuan Gully of the Ming. In 1904, he joined in the establishment of the Forest of Novels Publishing House as modern China's first publisher with an emphasis on novels. It is this press that published A Flower in the Sea of Sin, one of the four great condemnation novels co-authored by Jin Songcen and Zeng in the late Qing. The Ethereal Outline Garden features a large lake mirroring the artificial mountains and trees around it.

金松岑，《孽海花》作者之一，清末提倡新文化，1932年创中国国学会。诗人柳亚子，社会学家、优生学家潘光旦，社会学家、人类学家费孝通皆出其门下。

Jin Songcen (1873-1947), co-author of A Flower in the Sea of Sin and a master of classical Chinese culture, who advocated new culture toward the end of the Qing and founded the Society of Classical Chinese Studies in 1932. Among his students were such prominent figures as Liu Yazi (1887-1958), a poet who became Sun Yatsen's secretary; Pan Guangdan (1899-1967), a sociologist and eugenicist; and Fei Xiaotong (1910-2005), a sociologist and anthropologist.

凌景埏，吴江人，亦名敬言，先后任教于东吴大学、燕京大学、江苏师范学院。工诗词，昆曲造诣极高。曾听吴梅先生讲座，于燕大昆曲社公演，亦与好友金立初薄酒唱曲。

Ling Jingyan (1904-1959), a native of Wujiang whose byname was Jingyan, a professor who taught subsequently at Soochow University, Yenching University, St. John's University and Jiangsu Normal College. Good at traditional-style poetry, he was also a Kunqu expert of high attainments. He attended lectures of the renowned Kunqu opera artist Wu Mei, performed in a Kunqu opera club in Yenching University and was often seen singing the opera with his good friend Jin Lichu in between toasts of liquor.

徐孝穆，吴江人，柳亚子外甥，书法、篆刻、竹刻方面卓有成就。

Xu Xiaomu (1916-1998), a native of Wujiang and Liu Yazi's nephew, well-accomplished in seal cutting, bamboo sculpture and calligraphy.

走马楼，南方民居特有的建筑形式，四周皆有走廊通行的楼屋，甚或骑马亦畅行无阻。

Distinct of southern-style dwellings, the horse-accommodative loft is a kind of storied building joined by a walkway on its four sides, which is wide enough for a horse to trot through.

Yangzhou Gardens and Dwellings　扬州园林与住宅

杜牧，晚年居西安樊川别墅，故号樊川居士。晚唐诗坛领袖，作品内容广泛，绝句尤佳。诗文中自我形象风流倜傥，饮酒作乐，喜好女色山水。仕途尚可，曾于扬州任两年监察御史。

Du Mu (803-852), sobriquet Recluse in Fanchuan for he spent his evening years in a villa of the same name in present-day Xi'an. A leading poet of the late Tang, his forte is the quatrain among his wide-ranging literary work in which he created an image of himself as a sensualist who enjoys the pleasures of wine, women, and misty landscapes. He had a moderately successful official career, including a twoyear stint as a clerical official in Yangzhou.

徐湛之，南朝宋武帝刘裕的外孙。永嘉廿四年（447年），任南兖州刺史，为集文士，于广陵大建园亭。或为扬州历史上最早有记载的园林构建。

Xu Zhanzhi (410-453), a maternal grandson of Liu Yu (363-422), the first emperor of the Song of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In 447, as Regional Inspector of South Yanzhou Prefecture, he had gardens and mansions built in Guangling (present-day Yangzhou) to attract literary figures to the city, which was perhaps the earliest record of planned garden construction in Yangzhou.

绍兴三十一年（1161年），金兵攻占扬州，1176年姜夔弱冠过扬州。

This refers to the year 1161 when the Jurchen troops stormed Yangzhou, fifteen years before Jiang Kui's visit to the city in his early twenties.

姜夔，号白石道人，南宋文学家、音乐家。诗文、书法、音乐无不精擅，是继苏轼之后又一艺术全才。

Jiang Kui (1154-1221), sobriquet White Stone Taoist, a man of letters and musician of the Southern Song. Like Su Shi, he was another clever Jack of all trades in the realm of arts and literature including poetry, prose, calligraphy and music.

郑氏兄弟，祖籍徽州，祖上三代治盐，囤积大量财富。明清之际，兄弟四人竞相造园，然皆毁于战火。

Hailing from a family in Huizhou that had amassed a huge fortune from salt sales under government monopoly for three generations, the Zheng brothers had established their own fabulous estates during the Ming-Qing transition, which, however, all came to ruins in war and turmoil.

【从周案五】《水窗春呓》卷下“维扬胜地”条：“扬州园林之胜，甲于天下。由于乾隆朝六次南巡，各盐商穷极物力以供宸赏，计自北门抵平山，两岸数十里楼台相接，无一处重复。其尤妙者在虹桥迤西一转，小金山矗其南，五顶桥锁其中，而白塔一区雄伟古朴，往往夕阳返照，箫鼓灯船，如入汉宫图画。盖皆以重资广延名士为之创稿，一一布置使然也。城内之园数十，最旷逸者，断推康山草堂。而尉氏之园，湖石亦最胜，闻移植时费二十余万金。其华丽缜密者，为张氏观察所居，俗所谓张大麻子是也。张以一寒士，五十岁外始补通州运判，十年而拥资百万，其缺固优，凡盐商巨案，皆令其承审，居闲说合，取之如携。后已捐升道员，分发甘肃。蒋相为两江，委其署理运司，为言官所纠罢去，蒋亦由此降调。张之为人，盖亦世俗所谓非常能员耳。余于戊戌（道光十八年，即公元1838年）赘婚于扬，曾往其园一游，未数日即毁于火，犹幸眼福之未差也。园广数十亩，中有三层楼，可瞰大江，凡赏梅、赏荷、赏桂、赏菊，皆各有专地。演剧宴客，上下数级如大内式。另有套房三十余间，回环曲折，迷不知所向。金玉锦绣，四壁皆满，禽鱼尤多。……”

[Chen Congzhou: Note 5] Ouyang Zhaoxiong 欧阳兆熊 (fl. 19th century) and Jin Anqing 金安清 (1817-1880?), "Scenic Spots of Weiyang," A Daydreamer's Vernal Murmurings by a Waterside Window (Volume Two): Yangzhou leads the country with enchanting gardens. Built by local salt merchants who exhausted their wealth to entertain Emperor Qianlong on his six inspection tours of south China, these gardens form a scenic belt that extends for a dozen miles on end on both sides of the river from Northern City Gate to the Mountain-Level Hall, with lofts and terraces clustered cheek by jowl with absolutely no repetitions. The best section of it begins where the river turns west at the Rainbow Bridge, with the Lesser Golden Hill standing out in the south, and the Five-Pavilion Bridge lying in the middle. The area around the White Pagoda is the most imposing for its classical magnificence. When the setting sun tosses its last twilight rays and lantern boats sail into the scene to the notes of vertical flutes and the beats of drums, one feels like roaming a picture of Han-dynasty palaces. All this is made possible by paying renowned figures heavily to make the designs and arrange every view on the spot. Gardens in the city are counted by the dozen, but the most spacious and extraordinary one is none other than the Thatched Cottage in the Kangshan Mountain. The Wei's Garden, however, makes a name for itself with its artificial mountains of Lake Tai stones, whose transportation and transplantation costs alone amounted to two hundred thousand and more taels of silver. The garden, luxurious to the minute detail, is the residence of a General Administration Circuit supervisor nicknamed "Pockmarked Zhang." Zhang was a humble scholar to begin with, but he became a millionaire ten years after he filled in the office of the Second Assistant Salt Controller of Tongzhou in his fifties. That official position put him in such an advantage that he was appointed to try all the major cases involving salt merchants. When he was not judging cases, he could still put in a word or two and get paid for it as easily as fetching money from his own pocket. Later, he bought a position that turned him into a circuit intendant and was dispatched to Gansu province. He was entrusted by Jiang Xiang, viceroy of Jiangsu and Jiangxi provinces, with the affairs of the Transport Monitoring Office, but after getting incriminated by an imperial remonstrating censor, he was removed from the job, and Jiang himself was demoted as a result. Zhang was one of those commonly regarded as capable officials. When I married into my wife's family in Yangzhou in a year of wu-xu (1838, or the eighteenth year of the Daoguang reign), I paid a visit to his garden. I should say I was lucky to have seen it with my own eyes, since it was destroyed in a fire a few days later. The garden sprawled on a land of several dozen mu, with a three-storied building overlooking the Yangtze River, and plum, lotus, osmanthus, and chrysanthemum were planted in separate places for people to enjoy. Theatrical performances and banquets were held in about the same pomp and pageantry as royal palaces. There were thirty or so suites of rooms laid out in such loops and turns that one got lost easily. The four walls were all imbedded with gold and jade and covered with brocade, and the whole garden abounded in fish and birds.

庆历八年（1048年），扬州知府欧阳修于大明寺内建平山堂，“江南诸山，历历在目，似与堂平。”

In 1048, the legendary prose writer Ouyang Xiu had built, in the Daming Temple in Yangzhou, a hall where he could enjoy the sceneries offered by the Jiangnan mountains seemingly level with the hall. Hence its name.

刘大观，乾嘉时期文人，为官有政声，工作游历颇广，至广西、辽宁、山西、河南等地。

Liu Daguan (1753-1834), a man of letters active in the prime of the Qing whose decent official career enabled him to travel and work in many provinces, including Guangxi, Liaoning, Shanxi, and Henan.

谢溶生，东晋宰相谢安后人，李斗同乡。为李斗《扬州画舫录》作序跋者有四——谢溶生、袁枚、阮元及李斗本人。

Xie Rongsheng (?-1790), a descendent of the famous Eastern Jin prime minister Xie An (320-385), and a fellow townsman of Li Dou. Xie was one of the four who wrote the prefaces and postscripts to Li Dou's Record of the Painted Pleasure Boats of Yangzhou, the other three being the poet and essayist Yuan Mei, the politician and classicist Ruan Yuan, and the author himself.

阮元，清学者、文学家、思想家，李斗同乡。道光十八年致仕，返乡扬州。

Ruan Yuan (1764-1849), a scholar, man of letters and thinker of the Qing, and a fellow townsman of Li Dou. After his retirement in 1838, Ruan returned to settle down in his hometown, Yangzhou.

【从周案六】《水窗春呓》卷下“广陵名胜”条：“扬州则全以园林亭榭擅场，虽皆由人工，而匠心灵构，城北七八里夹岸楼舫无一同者，非乾隆六十年物力人才所萃，未易办也。嘉庆一朝二十五年，已渐颓废。余于己卯（嘉庆二十四年，即公元1819年）庚辰（嘉庆二十五年，即公元1820年）间侍母南归，犹及见大小虹园，华丽曲折，疑游蓬岛，计全局尚存十之五六。比戊戌（道光十八年，即公元1838年）赘姻于邗，已逾二十年，荒田茂草已多，然天宁门城外之梅花岭、东园、城闉清梵、小秦淮、虹桥、桃花庵、小金山、云山阁、尺五楼、平山堂皆尚完好。五六七诸月，游人消夏，画船箫鼓，送夕阳，醉新月，歌声遏云，花气如雾，风景尚可肩随苏杭也。……”

[Chen Congzhou: Note 6] Ouyang Zhaoxiong and Jin Anqing, "Scenic Spots of Guangling," A Daydreamer's Vernal Murmurings by a Waterside Window (Volume Two): Yangzhou outshines other cities with its pavilions and gazeboes. Though man-made, all of them are products of divine craftsmanship and ingenious conception. Among the chambers and painted land boats that flank the river for seven or eight li in the north of the city, there are no identical ones—a feat that would have been improbable without the accumulation of sixty years of material and human input during the reign of Qianlong. But it took only a 25-year reign under Emperor Jiaqing for all these to go gradually to dilapidation. During a homecoming visit down south that spanned the years of ji-mao (1819, or the twenty-fourth year of the Jiaqing reign) and geng-chen (1820, or the twentyfifth year of the Jiaqing reign), I could still see the Greater and Lesser Rainbow Gardens, whose pomp and maze-like layout made me wonder if I was visiting a fabled island abode of immortals, and I reckoned that fifty to sixty of the gardens were still extant in the city in those years. Twenty years later, when I married into my wife's family in Hanjiang county in a year of wu-xu (1838, the eighteenth year of the Daoguang reign), I saw more land wasted and overgrown with weeds, but the Eastern Garden, the Plum Flower Ridge beyond the Heavenly Peace City Gate, the Sutra-Chanting at City Wall, the Lesser Qinhuai River, the Rainbow Bridge, the Peach Flower Nunnery, the Lesser Golden Hill, the Cloudy Mountain Belvedere, the Tower "Fifteen Inches Short of the Skies" (a name derived from a story of the Weis in the Western Han, who, along with the Dus, were so high in social rank that they "could almost reach the skies"), and the Mountain-Level Hall were still in good conditions. In May, June and July, these places were still thronged with summering people, where they could sit in painted boats to hear the notes of vertical flutes and the booming of drums, see the setting sun, and get drunken under the crescent moon, where the melodies of singing lingered in clouds, the aroma of flowers hovered in mists, and the vistas stood comparison with those of Suzhou and Hangzhou.

《龚自珍全集第三辑：己亥（道光十九年，即公元1839年）六月重过扬州记》：“居礼曹，客有过者曰：卿知今日之扬州乎？读鲍照芜城赋则遇之矣。余悲其言。……扬州三十里，首尾屈折高下见。晓雨沐屋，瓦鳞鳞然，无零甃断甓，心已疑礼曹过客言不实矣。……客有请吊蜀岗者，舟甚捷……舟人时时指两岸曰，某园故址也，某家酒肆故址也，约八九处。其实独倚虹园圮无存。曩所信宿之西园，门在，题榜在，尚可识，其可登临者尚八九处，阜有桂，水有芙蕖菱芡，是居扬州城外西北隅，最高秀。”从周案：龚氏匆匆过扬州，所见甚略，文虽如是，难掩荒败之景。

Collected Works of Gong Zizhen (Volume Three): "Revisiting Yangzhou in the sixth month of a year of ji-hai (1839, the nineteenth year of the Daoguang reign": "When I was with the Ministry of Rites, a guest who had been there said to me, 'Don't you know what has become of Yangzhou today? If you have read Bao Zhao's "Rhapsody of a Desolate City," you would have been there.' His words filled my heart with melancholy…. When I ascended one of the parapet walls, I saw the landscape twisting and turning and going up and down for thirty li on end. After the rain stopped in the morning, the roof tiles of houses were as neat and tidy as fish scales and there were no traces of broken walls nor bricks, and I began to suspect that the guest of the Ministry of Rites did not tell me the truth…. On my way with a guest to visit and ponder the past at the Shugang Hillock, the boat sailed down the river rather quickly…. From time to time the boat people would point at a scene on either bank and told me this was the former site of a certain garden and that was where a wine shop was located. Of the eight or nine such former sites he had mentioned, only the Rainbow-Leaning Garden was no more. The Western Garden, where I spent two nights, could still be recognized from its remaining gate and horizontal nameboard. There were eight or nine sites that could still be visited, where there were still osmanthus on knolls and lotuses, caltrops and Gordon euryales in waters to the northwest of the city of Yangzhou, where the vista was most beautiful." Given the hastiness of his journey, Gong could only see a little of Yangzhou, so this remark of his cannot cover up the desolation and decay of the scenes at the time.

钱泳《履园丛话》卷二十“平山堂”条：“扬州之平山堂，余于乾隆五十二年（公元1787年）秋始到，其时九峰园、倚虹园、筱园、西园曲水、小金山、尺五楼诸处，自天宁门外起直到淮南第一观，楼台掩映，朱碧鲜新，宛入赵千里仙山楼阁中。今隔三十余年，几成瓦砾场，非复旧时光景矣……”

Qian Yong (1759-1844), "Mountain-Level Hall," A Collection of Anecdotes in the Lü Garden (Volume Twenty): My first visit to the Mountain-Level Hall of Yangzhou took place in the autumn of the fifty-second year of the Qianlong reign (1787). At the time, the sceneries of the Nine Peaks Garden, the Rainbow-Leaning Garden, the Slim Bamboo Garden, the Winding Stream of the Western Garden, the Lesser Golden Hill, and the Tower "Fifteen Inches Short of the Skies" extended from the Heavenly Peace City Gate to the Greatest Temple South of the Huai (i.e., the Daming Temple 大明寺), with lofts and terraces setting off each other in bright and fresh vermillion and green colors, making people wonder if they had stepped into Zhao Boju's golden-and-blue paintings of lofts and pavilions on a celestial mountain. Thirty or so years later today, this place has all but become a world of debris—its vista has long been history.

【从周案七】据友人王世襄说：“所谓‘周制’，当指周翥所制的漆器，见谢堃《金玉琐碎》。……故钱泳说‘明末有周姓者始创此法’不可信。”

[Chen Congzhou: Note 7] My friend Wang Shixiang (1914-2009) told me, "The so-called Zhou's Principles were first applied by Zhou Zhu to the lacquerware he was crafting. See Xie Kun's book, Masters of Gold and Jade in Odds and Bits. …For this reason, Qian Yong's remark about the origin of the Zhou's Principles is groundless."

王世襄，著名文物专家、学者、文物鉴赏家和收藏家。曾学中国古典建筑，在中国营造学社任助理研究员。他清理追还了许多日本劫夺之文物。

A cultural relics expert, scholar, connoisseur and collector, Wang Shixiang learned traditional Chinese architecture and served as an assistant researcher in the Society for the Study of Chinese Architecture. He checked up and retrieved many cultural relics from Japan.

石涛，本名朱若极，清初一位特立独行的书画家、理论家。贵为明朝宗室，明灭后出家，法名原济，号苦瓜和尚。其绘画理论书《苦瓜和尚画语录》至今颇有影响。世人认为他于晚年叠成片石山房。

Shitao (1642-c. 1707), born Zhu Ruoji, a painter, calligrapher and theoretician who was one of the most famous individualist painters of the early Qing. An offspring of the Ming royalty, he became a Buddhist monk after the dynasty's downfall and assumed the religious name Yuanji and sobriquet Monk Balsam Pear. The impact of his book on landscape painting theory, Monk Balsam Pear on Painting, is still felt today. It is believed that he was the builder of the rockwork in the Small-Rock Mountain Abode after he settled down in Yangzhou in his late years.

据《艺能编》记载，董道士，佚其名，乾隆时人。工于堆假山石，为时名手。

According to the Compendium of Artistic Craftsmen, Taoist Priest Dong (1736-1795), name unknown, lived as a Taoist priest during the Qianlong reign, and made a name for himself for his state-of-the-art craft of designing artificial mountains.

【从周案八】朱江同志据扬州博物馆藏王氏遗嘱，认为应作王庭余。王殁于道光十年（公元1830年），寿八十。

[Chen Congzhou: Note 8] According to Zhu Jiang, a researcher with the Yangzhou Museum, the will of Wang's indicated that it should be Wang Tingyu instead of Wang Tianyu, who died in 1830 at age eighty.

余继之，扬州园艺大师，善治盆景、叠石。民国初年所造园林，尤以蔚圃、匏庐、怡庐和杨氏小筑闻名。

Yu Jizhi (1903-1961), a native of Yangzhou and a landscape gardener well versed in potted plants, miniature landscapes, and rockery piling. Among the many traditional gardens he had designed in the early 20th century are the Li Weiru's Garden, Gourd Hut, Mind Cheering Hut, and Yang's Tiny Nook.

蔚圃原属程氏，后属李蔚如。

Li Weiru may not be the first owner of this garden, which is said to have belonged previously to a man surnamed Cheng.

园名源自《归去来辞》：倚南窗以寄傲……登东皋以舒啸。又《诗经·白华》：啸歌伤怀，念彼硕人。

The name is derived from "Return Home!" by Tao Yuanming 陶渊明 (c. 365-427), "I lean by the southern window in a mood of pride…mount the eastern hill and let out long whistles." Book of Songs ("Bai Hua"): "I whistle and sing with wounded heart, / Thinking of that great man."

卢绍绪，晚清官员，后从商。卢宅为当时规模最大的盐商住宅建筑，亦是扬州大户人家传统民居的典型代表作。

Lu Shaoxu (1843-1905), an official turned businessman in the late Qing. The Lu's Mansion is the largest of all the properties of Yangzhou salt merchants of his time, and a typical example of traditional residence of the rich and powerful in the city.

魏次庚，晚清盐商，湖南人氏。现代作家冰心1957年4月到扬州参观视察，即住魏氏园中。

Wei Cigeng (1883/1884-1950/1951), a salt merchant of the late Qing who came from Hunan province. Contemporary writer Bing Xin participated in a small forum held in this mansion during her 1957 April Yangzhou inspection tour.

何维键，号芷舠，光绪年间任湖北汉黄道台等。举十三年构建寄啸山庄（俗称何园），其中含片石山房，被誉为“晚清第一园”。园内有百叶窗帘、法国壁炉等西洋设施，这在19世纪末的中国十分罕见。

He Weijian (1835-1908), sobriquet Zhidao, Intendent of Circuit of Hanhuang in Hubei during Emperor Guangxu's reign of the Qing. It took him thirteen years to build the Whistling Scholar's Mountain Abode (more popularly known as the Ho Family Garden) containing the Small-Rock Mountain Abode. So great and rare of its kind, the garden was lauded as "the number one Garden of the late Qing." The garden features some exotic utilities, including Venetian blinds and French fireplaces, which were rare in late-19th-century China.

【从周案九】清嘉庆《江都县续志》卷五：“片石山房在花园巷，吴家龙辟，中有池，屈曲流水，前为水榭，湖石三面环列，其最高者特立耸秀，一罗汉松踞其巅，几盈抱矣，今废。”

[Chen Congzhou: Note 9] According to A Sequel to the Gazetteer of Jiangdu County (Volume Five) compiled during the Jiaqing reign of the Qing: In the Small-Rock Mountain Abode built by Wu Jialong at Garden Lane, there used to be a pond and a gazebo sitting by a winding stream. The abode was surrounded on three sides by rockeries of lake stones. Atop the tallest rockery, which was exceptionally beautiful, stood a densely foliated yew podocarpus, whose trunk was one armspan in girth. But all this is in decay now.

清光绪《江都县续志》卷十二：“片石山房在花园巷，一名双槐园，县人吴家龙别业，今粤人吴辉谟修葺之。园以湖石胜，石为狮九，有玲珑夭矫之概。”

A Sequel to the Gazetteer of Jiangdu County (Volume Twelve), compiled during the Guangxu reign of the Qing: The Small-Rock Mountain Abode at Garden Lane, known otherwise as Twin Pagoda Trees Garden, was the estate of a native by the name of Wu Jialong. The salient feature of the garden is its lake-stone rockwork in the image of nine lions, every one of which is exquisite in craftsmanship and vigorous and nimble in image.

《续纂光绪扬州府志》卷五：“片石山房在徐凝门街花园巷，一名双槐茶园，旧为邑人吴家龙别业。池侧嵌太湖石，作九狮图，玲珑夭矫，具有胜概，今属吴辉谟居焉。”

A Sequel to the Gazetteer of Yangzhou Prefecture (Volume Five), compiled during the Guangxu reign: The Small-Rock Mountain Abode at Garden Lane on Xuning Gate Street, whose byname was Twin Pagoda Trees Garden, was in the possession of a native by the name of Wu Jialong in old days. Lake Tai rocks were embedded in the embankment of its pond to conjure up a picture of nine lions, whose nimble and exquisite images are absorbing. Today, the abode belongs to Wu Huimo.

黄应泰，亦名黄至筠，字个园，嘉庆年间大盐商、画家、淮东淮西商总。嘉庆廿三年，在小玲珑山馆基础上构建个园，广植修竹。个园叠石亦蜚声宇内。

Huang Yingtai (1770-1838), also known as Huang Zhiyun, style name Geyuan, a successful salt merchant, painter and General Commercial Commissioner of Eastern and Western Huai Circuits during the Jiaqing reign of the Qing. He bought the Lesser Exquisite Mountain Abode in 1818 to build his own garden with plenty of bamboos in it. Apart from bamboos, the garden is also renowned for its rockeries.

姚正镛，清书画家、金石家。与黄应泰五子锡禧交厚。

Yao Zhengyong (1811-?), a painter, calligrapher and expert in the study of inscriptions on ancient bronze and stone tablets in the Qing. Yao was a close friend of Huang Xixi, the fifth son of Huang Yingtai.

郭熙，字淳夫，山水画家、绘画理论家。北宋画院艺学，遍览历朝名画。子郭思将其绘画理论归纳于《林泉高致集》。

Guo Xi (c. 1000-c. 1080), style name Chunfu, a landscape painter and painting theorist. A member of the Royal Art Academy of the Northern Song, he was able to appreciate the paintings of all periods to his heart's content, which culminated in his series of theories on painting which his son Guo Si (c. 1055-c. 1130) collected in The Lofty and Sublime Messages of Forests and Streams.

戴熙，清诗人、画家、士大夫。善画人物、花鸟。道光时宫廷画多出其手。著有《习苦斋题画》，于画理多有论述。

Dai Xi (1801-1860), a poet, painter and scholar-official of the Qing, good at paintings of figures, flowers and birds. An excellent painter, Dai contributed many works for the royal family during the Daoguang reign. The Colophons on Paintings of the Studio of Hard Practice is a collection of colophons and notes in which Dai developed his painting theory.

周馥，晚清重臣李鸿章下属。农历二月买下此园，半年后入住。园内假山林立，石径盘旋，因得名“小盘谷”。

Zhou Fu (1837-1921), a senior official under Li Hongzhang (1823-1901) in the late Qing. He bought the garden in lunar February and moved in six months later. The garden, the Small Meandering Valley, took its name for its footpaths winding through a cluster of artificial mountains.

徐乃光，中国驻纽约第一任领事。其父徐文达与周馥同乡，亦为莫逆之交。文达始构此园。

Xu Naiguang (1859-1922), the first Chinese consul to New York, whose father Xu Wenda (1825-1890), a bosom friend and fellow townsman of Zhou Fu, built the garden.

陈鸿寿，号曼生，杭州人，清篆刻家，工诗书画，亦善治紫砂壶。

Chen Hongshou (1768-1822), sobriquet Mansheng, a native of Hangzhou and a seal engraver in the Qing who was also good at poetry, calligraphy, painting, and the making of boccaro teapots.

【从周案十】据友人耿鉴庭云：“九狮石在池上亦有，积雪时九狮之状毕现。”今毁。

[Chen Congzhou: Note 10] According to my friend Geng Jianting (1915-1999), "The nine-lion rockery is also available on the pond. When cocooned in snow, the images of these lions are displayed to the minute detail." But today this rockery has long been destroyed.

臧谷，晚清扬州诗人、书法家，爱菊艺菊。友人购得李斗书《九狮山》轴，请其为之题诗，遂题诗四首。其中有“卷石洞天今不见，水环小阜迹仍留”句。

Zang Gu (1834-1910), a poet and calligrapher of the late Qing in Yangzhou. He was also known for his love and cultivation of chrysanthemums. Upon the request of a friend who had just bought the scroll "Nine-Lion Mountain" by Li Dou to compose some verse on it, Zang came up with four poems, one of which contains the line, "The Rolling Stone Cavern domain is no more, but the hill surrounded by water remains."

周暹，字叔弢，扬州人，周馥孙。新中国成立后，历任天津市长、第一至第五届全国人大常委会委员等。同治五年，与父亲住进小盘谷，辛亥革命爆发后与祖父离开家乡。1963年，视察扬州古典园林时重访故园。

Zhou Xian (1891-1984), style name Shutao, a grandson of Zhou Fu. After the People's Republic was founded, he was, among other important posts he had assumed, mayor of Tianjin and a five-time member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. A native of Yangzhou, he moved with his father in 1866 to live in the Small Meandering Valley and left his hometown with Zhou Fu after the Revolution of 1911 broke out. In 1963, he paid a return visit to the estate on an inspection tour of traditional gardens in Yangzhou.

周煦良，周馥曾孙，叔弢之侄。著名英国文学翻译家、诗人、作家。叔侄二人童年皆在小盘谷度过。

Zhou Xuliang (1905-1984), a great grandson of Zhou Fu and a nephew of Zhou Xian, an accomplished translator of English literature, poet and writer. Both Xian and Xuliang had spent their childhood at the Small Meandering Valley.

李松龄，字鹤生，经营钱庄，1910年购得旧宅，三年后拓成逸圃。

Li Songling (1871-1937), style name Hesheng, owner of several private banks, bought an old estate in 1910, renovated it and completed the Garden of Matchless Talent three years later.

原文作“月门”，门实为八角。

The original text put it as a moon gate, which is actually octagonal.

苏轼，号东坡居士，宋朝大文豪，诗文书画集大成者。

Su Shi (1037-1101), sobriquet Retired Scholar of Eastern Slope, a great man of letters whose literary accomplishments represented the epic of poetry, prose, calligraphy and painting of the Song.

孔武仲，北宋诗人、多产作家，与文学名宿欧阳修、苏轼、苏辙、黄庭坚等过从甚密。撰《芍药谱》，北宋王观、刘攽亦著芍药谱。而时，扬州芍药声名鹊起。

Kong Wuzhong (1042-1097), a poet and prolific writer of the Northern Song closely associated with such literary luminaries as Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Su Zhe(1039-1112), and Huang Tingjian (1045-1105). His Compendium of Herbaceous Peony was one of the three compendia on herbaceous peony in the Northern Song, during which time Yangzhou rose to fame with the plant. The other two compendia were written separately by the poet Wang Guan (1035-1100) and the historian Liu Ban (1023-1089).

一枝一花为兰，香气馥郁；一枝数花为蕙，香气清淡。二者并称，喻高洁之士。

The orchid has one blossom on a stem with rich aroma, while the hui orchid has several blossoms on a stem with faint aroma. Both flowers are often mentioned in the same breath in ancient Chinese literary works in celebration of men of virtue.

此区域包括湖北南部、湖南、重庆东南部、广东北部及广西部分地区，谚有“湖广熟，天下足”。杉木在此地区生长迅速，木材广泛用于建造屋舍、桥梁、船只等。

This region encompasses south Hubei and Hunan provinces, southeastern Chongqing, north Guangdong and a small part of Guangxi, where, as the saying goes, "When farm harvests are good in Hu-Guang, the whole country will stay free from hunger." China fir grows fast in this region, and its timber is widely used in the building of houses, bridges and ships.

汪泰阶，字伯屏，于民国初年构建了建筑的东路部分；其父汪竹铭早在晚清末年构建了中西两路。

Wang Taijie (1889-1935), style name Boping, actually had the eastern column of the estate built at the beginning of the Republican years, while his father Wang Zhuming had had the central and western columns built at the end of the Qing.

名字出自《中庸》：赞天地之化育。

The name of the palace derives from a line in The Way of the Mean, "able to assist the transforming and nourishing powers of Heaven and Earth."

郑燮，号板桥，诗人、书画家，与汪士慎、黄慎、李鱓、金农、罗聘、高翔及李方膺并称扬州八怪。各博物馆争相珍藏其所画兰、松、菊、石，其竹尤为出色。

Zheng Xie (1693-1765), sobriquet Banqiao, a poet, calligrapher and painter, and one of the Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou of the mid-Qing together with Wang Shishen (1686-1759), Huang Shen (1687-1768), Li Shan (1686?-1756), Jin Nong (1687-1764), Luo Pin (1733-1799), Gao Xiang (1688-1753) and Li Fangying (1696-1755). Zheng's paintings of orchids, pines, chrysanthemums and stones are much soughtafter museum pieces, and his bamboo paintings are the most outstanding.

贾沅，字颂平，光绪年间购得二分明月楼作为后花园。

Jia Yuan (1880-1944), style name Songping, bought the Loft of Two-Thirds Bright Moonlight as his back garden during the Guangxu reign of the Qing.

吴廷扬，字熙载，扬州人，篆刻家、书画家，实际是此园的第二任主人。前任主人为许公澍。吴氏之后住其园中的有书画家陈含光、牙雕大师黄汉侯等。20世纪60年代，陈从周考察扬州园林时曾拜访黄汉侯，并名其园为侯庐。

Wu Tingyang (1799-1870), style name Xizai, a seal cutter, calligrapher and painter and Yangzhou native, was actually the second owner of the garden. His predecessor was a salt merchant by the name of Xu Gongshu. Those who lived in it after Wu included the renowned painter and calligrapher Chen Hanguang (1879-1957), and the ivory carving expert Huang Hanhou (1902-1976), who was visited by Chen Congzhou during his Yangzhou garden inspection tour in 1960s and after whom the estate was named by Chen.

卢殿虎，弃官从商，请造园名家俞继之为其构筑宅园。卢为镇扬汽车公司董事长，倡议并修筑了江北第一条公路，是真正意义上的“开路先锋”。

Lu Dianhu (1876-1936), an official-turned businessman, had his estate built by the famous landscape gardener Yu Jizhi. General manager of the Car Company of Zhenjiang-Yangzhou, Lu was a pathbreaker in the real sense thanks to his initiative and effort in building the first highway north to the Yangtze.

【从周案十一】《魏源集》中有记扬州园林盛衰之诗。《扬州画舫曲十三首》之一云：“旧日鱼龙识翠华，池边下鹄树藏鸦，离宫卅六荒凉尽，不是僧房不见花。”（凡名园皆为园丁拆卖，唯属僧管之桃花庵、小金山、平山堂三处，至今尚存。）《江南吟》注云：“平山堂行宫属园丁者，皆拆卖无存，惟僧管三处如故。故有“岂独平山僧庵胜园隶”句。魏氏于清道光十五年（公元1835年）构园于扬州新城仓巷，甃石栽花，养鱼饲鹤，名曰絜园。其时尚在太平天国革命战争之前。

[Chen Congzhou: Note 11] Poems on the rise and fall of the gardens in Yangzhou are found in the Collected Works of Wei Yuan. One of his "Thirteen Lyrical Pomes of Yangzhou's Painted Pleasure Boats" has it, "In old days fish and dragons befriended emerald verdure, swans dived into the pools and crows nested in the trees; with the land of summer palaces lost in total desolation, no flowers can be seen where there are no monk's abodes." (All the famous gardens were dismantled and sold by garden owners. Only the Peach Flower Nunnery, Lesser Golden Hill, and Mountain-Level Hall survived because they were under the care of local monks.) The footnote to his "Song of Jiangnan" says, "At the Mountain-Level Hall all the summer palaces owned by gardeners were torn down and sold, and only the three properties managed by monks remained intact." This gives rise to the line, "Isn't it that the monks and nuns of the Mountain-Level Hall are better than garden slaves?”

Wei Yuan (1794-1857), an enlightenment thinker of the late Qing who was a friend of Lin Zexu (1785-1850), built a garden at Granary Lane in the New City of Yangzhou, which he named "Pristine Garden." In it he had rocks piled up, flowers planted, fish bred and cranes raised. This happened before the Heavenly Kingdom Uprising.

Small-Rock Mountain Abode, Yangzhou—Shitao's Craft of Artificial Mountains扬州片石山房——石涛叠山作品

【从周案十二】应作王庭余。

[Chen Congzhou: Note 12] It should be Wang Tingyu.

傅抱石，现代山水画家，笔力虬劲飘逸，善画祖国的名山大川，尤擅雨景。崇拜石涛，对其一生、画作、理论多有研究。

Fu Baoshi (1904-1965), a modern-time landscape painter known for his robust and untrammeled brushwork and splendid portrayals of his motherland's mountain cliffs, waterfalls, and rainy scenes. An admirer of Shitao, he did a great deal of research into the painter's life, works, and theory.

署名原有“一枝阁”，一枝阁在南京而非扬州。——许少飞

The original list also includes the Lone-Twig Belvedere, which is actually a building in Nanjing.—Xu Shaofei

据傅抱石研究，石涛生于崇祯三年，即1630年，但近来研究认为其生于1642年。——许少飞

According to Fu Baoshi, Shitao was born in 1630, the third year of Emperor Chongzhen's reign (1628-1644), but recent researches put it as 1642.—Xu Shaofei

【从周案十三】据友人扬州牙刻家黄汉侯说，石涛墓在平山堂后，其师陈锡蕃画家在世时，尚能指出其地址，后渐湮没。

[Chen Congzhou: Note 13] According to my friend, Huang Hanhou (1902-1976), an ivory-carving specialist in Yangzhou, Shitao's tomb is found behind the Mountain-Level Hall. When Huang's teacher, the painter Chen Kanghou (1866-1937) , style name Xifan, was around, he could point out its location, but the tomb had since fallen into oblivion.

【从周案十四】1820年刊酿花使者纂著《花间笑语》谓：“片石山楼为廉使吴之黼字竹屏别业，山石乃牧山僧所位置，有听雨轩、瓶櫑斋、蝴蝶厅、海楼、水榭诸景，今废，只存听雨轩、水榭，为双槐茶园。”此说较迟，乃酿花使者小游扬州时所记，似为传闻之误。

[Chen Congzhou: Note 14] In Banters Amidst Flowers, a book published in 1820, the author Flower-Fermenting Envoy says, "The Mountain Loft of Small Rocks was the estate of the surveillance commissioner Wu Zhifu, style name Zhuping. The artificial mountain in it was arranged by Monk Mushan. The other sceneries in it, such as the Rain-Listening Verandah, the Chamber of Bottles and Winecups, the Butterfly Hall, the Oceanic Loft, and the Waterside Gazebo, have fallen into oblivion today. Only the Rain-Listening Verandah and the Waterside Gazebo are still there in the Twin Pagoda Trees Tea House." Since the author noted down this piece of information during a hasty visit to Yangzhou, it might be mere hearsay.

Qiao's Garden, Taizhou　泰州乔园

此处天王指佛教的护世四天王：东方持国天王持琵琶，南方增长天王持宝剑，西方广目天王右手捉龙、左手持塔，北方多闻天王左手持银鼠、右手持伞。寺庙里，天王殿在正殿即大雄宝殿之前。

The heavenly kings here refer to the four guardian gods who protect the four quarters of the universe: Dhrtarashtra holding a stringed instrument (east); Virudhaka holding a sword (south); Virupaksha holding a serpent and a stupa(west), and Vaishravana holding an umbrella and a mongoose (north). The Heavenly Kings' Hall is always situated in front of the main hall, or the Hall of Sakyamuni, in a temple.

蒋科，字士登，号瀛洲，泰州人士，隆庆二年（1568年）进士。

Jiang Ke (1533-1584), style name Shideng, sobriquet Yingzhou, a native of Taizhou and a successful candidate of the imperial examination in 1568.

同光是后唐年号。

Tongguang, a reign title (923-926) of the Later Tang (923-936).

嘉定桥与乐真桥相对而斜，状如八字，故名八字桥。

The Jiading Bridge and the Lezhen Bridge are characterized by the flare-wing abutments that resemble the Chinese character 八 on their bank piers, hence the name.

陈应芳，字元振，号兰台，宅园原属其祖陈鸢。万历年间，应芳将园并入宅中。

Chen Yingfang (1534-1601), style name Yuanzhen, sobriquet Lantai. The mansion used to belong to Chen Yuan, his grandfather. During the Wanli reign, Yingfang added the garden to the mansion.

陈应芳曾孙陈志纪上书触怒龙颜，刑部任职的田敬锡奉旨来抄陈家，并成为日涉园主人。

Chen Zhiji, a great-grandson of Chen Yingfang, greatly offended the emperor with his improper memorial. Tian Jingxi, then with the Ministry of Punishments, confiscated the Chens' property under orders and became the garden's owner afterwards.

吴文锡，号莲芬，其仪征故宅破败，故买下此园。经三月修整，园子焕然一新。

Wu Wenxi (1800-1870), sobriquet Lianfen, bought the garden after he found his house in Yizheng dilapidated. The garden took on a new look after three months' renovation.

乔松年，字健候，号鹤侪，儒商。乔居于高位，且距今最近，因此乔园之名留存至今。

Qiao Songnian (1815-1875), style name Jianhou, sobriquet Hechai, a scholar official and merchant in one. Due to his high rank and closeness to our time, the garden has been known as the Qiao's Garden ever since.

据《道光泰州志》记载，高凤翥，字象六，号果亭，泰州人士。高垂庆，字麓庵，凤翥曾孙。高家阔绰，苦心经营此园，终成十四景。

According to the Annals of Taizhou in the Daoguang Reign, Gao Fengzhu (1707-1771), style name Xiangliu, sobriquet Guoting, a native of Taizhou. Lu'an is the style name of Gao Chuiqing, Fengzhu's great grandson. The well-off Gaos took great pains in planning and improving the garden, which culminated in the fourteen sights.

周庠，字西苓，书画家，嘉庆十五年（1810年）举人。东台人士，距泰州较近。

Zhou Xiang, style name Xiling, a provincial graduate in 1810 and a painter and calligrapher of his time in nearby Dongtai.

堂名源于王维诗：万壑树参天，千山响杜鹃。

The name derives from a line of Wang Wei's poem, "Trees reach out to the sky in ten thousand valleys, / Cuckoos cry in a thousand mountains."

堂下原有一井，故名。

There used to be a well below the hall, hence the name.

阁下原有一松，故名。

There used to be a towering pine below the belvedere.

此屋在竹林中部，将竹林一分为二。

Located in the center of the bamboo forest, this cottage divides the forest in two.

亭旁树上原有一鸟巢。梅兰芳大师祖籍泰州，1956年返乡祭祖、演出，下榻因巢亭。

There used to be a nest on the tree beside the pavilion. Mei Lanfang, a native of Taizhou, stayed here in the spring of 1956 when he came back for an ancestral sacrifice and a special performance.

此处“午”通“抚”，是主人抚琴处。

The character 午 here is interchangeable with 抚. This was where the master played his zither.

堂名源自老莱子，楚国隐士，行年七十，常著五色斑斓之衣，为婴儿戏于亲侧。陈应芳希望陈家人都能高寿。实际上，陈家是个长寿家族，曾祖陈佐为百岁翁，祖父陈鸢年九十八岁，兄应旂年九十六岁。

The name derives from Lao Laizi, a hermit of the Kingdom of Chu in his seventies who himself in patterned clothes entertained his parents with children's games. Chen Yingfang cherishes the hope that his family could enjoy the blessing of longevity. Actually, the Chens have produced quite a few centenarians or the like over the years. For example, Chen Zuo, Yingfang's great grandfather, lived over one hundred years; Chen Yuan, his grandfather, died at 98 and Chen Yingqi, Yingfang's brother, at 96.

舫上一联曰文思如潮堪折桂。桂花在古代象征着科举高中。

A line of the couplet flanking the boat reads: He is endowed with so many literary inspirations in writing that he can reap the osmanthuses. The osmanthus is a symbol of the championship in imperial examinations in ancient China.

A Note on Rebuilding Water-Inked Garden 重修水绘园记

冒襄，字辟疆，号巢民，如皋人，明清之际文学家。少有文名，然科场失意，后参加复社这个青年士子兴复古学、反对清朝的文学、政治团体。毛主席说他“具有民族气节……隐居山林，不仕清朝”。

Mao Xiang (1611-1693), style name Pijiang, sobriquet Chaomin (Den Dweller), a native of Rugao and a man of letters in the Ming-Qing transition. A total failure at the imperial examinations despite his high literary reputation since his teens, he joined the Rejuvenation Society, a literary and political organization of young intellectuals aimed at the revival of traditional learning and resistance against the newly-established Qing government. As Chairman Mao remarked, Mao Xiang was a man of real integrity because he, as a diehard of the Ming, refused to assume offices in the Qing and chose to live in seclusion.

水绘园实为冒一贯在万历年间筑成；辟疆是一贯的四世孙，邀请名家张涟对园子进行扩建，并臻于完善。一时名流云集，在园内吟诗唱和。其挚友杜爽有诗曰：大地绘草木，天汉绘文章，雄赋绘扬马，丽翰绘钟王，此庵胡奇绝，乃绘明月光。

As a matter of fact, this garden was built by Mao Yiguan during the Wanli reign of the Ming, but it was his fourth-generation grandson, Mao Xiang, who had it expanded and brought to excellence by Zhang Lian, the famous garden crafter. Since then the garden was thronged with men of letters who came to compose and recite poems. Du Shuang, one of Mao Xiang's best friends, remarked, "The earth is painted by grass and woods, the Milky Way by patterns and figures. Yang Xiong and Sima Xiangru compose rhapsodies; Zhong Yao and Wang Xizhi wield brushes. Why this place is so bewitchingly exotic? Because it is an ideal site to paint under bright moonlight."

董白，字小宛，秦淮名妓。嫁入冒家，与上下相处融洽，帮忙料理家务，陪辟疆游于诗画。清兵南下，合家逃难，备受艰辛。辟疆身染重疾，小宛昼夜随侍，半年时日下来，身体不堪一击。

Dong Bai (1624-1651), style name Xiaowan, a renowned courtesan on the Qinhuai River before she was finally married to Mao Xiang. Well received by the whole family, she helped attend to household affairs besides keeping company with her husband in literary pursuits. The family endured great hardships when taking refuge in other places when the Qing troops stormed down to the south. Her health completely broke down after her painstaking care of the seriously sick Mao Xiang in half a year.

冒孝鲁，字景璠，冒广生三子。精通俄语、英语、法语等外语，曾任驻苏大使颜惠庆的一等秘书，后在复旦大学、安徽大学教授外语。徐悲鸿、梅兰芳分别于1934年、1935年去苏联进行文化交流，冒效鲁全程陪同翻译。

Mao Xiaolu (1909-1988), style name Jingfan, the third son of Mao Guangsheng. Well-versed in Russian, English, French and other foreign languages, he was First Secretary to Yan Huiqing, the then Ambassador to the Soviet Union, and then professor in Fudan and Anhui Universities. He served as interpreter and translator to Xu Beihong and Mei Lanfang when they went on their cultural exchange tours in the Soviet Union in 1934 and 1935 respectively.

冒广生，字鹤亭，著名学者。冒家书香门第，其为官一方，便搜集当地文献刻印集子，保存了地方文献。共和国元首对其礼敬有加，建国初期重大事情上多次征集他的意见。

Mao Guangsheng (1873-1959), style name Heting, an erudite scholar among his other achievements. Brought up in the literary Mao family, he reserved local archives in his capacities of scholar-officials in different places. The leadership of the People's Republic held him in respect and solicited his advice on matters of importance in the beginning years of the country.

陈从周二十二岁那年与老师夏承焘拜谒了冒广生。

Chen Congzhou joined his teacher Xia Chengtao to visit Mao Guangsheng in Shanghai when he was twenty-two.

Gratification Garden, Inner Garden, Shanghai　上海的豫园与内园

潘允端，上海人，嘉靖年间任四川布政使。嘉靖三十八年（1559年）开始修建豫园，万历五年（1577年）解职回乡，扩大园林规模以奉养老亲。豫园当时占地70亩，曾为江南园林之冠。

Pan Yunduan (1526-1601), a native of Shanghai and provincial administrative commissioner of Sichuan during the Jiajing reign of the Ming. He began building the garden in 1559; when he was discharged from his officialdom in 1577, he returned to Shanghai and expanded the garden to what was known as the Gratification Garden to take care of his aging father. The 70-mu garden was one of the best traditional gardens in the Jiangnan area.

张南阳，号卧石生，明朝画家、造园家。南阳晚年三大杰作：潘允端豫园、陈所蕴日涉园及王世贞弇山园。

Zhang Nanyang (1517-1596), sobriquet Hermit Reclining on a Stone, a Mingdynasty painter turned garden-maker whose masterpieces were found in Pan Yunduan's Gratification Garden, Chen Suoyun's Garden for Daily Saunters and Wang Shizhen's Yanshan Garden.

祝允明，因骈枝号枝山。擅诗，工草书，与文征明、唐寅、徐祯卿并称江南四大才子。

Zhu Yunming (1460-1526), sobriquet Zhishan for the extra finger growing on his hand. Well-versed in poetry and deft in cursive-script calligraphy, he was one of the Four Talented Scholars of Central Suzhou together with Wen Zhengming(1470-1559), Tang Yin (1470-1523) and Xu Zhenqing (1479-1511).

【从周案十五】在1958年的兴修中，玉玲珑湖石及九狮亭、得月楼等皆复原，并在中部开凿了大池。

[Chen Congzhou: Note 15] The Exquisite Jade Boulder, the Nine Lions Pavilion and the Moon-Bestowed Loft were restored, with a big pond dug in the center of the garden in a 1958 refurbishment project.

Shen's Garden, Vernal Waves Bridge, Shaoxing　绍兴的沈园与春波桥

禹迹寺，在绍兴城东南四里。大禹（夏朝第一位君主）治水有功，遂建寺祭之。东晋郭姓将军建寺，至今约1600年。

The temple, located two kilometers southeast of Shaoxing, is devoted to King Yu (or the Great Yu, the King of Xia, the first Chinese dynasty from the 22nd to 16th centuries BC) for his extraordinary flood control feats. Built by a general surnamed Guo in 416 in the Eastern Jin, the temple has been around for about 1,600 years.

【从周案十六】绍兴同样尚有一座春波桥在城外。宝庆《会稽志》云：“在会稽县东南五里，千秋鸿禧观前，贺知章诗云：‘离别家乡岁月多，近来人事半消磨，唯有门前鉴湖水，春风不改旧时波。’故取此桥名。”现在沈园前的春波桥，正对禹迹寺，嘉泰《会稽志》及乾隆《绍兴府志》均名禹迹寺桥，清光绪时重修，改名为春波桥。

[Chen Congzhou: Note 16] There is another Vernal Waves Bridge in the suburbs of Shaoxing. The Gazetteer of Kuaiji County of the Baoqing reign (1225-1227) says that it is situated "five li to the southeast of the county seat of Kuaiji, and in the front of the Taoist Temple of Immortal Well-being." As He Zhizhang (659-744), a poet of the Tang and a native of Shaoxing, says in his poem, "Upon Returning Home," "Being absent from my hometown for so long, / I learn recently old folk's been half out-worn. / Yet before my door the Mirror Lake retains its way, / Whose waves changed not, even under spring wind's sway." From these lines comes the bridge's current name. The Vernal Waves Bridge in front of the Shen's Garden sits opposite the Temple of King Yu's Footprints. Hence the bridge's original name, "Bridge of the Temple of King Yu's Footprints," which appears in the Gazetteer of Kuaiji County of the Jiatai reign (1201-1204) of the Song and the Gazetteer of Shaoxing Prefecture of the Qianlong reign of the Qing. It was not until the bridge was rebuilt during the Guangxu reign of the Qing that it was given its present name.

陆游，号放翁，南宋史学家、散文家、诗人，作诗万首，著文许多。诗尤为多产，简易晓畅，关切实际。

Lu You (1125-1210), sobriquet Fangweng (Old Man Set Free), a great historian, prose writer and poet of the Southern Song (1127-1279) noted for his production of ten thousand poems as well as numerous prose pieces. Primarily a prolific poet, Lu gained renown for his simple, direct expression and for his attention to realistic details.

唐婉未能给陆氏传宗接代，兼与陆游夫妻恩爱恐会阻碍仕途，故陆母大怒。

The mother's wrath stemmed, among other things, from Tang Wan's failure to bear a son for the family and the fear that her intimacy with Lu You was getting in the way of his pursuit of officialdom. The causes of the divorce remain in dispute.

红酥手，或曰为红色手形面点，或曰为红焖猪蹄。无论如何，这句都表达了陆游对前妻无法克制的爱和对劳燕分飞的悔恨。

The term hongsushou may be interpreted as a tasty food in red color, either handshaped pastry or braised pork trotters. In either way, the line expresses Lu's insuppressible love for his ex-wife and his remorse for the divorce.

此处指潘岳，曾任西晋河阳县令，作《悼亡诗三首》哀悼亡妻。

This refers to Pan Yue (247-300), who once served as the Heyang Magistrate in the Western Jin. Pan composed the "Three Poems in Dirge" in memory of his belated wife.

中国古典文学中，常以此喻指美人走路神态貌似惊鸿，文人骚客认为美女体态轻盈，会令大雁自惭形秽飞走。典出曹植《洛神赋》。

In traditional Chinese literature, this metaphor is repeatedly used to stand for a lady who walks with the grace of "a startled swan," since scholars believe that such a light-footed beauty would shame wild geese into fleeing. The term originally appeared in "A Rhapsody for the Goddess of Luohe River" by Cao Zhi (192-232), a poet of the Three Kingdoms period.

West Lake Gardens, Hangzhou　西湖园林风格漫谈

汪为霖，号春田，清中期书画家、造园家。其《小山泉阁诗存》，集诗近千首，共八卷。晚年，雇戈裕良为其在江苏如皋建文园。

Wang Weilin (1763-1822), sobriquet Chuntian, a calligrapher, painter and landscape gardener of the mid-Qing, renowned for his A Repository of Verse of the Small Mountain Fountainhead Belvedere, an eight-volume collection of close to a thousand poems written by him. In his late years he employed the most famous artificial mountain builder Ge Yuliang (1764-1830) and paid him generously to refurbish the Literary Garden in his hometown Rugao in Jiangsu province.

传说，湖底有头金牛，故西湖亦名金牛湖。湖水干涸，则金牛吐水，把湖填满。金牛所现之处即为涌金门。

Legend has it that a gold bull habitats at the bottom of the lake, so the West Lake is also known as the Gold Bull Lake. Whenever the lake runs dry, the bull will fill it up by pouring water out from its mouth. The Gold-Revealing Gate is where the bull is revealed.

王勃，《滕王阁序》：四美具，二难并。四美指“良辰、美景、赏心、乐事”，二难指“贤主、嘉宾”。

The "four elements" refer to beautiful day, beautiful scenery, joyfulness, and happy event, which are hard to come by all at once along with the "two difficult components" (an esteemed host and a horde of graceful guests), but which were all available at a banquet held at the Prince Teng's Pavilion. Wang Bo (c. 650-c. 676), "A Tribute to Prince Teng's Pavilion": "Both the 'four beautiful elements' and the 'two most wanted components' are available today."

据《淳祐临安志》载，旧有郡人雷就筑庵所居，故名雷峰。

According to the Annals of Lin'an in the Chunyou Reign, a native of Lin'an known as Lei Jiu once inhabited in a hut on the peak, hence the name, Lei's Peak.

韬光，诗僧，唐长庆间自蜀至钱塘，行前其师嘱曰，“遇天可前，逢巢则止。”游至巢枸坞时，正值白居易（字乐天）任杭州刺史，遂止，于灵隐山西北筑寺，与白交游。寺中有观海亭，是山中观海佳处。

Taoguang (fl. 9th century), a monk poet who traveled from Sichuan to Hangzhou during the Changqing reign (821-824) of the Tang. It was said when Taoguang arrived in Hangzhou, he found himself at a col with a bird-nest amid twisted trees, where he chanced upon a man whose sobriquet was "Happy Man from Heavens," who turned out to be the great poet Bai Juyi. The place and the man reminded him of his mentor's advice before his departure, "Go ahead when you reach the heavens, and stop right away when you come across a bird's nest." Thus he built a temple northwest of the Soul's Retreat Mountain, settled down in it, and made friends with Bai. The temple has long been famous for its Sea-Watching Pavilion, where is the best place to watch the sea in the mountain.

传说，南宋年间，西湖西有官家酿酒作坊，取金沙涧溪水造曲酒。夏日荷花盛开，荷香酒香沁人心脾，遂有此景。

It is said that in the Southern Song, an official winery west of the West Lake was making wine with water from the nearby Golden Sand Creek, so that when lotuses in the lake bloomed in summer, the air would become heady with a mixture of the aromas of flowers and wine. Hence the name of the scenery.

Slender West Lake, Yangzhou　瘦西湖漫谈

王士祯，号渔洋山人，曾任扬州府推官、左都御史、刑部尚书，颇有政声。清初著名诗人，一生著述500余种，诗作4000余首。《渔阳古诗选》三十二卷，几乎囊括自汉至五代以来约150位诗人所有著名的五言及七言诗。康熙三年上巳节主持虹桥修禊，流芳中国文学史。此处所引是其《冶春绝句》的最后一句。

Wang Shizhen (1634-1711), sobriquet Hermit from Yuyang, was a successful official who held a series of important positions, including chief justice of Yangzhou, president of the Censorate, and minister of punishments of the early Qing. But he is better known as a preeminent early-Qing poet who authored over 500 literary works and 4,000 and more poems. The Selected Ancient Poems of Yuyang of 32 volumes contains virtually all the renowned five- and seven-character poems by 150 or so poets from the Han (206 BC-220 AD) to the Five Dynasties (907-960). The spring outing at Rainbow Bridge he hosted on the third day of the third lunar month of 1664 has come down in Chinese literary history as a legendary event. What is quoted here are the concluding lines of his classic "Spring Outing Quatrain."

South-and-North Lakes, Haiyan　南北湖

20世纪80年代，南北湖生态环境遭受严重破坏。这里大肆炸山砍树，滥采石材木料，连山鸟野禽也多遭捕杀。陈从周听闻后，在《人民日报》《解放日报》《新民晚报》上，呼吁拯救南北湖，还奔波于杭嘉湖一些领导机关，陈述保护南北湖之必要。后来，陈从周直接上书江泽民，言“浙江海盐南北湖为有名风景区，自从周呼吁后略有好转，但地方破坏风景太甚，民情愤怒，附上《中国环境报》印件一张，公可抽空一阅，给浙江省与海盐一批示，望还我自然，珍惜风景，以公之威望，必能救大好河山也……敬恳泽公开恩，救救南北湖！”1991年3月，主席批转省长阅。随后，文件从省里传达到地方，立即停止炸山捕鸟，南北湖终于得救。可以说没有陈从周，就没有今天风光秀美的南北湖。陈从周虽不是海盐人，却在前前后后近三十年的时间里，为南北湖奔走呼号。为纪念陈从周教授，海盐人在南北湖建造了陈从周艺术馆。

In the 1980s, the South-and–North Lakes suffered serious environmental woes in the aftermath of rampant detonation of mountains, quarrying, denudation of woods, and bird hunting. Upon hearing the bad news, Chen Congzhou appealed for rescue efforts through newspapers such as the People's Daily, the Jiefang Daily and the Xinmin Evening News, and lobbied local governments for preservation of this scenic resort. When the situation came to a head in January 1991, he wrote directly to President Jiang Zemin, in which he said, "The South-and-North Lakes in Haiyan, Zhejiang is a celebrated scenic zone, but it is being gravely damaged in spite of slight improvements since my appeal for its protection, which has roused mounting public indignation. Please find attached a print copy of the China Environment News for Your Excellency to get around to having a look. I sincerely hope that you issue an instruction to the local governments of Zhejiang and Haiyan to ask them to cherish the scenery and bring the Mother Nature back. I believe, with the high prestige of Your Excellency, this fascinating place will surely have its day… Show some mercy, Your Beneficent Excellency, and do something to save the South-and-North Lakes!" In March, 1991, an urgent instruction from the president was delivered to the Provincial Governor of Zhejiang and relayed to the local government of Haiyan county, calling for an immediate end to mountain detonation and bird killing. The South-and-North Lakes were finally rescued. It is fair to say that the fascinating South-and-North Lakes would have been no more without Chen Congzhou's three-decade efforts for its protection and reservation. For this reason an art museum in commemoration of him was built on the spot in 1998.

南北湖，因湖中有堤将湖分为南北两半而得名。堤阔10米，长500米，乃清康熙、乾隆年间海盐知县张素仁、鲍鸣凤两次竣湖时修筑而成。

Ten meters wide and five hundred meters long, the dyke runs across the lake and divides it in two. Hence its name. The dyke was built for water dredging purposes, first by Magistrate Zhang Suren in 1672, the 11th year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing, and then by Magistrate Bao Mingfeng in 1770, the 35th year of the Qianlong reign.

落雁指落雁轩，垂虹指垂虹桥。

The wild goose here refers to the Wild Goose Verandah, and the sinking rainbow stands for a bridge with the same name.

藏书家蒋光堉为避战乱，将海宁老家藏书转至海盐西涧草堂。陈从周先生夫人蒋定，亦是海宁蒋家后人。

The hut used to be a library of the book collector Jiang Guangyu (1825-1895), who moved his collections from his native Haining to this hut in Haiyan to avoid the chaos of war. Jiang Ding (1918-1986), Mr. Chen Congzhou's wife, was a descendant of the Jiangs in Haining, with her tomb built by the side of the South-and-North Lakes.

顾况，唐代海盐诗人，生前常来此赏景。

Gu Kuang (c. 730-806), a famous Tang-dynasty poet born in Haiyan, who often came here to admire the scenery during his lifetime.

据《澉水志》记载：上有谭仙庙，相传为南唐道家谭峭炼丹得道之处。

According to the Gazetteer of Ganshui County, there used to be a temple in memory of Tan Qiao (860/873-968/976), a famed Taoist alchemist of the Tang dynasty, who made pills of immortality and attained the Way.

北京八达岭是明长城中保存最好的一段。

The Badaling Fort in Beijing is situated on the best preserved section of the Ming-dynasty Great Wall.

明嘉靖三十二年（1553年），海宁卫指挥徐行健率军出谈仙岭，追歼倭寇，大张国威。三年后一役，寡不敌众，死于阵前。

Xu Xingjian (?-1556), a subordinate of Qi Jiguang and a Haining county garrison commander, headed his legions out of the Celestial Tan's Mountain, and pursued and wiped out Japanese pirates, greatly enhancing national prestige in 1553. He died a heroic death in a hopelessly out-numbered fight against the Japanese invaders three years later.

云岫庵建于北宋建隆年间，坐落于鹰窠顶山腰，内供观音菩萨。庵名源自陶渊明《归去来辞》中的“云无心以出岫，鸟倦飞而知返”。

Built in the early Jianlong reign (960-963) of the Northern Song, and situated 150 meters above sea level on the slope of the Eagle Nest Peak, this nunnery enshrines Bodhisatva Avalokitesvara. Its name is derived from Tao Yuanming's "Homecoming Rhapsody": Free from care, clouds surge from behind the peaks; / Tired of flying, birds know it's time to go home.

传说，普陀山香火旺盛，观音菩萨劳累异常。她依计晚上跨海来此休息。可后来走漏了风声，善男信女遂夜里到庵里来烧香拜佛。故名。

Legend has it that Bodhisatva Avalokitesvara, much fatigued from receiving hordes of worshippers to her mythical domain at Mount Potalaka, she decided to retire across the sea to the Cloud-Enshrouded Nunnery for a good rest every night. But the secret was divulged in due time, so devout believers made their nightly pilgrimages to the nunnery. Hence the name.

Notes on Prince Gong's Mansion　恭王府小记

何其芳，现代诗人、散文家、文学评论家、红学家。初为新月社诗人，后来成为马克思主义文学理论家，是新中国文学研究的领军人物，为祖国的文学艺术事业做出巨大贡献。据说，恭王府就是《红楼梦》里的大观园，此说存疑。

He Qifang (1912-1977), a modern poet, prose writer, literary critic and Redologist. A Crescent Moon Society poet-turned-Marxist literary theoretician, he was a leading figure in New China's literary study, contributing tremendously to the country's literature and art. It is said that descriptions of the Grand View Garden, a major garden in A Dream of Red Mansions, was based on Prince Gong's Mansion, but such an opinion is still being questioned.

王昆仑，政治家、红学家。其《红楼梦人物论》是最早从历史唯物主义角度来研究《红楼梦》的一部专著，其昆剧《晴雯》（晴雯是小说《红楼梦》中的一个丫鬟）亦深得观众喜爱。1962年，王昆仑陪同周总理再次参观了恭王府。

Wang Kunlun (1902-1985), a political figure and a Redologist whose On the Figures in "A Dream of Red Mansions" was the first work on the novel from a historical materialist perspective and whose Kunqu Opera Qingwen (a maid in the novel) met with considerable acclaim. In 1962, Wang paid another visit to the Prince Gong's Mansion, accompanying Premier Zhou Enlai.

朱家溍，南宋理学家朱熹的25世孙。朱家书香门第，凭其对古籍碑帖的熟稔，故宫博物院成立初期即被聘为专门委员。朱老不仅是文物专家，还是清史专家、戏剧研究家。

Zhu Jiajin (1914-2003), the 25th generation grandson of Zhu Xi (1130-1200), a Neo-Confucianist of the Southern Song. Hailing from a scholastic family, he served as a professional committee member in the Palace Museum in its beginning years with his profound knowledge about ancient books and tablets and calligraphy models. A cultural relics expert, he was also a Qing history expert and opera researcher.

奥斯伍尔德·喜仁龙，瑞典艺术史家、汉学家，芬兰出生，主要研究18世纪的瑞典、文艺复兴时期的意大利及中国艺术史。中国专著不计其数，包括《中国园林》《中国和十八世纪的欧洲园林》《中国绘画：大师与准则》《北京的城墙与城门》等。《中国园林》一书由纽约的罗纳德出版公司于1949年出版，印刷精美，内有许多喜仁龙拍摄的珍贵图片。陈从周先生或许记错了出版地点。

Osvald Sirén (1879-1966), a Finnish-born, Sweden art historian whose forte was the art of 18th-century Sweden, Renaissance Italy, and China. A Sinologist known by his Chinese name, Xi Renlong, he wrote prolifically about China, and his major books in this field include Gardens of China, China and Gardens of Europe of the 18th Century, Chinese Painting: Leading Masters and Principles, and the Walls and Gates of Peking. The Gardens of China published by the Ronald Press, New York, in 1949, was beautifully printed, with many precious photos taken by Sirén. Mr. Chen Congzhou could have mistaken the place of publishing.

海子四周原有佛寺十座，故原名为“十刹海”，与“什刹海”读音相同。

The name used to be 十刹海, pronounced the same as 什刹海, for there used to be ten Buddhist temples around the lake.

和珅，号嘉乐堂，大学士、外交官、乾隆谗臣。乾隆帝年老昏聩，对其宠信有加，和珅借机垄断朝野、收受贿赂。嘉庆登基，没收和珅财产，故有“和珅跌倒，嘉庆吃饱”。和珅应为有记录的恭王府最早的主人。后来，园归乾隆之子庆禧王永璘。第三任主人恭王奕訢对园子加以整修扩建，恭王府之名延续至今。

Heshen (1750-1799), sobriquet Haller of Auspicious Joy, a Grand Secretary, diplomat and an infamous courtier whose influence with the aged Qianlong emperor allowed him to monopolize major governmental posts and accept bribes. When Emperor Jiaqing ascended the throne, his property was confiscated, hence the saying, "When Heshen stumbles, Jiaqing had eaten his fill." He was perhaps the earliest recorded owner of the estate. Later the garden came under Yonglin(1766-1820), Prince Qingxi, a son of Qianlong. The current name of the mansion derived from its third owner, Prince Gong, or Yixin (1833-1898), who refurbished and expanded it as it now stands.

锡晋斋的“晋”指晋朝陆机的《平复帖》。此帖为草隶体，共9行84字。陆机是三国西晋之交的著名文学家、文学评论家、书法家。

The "prized Jin calligraphy model" refers to the "Recover" Copy Model, featuring a cursive script of eighty-four Chinese characters in nine lines in the handwriting of Lu Ji (261-303), a renowned writer, literary critic, and calligrapher of the period that spanned the Three Kingdoms and the Western Jin.

原诗为“南归路极天连海，唯有相思明月同”。

The original poem goes as　南归路极天连海，唯有相思明月同.

传说此为《红楼梦》女主人公居处。

Legend has it that the lodge was where the heroine of the novel A Dream of Red Mansions lived.

传说此为《红楼梦》男主人公居处。

As the legend goes, the court was where the protagonist of the novel A Dream of Red Mansions lived.

实际上，嘉庆帝只赐给庆禧王半个和珅的宅子，因为和孝公主与其夫丰绅殷德居于另一半宅子中。公主殁于道光三年（1823年），宅子才完全归到庆禧王名下，可惜庆禧王已于三年前逝去。

As a matter of fact, only half of Heshen's mansion was given by Emperor Jiaqing to Prince Qingxi, because Princess Hexiao and her husband Fengshenyinde were living in the other half of it. It was not until the princess' death in 1823 that the whole estate came under the name of Prince Qingxi, who died three years earlier though.

单士元，文物专家，致力于文物研究和保护，为明清建筑、档案研究做出了突出贡献。其《恭王府沿革考略》（陈从周先生或许将名字简记为《恭王府考》）一文发表于1938年，当时，此园为辅仁大学校舍。

Shan Shiyuan (1907-1998), a cultural relics expert. Devoted to the research and protection of cultural relics, he did great contribution to the study of architecture and archives of the Ming and the Qing. Shan's article, "A Brief Review of the History of Prince Gong's Mansion" (Mr. Chen Congzhou, could have remembered the name of the article as "A Study of Prince Gong's Mansion" for short), was published in 1938 when the estate served as the schoolhouse of Fu Jen University.

纳兰明珠，康熙帝时的重臣。传说，其宅子的西花园即为《红楼梦》大观园的原型。其子纳兰性德，字容若，是个才华横溢的诗人。据说性德是《红楼梦》主角贾宝玉的原型。

Nalanmingzhu (1635-1708), one of the influential officials under the reign of Emperor Kangxi. It is said that the western garden in his mansion was the prototype of the Grand View Garden in Cao Xueqin's A Dream of Red Mansions. Mingzhu's son, Nalanxingde (1655-1685), style name, a talented poet, was said to be the prototype of Jia Baoyu, the protagonist of the novel.

俞铭衡，字平伯，现代诗人、文人、红学家，晚清著名学者俞樾曾孙。好昆曲，其妻许宝驯乃业余昆曲家。随昆曲大家吴梅、陈延甫拍曲。1934年仲夏夜，与陈在清华工字厅举行曲集，次年初春第二次雅集。

Yu Mingheng (1900-1990), style name Pingbo, a modern poet, man of letters and Redologist. A great-grandson of Yu Yue (1821-1907), a renowned scholar of the late Qing, he was also a Kunqu Opera enthusiast together with his wife, Xu Baoxun (1895-1982), a better opera amateur. He learned singing the opera from two masters, Wu Mei (1884-1939) and Chen Yanfu (fl. early 20th century). On a mid-summer night in 1934, Yu and Chen hosted a gathering of Kunqu Opera fans in the I-Shaped Parlor of Tsinghua University, which was followed by a second gathering in early spring the following year.

金山寺住持法海将其丈夫诱到寺内，白娘子为救夫君才水淹金山寺。

In order to save her husband, who was lured into the Golden Hill Temple by its abbot Dharma Sea, the White Maiden practiced witchcraft to flood the temple.

东汉末期三国鼎立，刘备为蜀国的开国之君。在孙权安排下，刘备娶了孙权妹妹。传说，刘备于甘露寺初见孙母，孙母满意异常，答应了女儿的婚事。这个传说虽不尽真实，却因《三国演义》和同名京剧而在民间广为流传。

Liu Bei (161-223), founder of the Shu Kingdom (221-263), one of the Three Kingdoms into which China was divided toward the end of the Eastern Han. Under Sun Quan's arrangement, Liu married Sun's sister. It is said that Liu first met Sun's mother in the Sweet Dew Temple. The old lady, feeling satisfied with Liu, agreed to her daughter's marriage. The story about the Temple, though not necessarily real, was widely known in the past, thanks partly to the influence of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and of a Peking opera (actually an act of the whole play) named after this Temple.

孙权，三国吴的开国君主。吴国位于华东南京附近，建于222年，亡于280年。吴国都城建业即今天的南京。孙吴蜀汉势不两立，孙权安排妹妹婚事应出于政治军事目的。

Sun Quan (182-252), the founding emperor of the Wu, one of the Three Kingdoms. His kingdom occupied the area in eastern China around Nanjing and lasted from 222 to 280. Its capital, Jianye, was in present-day Nanjing. Sun arranged his sister's marriage probably for political-military purposes because Sun and Liu were rivaling rulers.

Summer Palace, Beijing 颐和园

米万钟，号友石，明末画家、书法家、造园家。书画家米芾后裔，亦是北京海淀勺园主人，北京大学校园里的夕园亦为其所规划。

Mi Wanzhong (1570-1628), sobriquet Youshi (A Pal of Rocks), a painter and calligrapher, garden designer in the late Ming. A descendant of the reputed calligrapher and painter Mi Fu (1051-1107), he was the owner of the Ladle-ofWater Garden in Haidian district, Beijing. The Sunset Garden on the Peking University campus is also a famous example of the gardens he designed.

陶渊明，即陶潜，东晋末至南朝宋伟大的山水诗人。中国第一位田园诗人，被称为“古今隐逸诗人之宗”。

Tao Yuanming (c. 365-427), aka Tao Qian, a great landscape poet of the interregnum between the Eastern Jin and the Song of the Southern Dynasties. The first landscape poet China ever produced, he is considered the great master of recluse poetry past and present.

瓮山是燕山余脉，金海指山前的湖。乾隆帝为母做寿，将山改名“万寿山”，将湖改名“昆明湖”。

The "Jug Hill" is an extension of the Yanshan Mountain, and the "Gold Sea" refers to the lake in front of it. Emperor Qianlong renamed the hill "Longevity Hill" and the lake "Kunming Lake" to mark his mother's birthday.

Mountain Summer Resort, Chengde　避暑山庄

【从周案十七】《四库全书》是清代乾隆年间（公元1772—1782年）编的一部大型丛书，内容广泛，保存并整理了大量中国古籍文献。全书共收古籍3503种，79337卷。分经史子集四部，故名《四库全书》。

[Chen Congzhou: Note 17] The largest collection of books in Chinese history, the Complete Library of Four Branches of Books features 79,000 chapters in 36,000 volumes and was produced in seven manuscript copies between 1773 and 1782 by more than 3,800 scribes. The four branches are: warehouse, storehouse, treasury and repository, which are in correspondence to the imperial library divisions of "Classics" (Chinese classic texts), "Histories" (histories and geographies in Chinese history), "Masters" (philosophers, artists, and scientists in Chinese philosophy, and "Collections" (anthologies of Chinese literature). The collection stored in the Belvedere of Literary Way (built in 1774-1775) was completed in 1784 as the fourth copy, the best preserved of all the copies. It was transported back to Beijing and kept in the Capital Library in 1914; today, it is housed in the China National Library, Beijing.

On Gardens 1　说园

【从周案十八】此文系作者1978年春应上海植物园所请的讲话稿，经整理而成。

[Chen Congzhou: Note 18] This article is adapted from a speech delivered at the invitation of Shanghai Botanical Garden in 1978.

《论语·子路第十三》：朋友切切偲偲，兄弟怡怡。

The Analects (Book Thirteen): "Critical and exacting with regard to the conduct of his friends; indulgent towards his brothers."

【从周案十九】见刘蓉峰（恕）《寒碧山庄记》：“予因而葺之，拮据五年，粗有就绪。以其中多植白皮松，故名寒碧庄。罗致太湖石颇多，皆无甚奇，乃于虎阜之阴砂碛中获见一石笋，广不满二尺，长几二丈。询之土人，俗呼为斧擘石，盖川产也。不知何人辇至卧于此间，亦不知历几何年。予以百觚艘载归，峙于寒碧庄听雨楼之西。自下而窥，有干霄之势，因以为名。”此隶书石刻残碑，我于1975年12月发现，今存留园。

[Chen Congzhou: Note 19] Liu Shu (1759-1816), style name Rongfeng, "Notes on the Wintry Emerald Mountain Abode": "To restore [the Mountain Abode], I toiled for five years until everything fell roughly into place. As I had planted many lacebark pines on the premises, I named it 'Abode of Wintry Emerald.' I had also erected quite a few Lake Tai rocks there, but none of them looked interesting until I came across a stalagmite no more than two feet in girth and some seven yards in length in a pile of sand and gravel at the north of the Tiger Hill. A local man told me that it probably came from Sichuan and they called it 'Axe-wrought Stone,' but nobody knew when it was carted to the place and by whom. I had the stalagmite shipped with a boat one hundred gu [One gu equals three liters] in loading capacity and erected to the west of the Listening-to-Rain Loft at the Wintry Emerald Mountain Abode. When observed at its foot, it seems to be soaring into the skies. Hence its name." I found a fragment of this stalagmite inscribed in the official script, during a December 1975 visit, which can still be seen in the Lingering Garden today.

秦耀，明万历年间右副都御史、湖广巡抚，因诬陷获罪。获释回原籍无锡，继承曾叔祖秦金别业，秦金乃北宋秦观后人。他重整园林成二十景，并寄情其间。感于王羲之《答许椽》中“取欢仁智乐，寄畅山水阴”的旨趣，给园子起名寄畅园。

When Qin Yao (1544-1604) was released from prison after losing his positions as censor-in-chief and governor of the Hu-Guang region on false charges during the Wanli reign (1573-1620) of the Ming, he returned to Wuxi, his hometown, and settled down in a garden left behind by his paternal great granduncle Qin Jin (1467-1544), a descendent of the Northern Song poet Qin Guan (1049-1100). He rebuilt the garden and sought solace from the twenty new sights he had built into it. Inspired by the line, "I delight myself from the joy of benevolence and knowledge, and find solace in the coolness of mountain and water" in the sage calligrapher Wang Xizhi's poem, "In Reply to Xu Chuan," he gave the garden its present name, "Solace-Imbued Garden."

苏轼，《咏芍药》：多谢化工怜寂寞，尚留芍药殿春风。

Su Shi (1037-1101), "Ode to Herbaceous Peony": "Thanks to the Creator who, lest the goddess of spring feel lonely, leaves peony to bring up the rear of spring wind."

西泠饭店建于1962年，七层，西式风格。1985年并入香格里拉饭店，成为其东翼。

The Xiling Hotel is a seven-storied structure in Western style built in 1962, but its name has gradually fallen into oblivion after it was incorporated into the ShangriLa Hotel and renamed "Eastern Wing" in 1985.

园名来自蠡湖，蠡湖形状颇似一只蚌壳挖出的浅勺。明末，人们附会蠡园与范蠡有关。范蠡为春秋末期军事家，辅佐越王勾践灭吴后，与西施泛舟湖上。

The garden is named after the Ladle Lake, which takes the shape of a shallow ladle fashioned out of a freshwater clamshell. Toward the end of the Ming, the name was reinterpreted as "Memorial Garden of Fan Li" (536-448 BC), a celebrated strategist of the late Spring and Autumn period, who went boating on the lake with his sweetheart Xi Shi (fl. 5th century) after assisting Gou Jian (520-465 BC) in vanquishing the dukedom of Wu (c. 12th century-473 BC).

舜以天下让善卷，善卷曰：“余立于宇宙之中……日出而作，日入而息，逍遥于天地之间而心意自得。吾何以天下为哉！悲夫，子之不知余也！”遂不受。于是去而入深山，莫知其处。

Some 4,000 years ago, a poet by the name of Shan Juan turned down King Shun's offer of throne to become a hermit in this cave. Hence the name. Zhuangzi ("Giving Away a Throne"): "Shun tried to cede the empire to Shan Ch'uan but Shan Ch'uan said, "I stand in the midst of space and time…. When the sun comes up, I work; when the sun goes down, I rest. I wander free and easy between heaven and earth, and my mind has found all that it could wish for. What use would I have for the empire? What a pity that you don't understand me!" (Trans. by Lin Yutang) In the end he would not accept, but went away, entering deep into the mountains, and no one ever knew where he had gone.

On Gardens 2　续说园

郑广文即为郑虔，盛唐作家、画家。天宝九年，唐玄宗设立广文馆，郑任博士。

Academician Zheng is Zheng Qian (691-759), a prominent high-Tang writer and painter. In 750, Emperor Xuanzong established the Academy for the Extension of Literary Arts with Zheng as "Chief Academician."

江湜，字弢叔，苏州人，清末诗人、官员，其诗语言简洁，多理学思想，亦精书画素描。诗论与当时正统不符，诗作风格多样，自成一家。

Jiang Shi (1818-1866), style name Taoshu, a native of Suzhou and a poet-official of the late Qing known primarily for his use of simple language in the general context of Neo-Confucianism. He was also expert in calligraphy, line drawing and brush painting. His theoretical views on poetry did not conform to the orthodox of his time, and his varied poetic styles established him as a master of poetry in his own right.

东晋画家顾恺之尝为西晋裴楷画像，颊上添三毛。问之，答曰益觉有神。

When the legendary figure painter Gu Kaizhi (c. 344-406) of the Eastern Jin (317-420) did a portrait of Pei Kai (237-291), a prominent official of the Western Jin(266-316), he added three hairs to Pei's cheek. When asked why, Gu replied that the addition embodied exactly the man's ability and insight, and it was a lot better than without the three hairs.

张岱，号陶庵，明清之际散文家、史学家，亦通茶道。江苏绍兴人士，以《陶庵梦忆》《西湖梦寻》最为人知，文字清新活泼，形象生动。

Zhang Dai (1597-1689), sobriquet Taoan, a prose writer and historian who is also well-versed in tea ceremony in the Ming-Qing period. A native from Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, he is best known for the refreshingly lucid, lively and vivid writing style of his two essay collections, Dreamy Memories of Tao'an and Searching for the West Lake in Dreams.

龚自珍，浙江杭州人，清朝思想家、诗人、改良主义先驱。以《己亥杂诗》名世，述其仕途不顺之意。

Gong Zizhen (1792-1841), a native of Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, was a thinker, poet, and reformist of the Qing. He is most remembered for his Miscellaneous Poems Written in a Year of "Ji-hai," in which he vented his frustrations with officialdom.

徐凝，《忆扬州》：天下三分明月夜，二分无赖是扬州。

Xu Ning (fl. 9th century), "Remembering Yangzhou": "If the shiny moon's light is to be divided into three shares under heaven, Yangzhou won't be happy even if offered two thirds of it."

钟惺，字伯敬，明末散文家。万历四十七年，游友人许自昌的梅花墅，三年后撰成《梅花墅记》。

Zhong Xing (1574-1624), style name Bojing, a prose writer of the late Ming. He visited the Plum Flower Villa as a friend of its first owner Xu Zichang (1578-1623) in 1619 and wrote these notes three years later.

三吴指吴郡、吴兴、会稽三地，是一个地理统称，自晋以来沿用。今指代江南地区。

The "three former Wu counties," referring to the three former counties of Wujun, Wuxing and Kuaiji, is a collective geographic term handed down from the Jin(265-420). Nowadays it is a byname for the Jiangnan area.

甫里即今日苏州吴中区甪直镇。

Fuli is Luzhi in present-day Wuzhong district, Suzhou.

童寯，建筑学家、建筑教育家。对东西现代建筑颇有研究，吸收西方建筑理论和技巧，发展了中国建筑。20世纪30年代研究古典园林，写成《造园史纲》和《江南园林志》。

Tong Jun (1900-1983), an architect and educator in architecture. An accomplished researcher on contemporary architecture in the East and the West, he contributed a lot to developing Chinese architecture by drawing on Western architecture theories and techniques. His studies of traditional gardens in the 1930s culminated in two writings, An Outline of the History of Garden-Making and A Record of Jiangnan Gardens.

杨兆鲁，近园主人。园建成后，邀请画家恽格、王翚、笪重光等雅集园内。杨作《近园记》，王作《近园图》，恽书石，笪为之题跋。

Yang Zhaolu (fl. 17th century), the owner of the Approximate Garden. Upon completion of the garden, he invited calligraphers and painters for a gathering of forty or so days, which produced a record written by himself and inscribed in stone in the handwriting of Yun Ge (1633-1690), and a painting by Wang Hui(1632-1717), with a colophon by Da Chongguang (1623-1692).

梁思成，梁启超之子，建筑家、建筑教育家，中国营造学社创始人。营造学社对研究古代中国建筑作出重大贡献。与妻子林徽因参与设计了国徽和人民英雄纪念碑。伉俪二人保护古建筑，研究古代建筑，为人所敬仰。

Liang Sicheng (1901-1972), an architect and educator in architecture, one of the initiators of the Society for the Study of Chinese Architecture which did a considerable share in the studies of ancient Chinese architecture. A son of Liang Qichao (1873-1929), Sicheng was deeply involved in the designing of the emblem of China and the Monument to the People's Heroes together with his first wife Lin Huiyin (1904-1955). The couple are always remembered for their effort in the protection of ancient structures and their work in ancient Chinese architecture.

On Gardens 3　说园（三）

李商隐，字义山，晚唐诗人，擅长讽刺诗、幽默诗、情感诗，但部分诗歌以过于隐晦迷离，难于理解。

Li Shangyin (813-858), style name Yishan, a late-Tang poet who is remembered for his satirical, humorous or sentimental poems, which, however, are often too allusive and obscure to be understood.

四王指王时敏（四人中年最长、成就最高）、王鉴（清朝推翻明朝后，由官员转为书画家）、王原祁（王时敏之孙）、王翚（王鉴、王时敏之徒，吸收古画的画法、布局、色彩等终成清初画圣）。与四王迥异的是同时代的四僧：石涛、朱耷、髡残、弘仁。四僧重视对生活、自然的真实感受，强调独抒性灵。

This refers to the four painters surnamed Wang, namely Wang Shimin (1592-1680), the oldest and most accomplished of the four; Wang Jian (1598-1677), a lateMing official who became a calligrapher and painter after the Ming was toppled by the Qing; Wang Yuanqi (1642-1715), who was Wang Shimin's grandson; and Wang Hui (1632-1717), a disciple of Wang Jian and Wang Shimin who drew on the approaches, layouts and coloration of ancient paintings and eventually established himself as the "Sage Painter of the early Qing." Categorically different from the Four Wangs are their contemporary Four Monk Painters, Shitao, Zhu Da (c. 1626-1705), Kuncan (1612-1692) and Hongren (1610-1664), who advocated the painters' own feelings about life and nature with an unrestrained style.

晏殊，婉约派词人，北宋宰相。

Yan Shu (991-1055), a lyrical poet of the euphemistic and graceful school, and a high official who once served as a prime minister for a Northern Song emperor.

常建，盛唐诗人，诗作以田园风光主题为多。

Chang Jian (fl. 8th century), a poet of the high Tang whose main themes are rural sceneries and landscape.

马致远，元代著名戏曲家。因《天净沙·秋思》被称为秋思之祖。

Ma Zhiyuan (c. 1250-c. 1324), a renowned playwright of the Yuan whose poem "Autumn Nostalgia: To the tune of Heaven-Cleansed Sand" has established him as the "Father of Autumn Nostalgia."

叶梦珠，明代松江人，年十二往上海私塾就读，据其康熙二十七年《续编绥寇纪略》自序推知，康熙中叶尚在世。

Ye Mengzhu (1623-?), a native of Songjiang county who was educated during the Ming at age twelve in a private school in Shanghai and became an active writer who, judging from his 1688 preface to A Sequel to Brief Records of Pacification of Bandits, was still around during the mid-Kangxi reign.

恽格，字寿平，号南田，清初书画家，常州画派开山鼻祖。此段引自其《拙政园图》跋。

Yun Ge (1633-1690), style name Shouping, sobriquet Nantian, a calligrapher and painter of the early Qing and founder of the Changzhou school of painting. This passage is quoted from the colophon to his "Picture of the Humble Administrator's Garden."

《庄子·秋水》：庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上。庄子曰：“儵鱼出游从容，是鱼之乐也。”惠子曰：“子非鱼，安知鱼之乐？”庄子曰：“……我知之濠上也。”

Zhuangzi ("Autumn Floods"): Zhuangzi and Huizi were strolling along the dam of the Hao River when Zhuangzi said, "See how the minnows come out and dart around where they please! That's what fish really enjoy!" Huizi said, "You're not a fish—how do you know what fish enjoy?" Zhuangzi said, "… I know it by standing here beside the Hao."

贯休，俗名姜德隐，浙江兰溪人，唐末五代初期画僧。

Guanxiu (823-912) was the monastic name of Jiang Deyin, a native of present-day Lanxi, Zhejiang province, and a famous monk painter active during the late Tang and the early Five Dynasties.

On Gardens 4　说园（四）

钱澄之，号田间老人，明末爱国志士、文学家，诗文尤负重名。

Qian Chengzhi (1612-1693), sobriquet Farmfield Oldie, a patriotic fighter of the late Ming and an outstanding man of letters who had a major impact on Chinese poetry.

范允临，号长白，明代书画家，范仲淹17世孙，徐泰时（留园第一任园主）女婿。

Fan Yunlin (1558-1641), sobriquet Changbai, a calligrapher and painter of the Ming, the 17th-generation grandson of Fan Zhongyan (989-1052), and son-in-law of Xu Taishi (1540-1598), the first owner of the Lingering Garden.

毛奇龄，字大可，号西河先生（郡望西河），康熙十八年举博学鸿儒科，授翰林院检讨、国史馆纂修等职。所著《西河合集》分经集、史集、文集、杂著，共四百余卷。

Mao Qiling (1623-1716), style name Dake, style name Master of Xihe (for the Maos were a prominent family in Xihe), an economist who was appointed Erudite Literatus and Examining Editor of the Imperial Academy for the compilation of the Ming History in 1679, the 18th year of the Kangxi reign. The Collected Works of Xihe of over 400 volumes contains his writings on Confucian classics, history, prose, poetry, and many other fields.

店名来自南宋林升《题临安邸》诗句：山外青山楼外楼，西湖歌舞几时休。

The name of this restaurant is derived from the poem "Inscription on a Mansion in Lin'an" by Lin Sheng (fl. 12th century) of the Southern Song, "Mountain beyond mountain, loft beyond loft; / When could singing and dancing stop at West Lake?"

排云殿名字源自郭璞诗句：神仙排云山，但见金银台。

The name of this building, Palace of Immortals Lining Up in Clouds, is derived from the lines in a poem by Guo Pu (276-324), "As immortals line up in clouds that enshroud a mountain, all they could see are terraces of gold and silver."

王西野，系作者同济大学建筑系同事，对中国古典文学、美术史、古建筑及园林艺术均深具造诣，兼擅书画。

Wang Xiye (1914-1997), a colleague of the author in Architecture Department, Tongji University, was well versed in classical Chinese literature, fine arts history, classical architecture, calligraphy, painting and landscape gardening.

王珣，字元琳，东晋大臣、书法家，出身琅琊王氏，与王羲之同宗。工草书，其《伯远帖》为三希帖之一，历来为书家所重。其祠堂在苏州。

Wang Xun (350-401), style name Yuanlin, an Eastern-Jin official and calligrapher who hailed from a family of renowned calligraphers including Wang Xizhi (303-361). An expert in the cursive script, he was author of Letter to Boyuan Copy Model, one of the Three Rare Calligraphic Copy Models revered by calligraphers through the generations. The temple in honor of him is located in Suzhou.

汪琬，苏州人，清初学者、散文家。此诗提及两处苏州名胜：长洲苑、短簿祠。

Wang Wan (1624-1691), a native of Suzhou, a scholar and prose writer of the early Qing. He mentioned in this poem two places of historic interests, the Long Isle Garden and Short Magistrate's Temple.

陈鹏年，湖南湘潭人，进士出身，历任要职，卒于河道总督任上。

Chen Pengnian (1663-1723), a native of Xiangtan in Hunan, a scholar-official who was a metropolitan graduate of top-level imperial examinations, had served a series of government posts before he died in his tenure as Waterway Superintendent.

据传，吴王阖闾在此以三千宝剑殉葬。后世秦始皇、孙权等凿石求剑，遂成深池。

It is said that 3,000 swords were buried at the site as funerary objects for Helü(514-496 BC), a king of Wu. The pool was resulted from diggings by later rulers like Qinshihuang (259-210 BC) and Sun Quan (182-252 BC) in search of treasures here.

西施，本名施夷光，亦称西子，春秋末期绝代佳人。此处借指荷花。

Xi Shi (fl. 5th century BC), original name Shi Yiguang, also known as Xizi, was a stunning beauty who lived during the late Spring and Autumn period, but here her name is used as a figure of speech for lotus flowers.

光绪十年，凤六泗兵备道任兰生落职，归乡同里退思补过，建退思园。退思园为世界文化遗产。

After Ren Lansheng (1837-1888) was impeached and dismissed from his position as superintendent of the Military Defense Circuit of Fengyang, Liu'an and Sizhou Prefectures in 1879, the tenth year of the Guangxu reign, he returned to his hometown Tongli to reflect upon his errors, and named the garden he had built there Retreat and Reflection Garden, now a UNESCO Cultural Heritage Site.

许宗彦，号周生，好藏书，精天文历算。

Xu Zongyan (1768-1818), sobriquet Zhousheng, a book collector well versed in astronomy, calendric system and arithmetic.

齐鲁指今山东，地域大抵为先秦齐鲁两国所辖。公元前256年楚国灭鲁，公元前221年秦国灭齐。

Qi-Lu is a byname of present-day Shandong province, whose land largely belonged to the states of Qi and Lu in the pre-Qin period. The state of Lu was wiped out by the state of Chu in 256 BC, and the state of Qi met its demise at the hands of the state of Qin in 221 BC.

岩山东北一支，伸入江中，成一巨石，高36米。山石直立江上，三面临空，形似燕子展翅欲飞，故名燕子矶。

The northeastern end of the Limestone Hill stretches into the Yangtze, resulting in a boulder 36 meters tall that overlooks the river like a swallow to be on the wing. Hence the name, Swallow-Shaped Boulder.

阮元，清学者、文学家、思想家。疏浚西湖，淤泥筑成阮公墩。

Ruan Yuan (1764-1849), a scholar, man of letters and thinker of the Qing, bestowed upon posterity the "Ruan's Mound" made of the West Lake-bottom silt.

郁达夫，中国20世纪20年代著名短篇小说作家，创造社发起人之一，提倡现代文学。其首部短篇小说集，是中国现代文学史上第一部白话短篇小说集。

Yu Dafu (1896-1945), a popular short-story writer of the 1920s in China, a founding member of the Creation Society devoted to the promotion of modern literature, and author of modern China's first collection of vernacular short stories.

建康，今南京，孙吴、东晋、刘宋、萧齐、萧梁、陈朝六代京师之地。

Jiankang, present-day Nanjing, was the capital city of the Kingdom of Wu (222-280) of the Three Kingdoms period (220-280), the Eastern Jin (317-420), as well as the Song (420-479), Qi (479-502), Liang (502-557), and Chen (557-589) of the Southern Dynasties period (420-589).

韦庄，晚唐诗人，韦应物（盛唐田园诗人）四世孙。

Wei Zhuang (836-910), a poet of the late Tang and a fourth-generation grandson of Wei Yingwu (737-792), a pastoral and scenic poet of the high Tang.

蒲松龄，清代小说家，著有短篇小说集《聊斋志异》。

Pu Songling (1640-1715), a novelist of the Qing who authored the famous collection of short stories Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio.

王时敏曾任太常寺卿，此职原名奉常，故称其为奉常公。

Wang Shimin once served as a Chief Minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, originally known as Flagbearer, hence the address Respected Flagbearer.

五岳指东岳泰山（山东）、西岳华山（陕西）、南岳衡山（湖南）、北岳恒山（山西）、中岳嵩山（河南）。

The Five Holy Mountains are Mount Tai in Shandong province to the east; Mount Huashan in Shaanxi province to the west; Mount Hengshan in Hunan province to the south; Mount Hengshan in Shanxi province to the north; and Mount Songshan in Henan province in the center.

On Gardens 5　说园（五）

李思训，中唐山水画家，明代画家董其昌推其为山水画北宗之祖。其子昭道亦善丹青。父子并称大小李将军。

Li Sixun (651-716), a mid-Tang landscape painter whom the Ming painter Dong Qichang (1555-1636) lauded as the father of the Northern School of Chinese painting. His son Li Zhaodao (fl. 7th century) was another famous landscape painter. Father and son are popularly known together as Senior and Junior Generals Li.

左思，字太冲，西晋文学家。其《三都赋》，大家竞相传抄，一时洛阳纸贵。

Zuo Si (250-305), style name Taichong, a major prose-poet of the Western Jin (265-316), whose long work, "Three Capitals Rhapsody," was copied by so many people that paper fell into short supply in the capital city of Luoyang.

沈秉成，苏松太兵备道，光绪二年于一废园上建成此园，与第三任妻子严永华居此八载。沈曾给豫园点春堂题堂匾。

Shen Bingcheng (1823-1895), superintendent of the Suzhou-Songjiang Military Defense Circuit, built this garden on a deserted one in 1876, where he lived a hermit's life with his third wife Yan Yonghua for eight years. It is Shen who wrote the horizontal board of the Spring Adorning Hall in the Gratification Garden.

伊东忠太，日本建筑师、建筑史学家，日本20世纪初顶级建筑史和建筑理论家。常盘大定，研究中国佛教，1920年至逝世前，五次赴中国调查，著成《支那佛教史迹》《支那佛教史迹踏查记》。关野贞，建筑史学家，为中国建筑、文化遗产的分类和历史研究作出了贡献。

Itō Chūta (1867-1954), a Japanese architect, architectural historian, and critic who is recognized as the leading architect and architectural theorist of early 20thcentury imperial Japan; Tokiwa Daijō (1870-1945) devoted much of his life to the study of Chinese Buddhism, visited China five times between 1920 and his death, and authored Shina Bukkyō Shiseki (6 vols., 1925-1929) and Shina Bukkyō Shiseki Tōsaki (1938), among others; Sekino Tadashi (1868–1935) was an architectural historian, and one of the influential minds behind the classification and historical studies of Chinese architectural and cultural legacies.

Poetry, Prose, Craft of Gardens　中国诗文与中国园林艺术

汤显祖，明代戏曲家，以《紫钗记》《南柯记》《邯郸记》《牡丹亭》四剧闻名。

Tang Xianzu (1550-1616), a great playwright of the Ming who made a name for himself with a collection of four major dramas, The Story of the Purple Hairpin, A Dream under a Southern Bough, A Dream in Handan, and the all-time famous The Peony Pavilion.

此名源自韩愈《秋怀诗十一首》的第五首：归愚识夷涂，汲古得修绠。

This name is derived from the fifth poem of "Autumn Remembrances: Eleven Poems" by Han Yu (768-824): "Even a foolish man knows how to find the road home; one can always enrich his learning with literature the way he draws water from a deep well with a long rope."

作者原文作“怡园”，疑为纳兰明珠的“自怡园”。明珠是康熙帝的堂姑父，曾任大学士。

Chen Congzhou's original text put the name as 怡园, but it is supposed to be 自怡园 in Beijing, owned by Nalanmingzhu, an uncle of Kangxi and once a Grand Secretary of the emperor.

园子最初由曹雪芹祖父曹寅所建，曾是江南最大园林。康熙年间，第二任园主为织造，隋氏，改名隋园。后袁枚买下，易名随，取“适应”之意。

Originally built around 1706 by Cao Yin (1658-1712), Cao Xueqin's grandfather, the garden was for a time the largest in the Jiangnan area. By the Kangxi reign, its second owner, an imperial silk manufacturing superintendent surnamed Sui, renamed it "Sui's Garden." Yuan Mei, its third owner, changed its name with a homophone, sui, meaning "accommodation."

文震孟，文徴明曾孙，震亨之兄，万历四十八年在醉颖堂基础上构药圃。康熙十二年，园主姜实节更名艺圃。

On the premises of the Hall of Drunken Talent, Wen Zhenmeng (1574-1636), a great-grandson of Wen Zhengming and elder brother of Wen Zhenheng, built the Herbal Garden in 1620. It was not until 1673 that its owner Jiang Shijie (1647-1709) gave it the present name of the Garden of Cultivation.

俞振飞，20世纪上半叶最杰出的昆曲大师。古典文学修养极高，将京剧、昆曲精华熔于一炉，舞台表演儒雅、深邃、有活力。在业内以“儒雅表演”著称。

Yu Zhenfei (1902-1993), the best-known maestro of Kunqu Opera in the first half of the 20th century. Well accomplished in classic literature, he blended perfectly the quintessence of Peking Opera and Kunqu Opera and imbued his stage performances with cultural refinement, elegance, profundity and vigor. He was especially celebrated for his "scholarly theatric rendition" in the opera circle.

俞宗海，字粟庐，晚清金石学家、书法家、昆曲名家，俞振飞之父。光绪年间任张履谦家塾师达四十年之久。

Yu Zonghai (1847-1930), style name Sulu, an epigrapher, calligrapher and Kunqu Opera master of the late Qing and father of Yu Zhenfei. He was the private tutor for Zhang Lüqian's family for almost forty years during the Guangxu reign.

光绪三年，苏州盐商张履谦置产，日后成为拙政园西部。两年后，他邀请顾沄、陆廉夫、俞宗海等书画家、昆曲家谋划，根据文徴明所绘此园三十一幅图画及其《王氏拙政园记》对园子大加修葺，十年后得成补园。

In 1877, Zhang Lüqian (1838-1915), a salt merchant in Suzhou, bought the estate that was to become the western part of the Humble Administrator's Garden. Accepting suggestions of painters, calligraphers and Kunqu masters such as Gu Yun (1835-1896), Lu Lianfu (1851-1920) and Yu Zonghai, availing himself of the thirty-one pictures of the Humble Administrator's Garden done by Wen Zhengming and Wen's "Record of the Wang's Humble Administrator's Garden,”he refurbished the property on a large scale in 1879, and completed the Additional Garden a decade later.

吴文英，号梦窗，南宋末年词人。其《梦窗词》收词340首，数量仅次于辛弃疾的《稼轩长短句》（573首）。

Wu Wenying (c. 1200-1260), sobriquet Mengchuang, a lyical poet toward the end of the Southern Song. His Mengchuang's Lyrical Poems features more than 340 elegant lyrical poems, second only to Jiaxuan's Lyrical Poems, a collection of Xin Qiji's 573 lyrical poems.

Gardens and Landscape Painting　园林与山水画

王蒙，号黄鹤山樵，书画家赵孟 alt 外孙。元四家中属第二代，集诸家之长自创风格。倪瓒笔法疏简，王蒙则用墨稠密。

Wang Meng (1308-1385), sobriquet Woodcutter from Yellow Crane Mountain, a grandson of the great painter and calligrapher Zhao Mengfu (1254-1322). Though belonging in the second generation of the Big Four, he developed a personal style without so much as emulating ancient masters. Unlike Ni Zan's typically thin and spare strokes, his thick and dense brushwork is achieved through profuse use of ink.

李成，北宋初期画家，开创齐鲁画派，其独创的营丘（李成出生地，今山东青州）山水画法成为后世画家楷模。董源，南唐李璟时任北苑（今福建建瓯）副使，南派山水画开山鼻祖，与范宽、李成并称北宋三大家。黄公望，号大痴道人，元四家之一，作《富春山居图》。此画清初焚烧成两段，现一段藏台北，一段藏浙江。

Li Cheng (919-967), a painter living in the early years of the Northern Song, who founded the Qi-Lu school of Chinese painting. The techniques he invented for his paintings of the extensive and misty woodland of Yingqiu (his birthplace in present-day Qingzhou, Shandong) are still being emulated by landscape painters today. Dong Yuan (?-c. 962) once served as vice-commissioner of Beiyuan (presentday Jian'ou, Fujian province) under the reign of Li Jing (916-961) of the Southern Tang; as the father of the Southern school of Chinese landscape painting, he was celebrated as one of the Three Master Painters of the early Northern Song along with Fan Kuan (?-1031) and Li Cheng. The "Great Eccentric Taoist" is the sobriquet of Huang Gongwang (1269-1354), a famed painter and calligrapher among the Four Master Painters of the Yuan (1279-1368), and painter of Abode in the Fuchun Mountain, a precious painting that was burned in two in early Qing, with one section kept in Taibei and the other section in Zhejiang now.

Gardens and Kunqu Opera: Beauty's Tour de Force　园林美与昆曲美

朱自清，散文家、诗人、学者，新中国成立前民主主义战士。1927年于清华执教，作《荷塘月色》，遂成名篇。

Zhu Ziqing (1898-1948), an essayist, poet, scholar and staunch fighter for democracy in pre-1949 years who composed "Moonlight over the Lotus Pond,”one of his most famous essays, as a professor of Tsinghua in 1927.

梅兰芳，舞台表演艺术家、京剧大师、唱念做打绝佳。祖、父皆为京剧名家，主攻旦角，与荀慧生、尚小云、程砚秋合称四大名旦。表演风格独特，称为梅派。

Mei Lanfang (1894-1961), a theatrical performer, one of the most reputed Peking Opera artists and one of the greatest singer-actor-dancers in Chinese history. The son and grandson of noted opera singers, Mei played mostly female roles, becoming one of the Four Superstars in the Dan Role along with Xun Huisheng(1900-1968), Shang Xiaoyun (1900-1976) and Cheng Yanqiu (1904-1958). His distinctive style of performance won such acclaim over the years that it came to be known as the "Mei School."

Joy of Daily Rambling of Gardens　园日涉以成趣

黄至筠，亦名黄应泰，字个园，个园主人，淮东淮西商总。

Geyuan is the style name of the garden's owner, Huang Zhiyun (1770-1838), General Commercial Commissioner of East and West Huai Circuits during the Jiaqing reign of the Qing. He is also known by another name Huang Yingtai.

陈维崧，江苏宜兴人，举博学鸿词科，授官翰林院检讨。曾至扬州与王士祯等修禊红桥。

Chen Weisong (1625-1682), a native of Yixing, Jiangsu province, and a lyrical poet and parallel prose writer who became Erudite Literatus and Examining Editor of the Imperial Academy. He joined Wang Shizhen in one of the spring outings at Rainbow Bridge in Yangzhou.

古代帝王、诸侯举行典礼时手执之长方形玉牌，头三角形或圆形。

A jade tablet held by ancient emperors and ministers in ceremonial services, which is rectangular with a triangular or round top.

【从周案二十】太湖石产于中国江苏省太湖区域，是一种多孔而玲珑剔透的石头，多用以点缀庭院之用，是建造中国园林不可少的材料。

[Chen Congzhou: Note 20] Named after the Taihu Lake, Jiangsu province, where they are discovered, the Lake Tai stones are riddled with pores and holes and come in exquisite shapes and images through long years of washing and pounding by swift water currents. An indispensable decorative material in Chinese gardens, they are mostly used to grace courtyards and build dainty sceneries.

刘鹗，字铁云，清末实业家、教育家、小说家。联合国教科文组织认定其《老残游记》为世界文学名著。

Liu E (1857-1909), style name Tieyun, a businessman involved in education and novelist in the late Qing. His The Travels of Lao Can is designated by the UNESCO as a world classic of literature.

大明是宋孝武帝的年号，宋是南朝第一个朝代。

Daming is the title of the reign of Emperor Xiaowu (457-464) of the Song (420-479), the first of the four Southern Dynasties (420-589).

宣石产自安徽宣城、宁国山区，颜色以白为主，最适宜作表现雪景的假山或盆景石。

Produced in the mountains of Xuancheng and Ningguo counties in Anhui province, the Xuan stone is white in most cases, and makes choice material for the making of snow-crested artificial mountains or potted miniature landscapes.

View Borrowing in Garden Architecture　建筑中的“借景”问题

徐弘祖，号霞客，明代地理学家、旅行家。游历广泛，著有《徐霞客游记》，记载各地人情、地理、动植物等。

Xu Hongzu (1587-1641), sobriquet Xiake, a geographer and traveler of the Ming. He traveled extensively in the country and came up with Travel Notes of Xu Hongzu, documenting local cultures, topography, plants and animals, etc.

沈复，字三白，清代文人。林语堂称其妻陈芸为“中国文学史上最可爱的女人”。

Shen Fu (1763-1825), style name Sanbai, a man of letters in the Qing. Chen Yun, his wife, was considered the most lovely woman in Chinese literary history by the translator Lin Yutang (1895-1976).

厉鹗，号樊榭，清代诗人，浙江杭州人。著有《宋诗纪事》《辽史拾遗》，其《樊榭山房集》十诗九山水。

Li E (1692-1752), sobriquet Fanxie, a poet in the Qing and a native of Hangzhou, Zhejiang province. His most famous works are Accounts of Song Poems and Supplements to the Liao History, and scenic poems account for nine tenths of his Fanxie's Mountain Abode Collection.

元宗简（元八），唐朝诗人，与白居易结交二十年。传说，白居易与其邻居之前，作诗《欲与元八卜邻，先有是赠》，书写对结邻之后的美丽憧憬：明月好同三径夜，绿杨宜作两家春。

Legend has it that when Bai Juyi was to live next door to Yuan Zongjian (Yuan Eight), a pal of twenty years who was also a famed poet, he dreamed of their good days ahead in the poem "To Yuan Eight in Hope of Becoming His Neighbor," "The moon shall be as shiny as at my hermitage; the green willows shall bring vernal comfort to both families."

三海：指位于紫禁城和景山西边的北海、中海、南海，明清时称西苑。三海是国内现存历史悠久、规模宏大、布置精美的宫苑之一，总体布局继承了中国古代造园艺术的传统：水中布置岛屿，以桥堤同岸边相连，在岛上和沿岸布置建筑物和景点。

Three Seas, the Northern Sea, the Middle Sea and the Southern Sea located west of the Forbidden City and the Coal Hill, collectively known as the Western Garden in the Ming and the Qing. One of the oldest, largest and most splendid gardens extant in the country, the general layout of the garden conforms to the norm of traditional landscape gardening, that is, to lay islets in the water and scatter buildings and sceneries on the islets and banks which are connected by bridges and dykes.

袁中道，字小修，湖北公安人，明代文学家。与兄弟袁宗道、袁宏道并称公安三袁。其游记直接晓畅，日记体散文对后世文人有重大影响。

Yuan Zhongdao (1570-1626), style name Xiaoxiu, a literary figure of the Ming from Gong'an county, Hubei province. One of the Three Yuans of the Gong'an School of Literature with his two brothers, Yuan Zongdao (1560-1600) and Yuan Hongdao (1568-1610), he wrote direct and lucid travel notes and his diary-style essays have a major impact on poets and writers of later generations.

安徽宣城，古称宛陵，三国时亦名丹阳。东临苏浙，地近沪杭，为安徽之东南门户。

Wanling is the ancient name of Xuancheng, Anhui province, also known as Danyang during the Three Kingdoms period. Bordering Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces to the east, and in close proximity to Shanghai and Hangzhou, it is the gateway to southeast Anhui province.

六朝时（东吴、西晋、宋、齐、梁、陈）为帝王的游乐之地。出于帝都“四神布局”——东方青龙，西方白虎，南方朱雀，北方玄武——的需要，又由于宋元嘉年间湖中两次出现所谓的“黑龙”，湖名改为“玄武”。

A pleasure ground for feudal lords when Nanjing was the capital for the six dynasties—the Eastern Wu, the Western Jin, and the Song, Qi, Liang and Chen of the Southern Dynasties. The need to deploy the four gods of the four directions—Azure Dragon in the east, White Tiger in the west, Vermilion Bird in the south, and Black Tortoise-Snake in the north—in the capital city, coupled with the two appearances of the "Black Dragon" in the lake during the Yuanjia reign (307-453) of the Song, prompted the rulers to rename the lake after "Xuanwu," the Black Tortoise-Snake.

据说，吴越王钱俶为北宋皇帝诏入京中，为保其平安返回而建此塔。

It is said that the pagoda was built in hopes of the peaceful return of Qian Chu(929-988), the last king of the Wu-Yue Kingdom, from the capital when he was summoned there by the Northern Song emperor.

砖框实际上为椭圆形。

Actually this brick frame is oval.

姚鼐，安徽桐城人，散文家，与方苞、刘大櫆并称桐城三祖。

Yao Nai (1731-1815), a prose writer and a native of Tongcheng, Anhui province, who is one of the Three Patriarchs of the Tongcheng School of prose writing, the other two being Fang Bao (1668-1749) and Liu Dakui (1698-1780).

明代开国皇帝朱元璋与马皇后墓，名字源于皇后谥号“孝慈皇后”。

The name of the tomb of the founding emperor of the Ming, Zhu Yuanzhang, and Empress Ma (1331-1382), is derived from her posthumous name, "Empress of Filial Piety and Motherly Love."

注释 NOTES

注释　NOTES