Appendix Ⅱ Famous People in Chinese History中国历史名人
1．Lu Ban:a famous architect of ancient China．His real name was Gongshu Ban．Because he lived in the Lu Dukedom during the Spring and Autumn Period，he is referred to as Lu Ban．Chinese carpenters and bricklayers consider him as the first and greatest architect of China．鲁班，真名公输般，因是鲁国人，且“般”与“班”同音，故后世称他为鲁班。鲁班被视为技艺高超的工匠的化身，更被土木工匠尊为祖师。
2．Confucius(551 B．C．-478 B．C．):educator，great thinker，statesman and founder of Confucianism，was also one of the supremely great cultural giants in world history．He was listed in the first place among the world's ten greatest thinkers by The People's Almanac，which was published in America in 1984．His doctrines，being revered as a symbol of the civilization of the Far East，have had a great and far-reaching influence on China and the rest of the world．In 1988，the Nobel Prize winners made the assertion in Paris that if human beings want to survive the 21st century，they must look back 2，500 years and seek the wisdom of Confucius．孔子(公元前551年—公元前478年)是中国古代重要的教育家、思想家、政治家、儒教创始人，同时还是世界历史上最负盛名的文化巨人之一。1984年美国出版的《人民年鉴手册》把孔子列为世界十大思想家中的第一人。孔子的学说被推崇为东方文明的象征，对中国乃至世界影响深远。1988年全世界诺贝尔奖获得者在巴黎宣称:人类要在21世纪生存下去必须回首2 500年，从孔子那里吸取智慧。
3．Sun Wu(c．535 B．C-480 B．C．):courtesy name was Changqing，born at Le'an(now Huimin，Shandong Province)．Revered as“Sun Zi(or Sun Tzu)”，he was a well-known military strategist in late Spring and Autumn Period．Sun Wu's The Art of War，composed of 13 articles，was the first systematic book on military strategies and tactics in ancient China and one of the earliest works on military strategies and tactics in the world．孙武(约公元前535年—公元前480年)，字长卿，齐国乐安(今山东惠民)人，春秋末年著名军事学家，世称“孙子”。撰有《兵法》13篇，是中国古代第一部有系统的兵书，也是世界上最早的系统精辟论述战略战术问题的军事学著作。
4．Mencius(c．372 B．C．-289 B．C．):a great thinker of the mid-Warring States Period，was born at Zou(present Zoucheng，Shandong Province)．His given name was Ke and courtesy name Ziyu．He was a successor of Confucius and has been called the“Second Sage”after Confucius．Mencius'declaration of“if poor，one attends to his own virtue in solitude;if advanced to dignity，he makes the whole world virtuous as well”has become a standard of social conduct of Chinese scholars for thousands of years．孟子(约公元前372年—公元前289年)，名轲，字子舆，邹(今山东省邹城市)人，战国中期的思想家。他继承了孔子的学说，被后世尊称为“亚圣”。孟子“穷则独善其身，达则兼济天下”的主张成了后世中国文人立身处世的法则。
5．Qu Yuan(340 B．C．-278 B．C．):the first great patriotic poet in the history of Chinese literature．He composed 25 poems including Sorrow after Departure．Sorrow after Departure is Qu Yuan's classic work，which is also the earliest long lyric poem in China．The poem resolutely uncloaks the repulsiveness of the ruling class by deploying a series of metaphors，and at the same time portrays some upstanding models who adhere to justice，are unafraid of persecution and very devoted to their country and people．屈原(公元前340年—公元前278年)是中国文学史上第一位爱国诗人，他共创作了25首诗，包括最著名的《离骚》。《离骚》是屈原的代表作，是最早的一首抒情长诗。诗歌运用大量的比喻，揭露了统治阶级的腐朽罪恶，讴歌了坚持正义、热爱人民、热爱祖国的英雄人物。
6．Xun Zi(c．313 B．C．-238 B．C．):his given name was Kuang and courtesy name Qing．Born in the State of Zhao，he was a key figure in the Confucius school．Xun Zi，an epitome of his thoughts．A strong critic to Mencius'claim that human beings are good by nature，Xun Zi held that human beings are born evil but they are perfectible through education．荀子(约公元前313年—公元前238年)，名况，字卿，时人尊称为“荀卿”。赵国人，儒家代表人物之一。《荀子》一书是荀子思想的集中体现。荀子持“性恶论”，特别强调人后天的教化和学习，猛烈抨击孟子的“性善论”。
7．Lao Zi:a philosopher of ancient China and an important figure in Taoism(also called Daoism)．Lao Zi literally means“Old Master”and is generally considered an honorific．According to Chinese tradition，Lao Zi lived in the 6th century B．C．Many historians contend that Lao Zi actually Lived in the 4th century B．C．Lao Zi was credited with writing the central Daoist work Dao De Jing(also called Tao Te Ching)．Its influence on Chinese culture is pervasive，and it reaches beyond China．Next to the Bible，the Dao De Jing is the most translated work in world literature．老子是古代中国哲学家，道家的代表人物。从字面上讲，“老子”即“大师”，受到人们的尊敬。一般认为，老子生活在公元前6世纪，但有些历史学家认为他实际上生活在公元前4世纪。老子的经典著作是《道德经》。《道德经》对中国文化的影响极深，对世界文化也有深远的影响。它是除《圣经》之外，被翻译最多的文学作品。
8．LüBuwei:a big merchant in Spring and Autumn Period．He later became the Prime Minister of Qin．He called together his disciples to compile．The Annals of LüBuwei，which was composed of 160 essays．吕不韦，战国商人，曾为秦的相国。吕不韦集门人编写了《吕览》，即《吕氏春秋》，为杂家代表著作，收160篇。
9．Xiao He:statesman of Western Han．He was a key figure in Liu Bang's rise to power after the fall of the Qin Dynasty．He remained loyal to Liu Bang throughout his life and later became Prime Minister of the Han Dynasty．萧何，西汉初年政治家。秦末辅佐汉高祖刘邦起义。后刘邦称帝，以萧何为丞相。
10．Wang Zhaojun:born to a prominent family，she entered the harem of Emperor Yuan of Han Dynasty．During her time in the Lateral Courts，Wang was never visited by the emperor and remained as a palace lady-in-waiting．In 33 B．C．，Huhanxie，the then Chanyu(or Khan)of Hun，visited Chang'an on a homage trip，Emperor Yuan presented him five women from the imperial harem，one of them was Wang Zhaojun．Wang Zhaojun became a favorite of Huhanxie，giving birth to two sons．When her husband died，she was ordered to become the wife of the next Chanyu，the oldest son of her husband's．Her life became the story of“Zhaojun Departs the Frontier”．Peace was maintained for over 60 years between China and Hun．王昭君出身在一个显赫家庭，汉元帝时入宫。王昭君入宫数年，不得见御。公元前33年，匈奴呼韩邪单于来到长安和亲，元帝以五女赐之，其中一位就是王昭君。王昭君最受呼韩邪单于的宠爱，为他生了两个儿子。单于死后，她又依当地风俗嫁给了下一任单于。这就是“昭君出塞”的故事，从此，汉、匈和平共处长达60余年。
11．Yue Fei:the well-known national hero in the war against Jin invaders during the Southern Song Dynasty．He，with his army，had won many great battles，so a minister named Qin Hui was quite jealous of him．Yue Fei was wrongly accused of seriously defying military order during his mission and was subsequently put to death at the age of 39．岳飞是南宋时期著名的抗金将领。他带领将士与金军顽强战斗，并取得了巨大胜利，但这引起了大臣秦桧的嫉妒。因受到秦桧诬陷，岳飞被害，死时年仅39岁。
12．Zheng He(1371-1433):a navigator and diplomat of the Ming Dynsaty，was famous for his seven naval expeditions．He led seven expeditions from 1405 to 1433，which traversed the Indian Ocean and the southeast Asian archipelagoes and as far as the Cape of Good Hope．郑和(1371年—1433年)，明代航海家和外交家，因带领船队从1405年到1433年7次下西洋而著名。他的船队经过东南亚群岛，横渡印度洋，到达非洲“好望角”。
13．Li Shizhen(1518-1593):a renowned doctor and great medicine scientist of the Ming Dynasty，wrote the Guide to Chinese Medical Herbs，an epoch-making encyclopedic work．李时珍(1518年—1593年)，明代医学家和药学家，以三十余年心血写下了划时代的医学巨著《本草纲目》。