Appendix Ⅰ Chinese Culture Words中国文化词汇
1．Adelis silk:the transliteration of the Uygur for Hetian silk，silk produced in Hetian，Xinjiang．It is noted for its vigorous ethnic color，unique rectangular patterns and other geometric figures．It is used for clothing of the Uygur minority and people in Mid Asia．爱的丽斯绸，维吾尔语对和田绸的音译，富有强烈的民族色彩，大多为矩形或其他几何图案，为维吾尔族及中亚一带民族服装和装饰用丝织物。
2．Baguwen:Eight-part essay，a literary composition prescribed for the imperial examinations in Ming and Qing Dynasties，knows for it rigidity of form and poverty of ideas．八股文是明清科举制度的一种考试文体，段落有严格的规定。形式呆板，内容空泛，束缚思想。
3．Dao(or Tao):the character Dao means“path”or“way”，but in Chinese religion and philosophy it has taken on more abstract meanings．Daoist thought focuses on“wuwei”(nonaction)，spontaneity，humanism，and emptiness．“道”在中国文化中带有浓厚的宗教、哲学意味。道家思想的核心在于无为、本真、人文和虚无。
4．Eight Banners:military administrative organizations of the Manchu nationality in the Qing Dynasty．The Eight Banners actually consisted of three ethnic components:the Manchu，the Han，and the Mongols．清代满族的军队组织和户口编制，以旗为号，分正黄、正白、正红、正蓝、镶黄、镶白、镶红、镶蓝。后又增建蒙古八旗和汉军八旗。
5．eight characters:in four pairs，indicating the year，month，day and hour of a person's birth，each pair consisting of one Heavenly Stem and one Earthly Branch，formerly used in fortunetelling．八字，根据生辰，以年月日时所得的天干、地支，其中每柱干支有两个字，四柱共计八字，用于算命。
6．Feng Shui:a kind of geomancy，which guided ancient Chinese people to choose sites to build cities，houses and burial grounds．Feng means wind and Shui means water，both of them are the main components of the geographical surroundings．The core of Feng Shui is earthly breath(Qi)．Ancient Chinese believed that Qi would disperse by wind and stop by water．It moves like wind but can eddy and stagnate．So the ideal site for building a city，a house，and a tomb must be able to gather the earthly breath of Qi．Chinese people also believed that Feng Shui can influence the fortune of the family and their descendants．“风水”是一种迷信，专为古代中国人建城、造房、修墓选址提供指导。Feng即wind(风)，Shui即water(水)。两者都是地理环境最重要的组成部分。风水的核心即气。古人相信风和水可以驱散或阻止“气”流。气流可以形成气旋，也可以停滞不动。因此，理想的建城、造房、修墓的地方应该是“气”汇集的地方。中国人相信风水影响家人及后代的财富和幸福。
7．“Five Elements”:some things are believed five basic elements consisting of the universe namely as metal，wood water，fire and earth．They produce each other and overcome eachother．“五行”指旧时中国人认为的金、木、水、火、土这五种构成宇宙的元素。它们彼此相生相克。
8．“Four Books and Five Classics”:“Four Books”refer to the Great Learning，the Doctrine of the Mean，the Analects of Confucius，and the Mencius．“Five Classics”are Classic of Changes，Classic of Poetry，Classic of History，Classic of Rites，and Spring and Autumn Annals．“四书”指《大学》《中庸》《论语》《孟子》。“五经”指《易》《诗》《书》《礼》《春秋》五种儒家经书。
9．kang:a heatable brick bed in the Chinese North region，especial rural areas．中国北方特别是农村用砖、坯等砌成的睡觉的台，下面有洞，连通烟囱，可以烧火取暖。
10．li:a Chinese unit of length equal to half a kilometer．1里合500米。
11．lusheng:a free reed mouth organ with five or six pipes，played by various ethnic groups in southwestern China，especially the Miao．芦笙，自由簧管气鸣乐器，管数不一，大小各异，传统芦笙以6管最为普遍。芦笙流行于中国西南地区少数民族，苗族是最擅长使用芦笙的民族之一。
12．main schools of Chinese martial arts:mainly there are the following schools of Chinese martial arts:Long Boxing，Taiji Boxing，South Boxing，Eight-Trigram Boxing，Form Boxing，Monkey Boxing，Wudang Boxing，Shaolin Boxing and E'mei Boxing，etc．中国武术有如下几种主要的流派:长拳、太极拳、南拳、八卦掌、形意拳、猴拳、武当派、少林派、峨眉派等。
13．meipo:any person(especially female)who functions as a go-between matchmaker or in the old days or whose main job is to connect two strange people together for the purpose of marriage．媒婆，旧时专门撮合婚事的人。
14．Records of the History:an overview of the history of China written by Sima Qian of Western Han Dynasty，covering more than three thousand years from the Yellow Emperor to Emperor Han Wudi．The work laid the foundation for later Chinese historiography．《史记》是中国历史上第一部纪传体通史，作者是西汉时期的司马迁。此书记事上起传说中的黄帝，下到汉武帝时期，前后跨越三千多年历史。
15．Shenyi:made of linen，a full-length，one-piece robe which links the Yi and Shang together to wrap up the body．It is cut separately，but sewn together．Shenyi was named because when worn the body is deeply wrapped up．深衣，白色麻布制，其特点为上衣和下裳相连，衣襟右掩，下摆不开衩，将衣襟接长，向后拥掩，垂及踝部。因其前后深长，故称深衣。
16．“silk road”(in German，“die Seidenstrasse”):a term was first used by a German geographer named Ferdinand von Richthofen in his book China published in 1877．It was widely accepted by Chinese and foreign historians．丝绸之路(德语:die Seidenstrasse)一词最早出自于德国地理学家费迪南·冯·李希霍芬于1877年出版的《中国》，简称为“丝路”。此后中外史学家都赞成此说，沿用至今。
17．the Four Treasures of the Study:the writing tools with Chinese characteristics．Also known as“the Scholar's Four Jewels”，namely the writing brush，ink-stick，paper and ink-slab，they got their names in the Northern and Southern dynasties(420-589)，referring only to the study of the literati．The Four Treasures，varied and colorful，are famous for their hubi (writing brush produced in Huzhou，Zhejiang Province)，huimo(ink-stick produced in Huizhou，Anhui Province)，xuanzhi(rice paper or xuan paper，made in Xuancheng，Anhui Province)，and duanyan(ink-slab made in Duanxi，Guangdong Province)．文房四宝是中国独具特色的文书工具。文房之名，始于南北朝时期(420年—589年)，专指文人书房而言，以笔、墨、纸、砚为文房中经常使用，故被人们誉为“文房四宝”。四宝品类繁多，丰富多彩，以湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚著称，至今仍享盛名。
18．the Keju Exam:an imperial examination system in ancient China，was the most important means of recruiting state officials in the large administration system of the Chinese imperial state．科举是古代中国一种考试制度，是封建王朝考选文武官吏后备人员的最重要手段。
19．the silk route by sea:waterways which provide easy means for distant transport from the shores of the Pacific to Africa and deep into the heart of Europe．海上丝绸之路，是指中国与世界其他地区之间海上交通的路线，即亚洲、非洲和欧洲之间的水上贸易。
20．Yangshao culture:a culture of the Neolithic period dating back to 5000 B．C．-3000 B．C．Relics of Yangshao culture，characterized by fine painted pottery，were first unearthed in Yangshao Village，Mianchi County，Henan Province，in 1921．仰韶文化，中国新石器时代以彩色陶器为代表的文化，公元前5000年到公元前3000年。1921年首次在河南渑池县仰韶村发现。
21．yu:an ancient Chinese wind instrument．竽是古代一种管乐器。
22．Yu Garden:Yu Garden was finished in 1577 by a government officer of the Ming Dynasty named Pan Yunduan．Yu in Chinese means pleasing and satisfying，and this garden was specially built for Pan's parents as a place for them to enjoy a tranquil and happy time in their old age．豫园是明朝官员潘允端于1577年修建的。豫园是取“愉悦双亲，颐养天年”之意，即“安逸、游乐”之意。
23．Zen:a form of Buddhism asserting that enlightenment comes from meditation and intuition，with less dependence upon the scriptures．禅宗，佛教的一个派别，强调默坐专念。
24．zhang:a Chinese unit of length，approximately equal to 3．33 meters．中国旧时长度单位，1丈约合3．33米。