Keys　参考答案

Keys　参考答案

Chapter 1　A General Outline of China

Section A

1．The topography of China is characterized by high west part and low east part，gradually descending in elevation from the west towards the east to form three steps．The highest step is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with the elevation being generally more than 4，000 meters above sea level．The second step is the east of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau with much lower elevations，and the third step stretches from the line in the west composed of the Greater Hinggan Mountains，Taihang Mountain，Wu Mountain and the eastern rim of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to the coast in the east，and embraces alternating hills and plains，and there are large areas of low mountains and hills at elevations of less than 500 meters above sea level with only a few peaks being at 2，000 meters，and the elevation of plains is all less than 200 meters．

2．There are generally four climate zones from the south to the north of China:tropical，subtropical，temperate and frigid climate zones．

3．The natural resources of China include the cultivated land，forest，grassland，mineral and water resources．

4．Zhuang，Manchu，Hui，Uygur，Miao，Yi，Tujia，Mongol，Tibetan，Buyi，Dong，Yao，Korean，Bai，Hani，Kazak，Li and Dai nationalities．

Chapter 2　A Brief History of China

Section A

1．Because Chinese civilization started with the legendary sage-emperors Huang Di and Yan Di in the area of the Yellow River basin．After centuries，the two tribes gradually merged into one by the time of the Xia Dynasty．The Chinese people，therefore，usually call themselves“the descendants of Yan and Huang”，or“Hua Xia People”．

2．The Qin Dynasty was the first centralized，unified，multi-ethnic feudal state in Chinese history after a few hundred years of disunity．It marked the beginning of a more than two thousand years long history of a centralized state with an emperor being the head of a state and a comparatively uniformed culture．The Qin made many changes and reforms to unifyChina，for example，to standardize the written language，weights，measures and currencies and to consolidate the system of prefectures and counties．The sovereigns of the next 2，000 years actually followed the feudal governmental structure established by the Qin．

3．Open for discussion．

4．Open for discussion．

Section B

1．

(1)皇位世袭制

(2)诸子百家

(3)青铜车马器

(4)天命思想

(5)三省六部制

(6)均田制

(7)安史之乱

(8)三民主义:民族、民权、民主

(9)辛亥革命

(10)中华民国

2．

(1)《诗经》

(2)《史记》

(3)《梦溪笔谈》

(4)《西厢记》

(5)《徐霞客游记》

(6)《三国演义》

(7)《水浒传》

(8)《西游记》

(9)《金瓶梅》

(10)《牡丹亭》

(11)《红楼梦》

(12)《儒林外史》

(13)《聊斋志异》

(14)《长生殿》

(15)《桃花扇》

Chapter 3　Ancient Chinese Philosophy and Religion

Section A

1．The two great indigenous philosophical traditions of China，i．e．Confucianism，Daoism and Buddhism have exerted significant impact on Chinese tradition and culture，because they guide Chinese in both governing and people's behaviors，and have formed deep-rooted Chinese traditional values and norms．

2．The core of Confucius'philosophy consists of the main concepts of ren(benevolence)，li (ritual)，xiao(filial piety)，zhong(loyalty)and so on．According to Confucius'thought，li cannot be separated from ren and a man without ren is impossible to well exercise li．Confucius stated:“A man who is not benevolent，what can he have to do with ritual？”

3．Dao means a road，the way or the method，the law，the principle that people must follow．De means virtue or quality．The spontaneity of the world derives from Dao，and De is the intrinsic quality of everything in the universe．Laozi pointed out，“Dao produces a thing;De maintains it．”The relation between De and Dao is just like something that between the water in river．

4．Buddhism is in conflict with Chinese cultural tradition in many ways．For example，Chinese people usually regard the continuation of the generation line as an importance matter，whileBuddhism advocates bachelorism and celibacy．Confucianism believes that the human body is the sacred inheritance from the parents and so it should be protected from being impaired or injured，but Buddhism adheres to asceticism and self-sacrifice．

5．Open for discussion．

Section B

1．The Great Learning，The Doctrine of the Mean，The Analects，The Mencius;Classic of Changes，Classic of Poetry，Classic of Rites，Classic of History and Spring，Autumn Annals

2．Laozi，Zhuang Zi

3．Tibetan，Zen

4．no killing，no stealing，no sexual misconduct，no lying，no alcoholic drink

5．old age，sickness，death，being apart from the loved ones，being together with the despised ones

Chapter 4　Ancient Chinese Education

Section A

1．Yes，it has．

2．The imperial examinations include three parts:the local district exams known as the tongshi，the provincial exams called xiangshi，and the“joint”exams called huishi．

3．He made many wise phrases and theories about law，life，and government．It's these thoughts and theories that teach other people lessons about moral principles and rules of life．

4．“Six Arts”are rites，music，archery，chariot-riding，calligraphy and computation．

5．He regards morality as the most important subject．

Chapter 5　Chinese Names

Section A

1．Open for discussion．

2．These respectively refer to surnames of the noble families:Liu of Pengcheng(now Xuzhou，Jiangsu)，Chen of Yinchuan(now Xuchang，Henan)，Wang of Taiyuan(now Taiyuan，Shanxi)，Zhou of Runan(now Shangcai，Henan)，Du of Jingzhao(Xi'an，Shaanxi)，Zhang of Nanyang(now Nanyang，Henan)，Lu of Fanyang(now around Beijing)，Cui of Boling(now around Li County，Hebei)，Li of Longxi(now Tianshui，Gansu)，Zheng of(Xingyang，Henan)．

3．People got their hao(literary name)either from themselves or from other people．When people chose hao for themselves，they usually chose those that suggested their aspiration or ambition;when a person gave hao to another person，the hao was usually complimentary orrespectful．A person's hao normally suggested one of the following things:the person's aspiration or ambition;the person's living place or surroundings;the person's personal characteristics;the person's official rank，or bestowed title;the person's famous literary creation—a famous sentence or a famous article title．

4．The matriarchal society，because every surname contains the same Chinese character“女”meaning woman．

Chapter 6　Chinese Language and Characters

Section A

1．The six categories of Chinese characters refer to the pictographic，indicative，associative，pictographic-phonetic，referential，and synonymic(象形、指事、会意、形声、转注、假借)．

2．Their discovery was by accident．In 1899，Wang Yirong，an official under the Qing Dynasty，fell ill．One of the medicaments prescribed by the physician was called“longgu”(dragon bones)．They turned out to be fragments of tortoise shells which were found to bear strange carved-on patterns．He kept the“dragon bones”and showed them to scholars who，after careful study，came to the conclusion that the carvings were written records from 3，000 years before and were of great historical significance．Further inquiries revealed that the“dragon bones”had been unearthed at Xiaotun Village，Anyang County，Henan Province，site of the remains of the Shang Dynasty capital．Further digs made at the site in later years brought to light a total of more than 100，000 pieces of bones and shells all carved with words．About 4，500 different characters have been counted，and 1，700 of them deciphered．Three thousand five hundred years ago，Anyang was a marshy area teeming with tortoises，a favorite food of the local inhabitants．And the Shangs were a very superstitious people．Their rulers would resort to divination and ask the gods for revelation whenever there was a gale，downpour，thunderstorm，famine or epidemic．Before going on a war or a big hunt，they would still more want to divine the outcome．The method of divination then was to drill a hole on the interior side of the tortoise shell and put the shell on a fire to see what cracks would appear on the obverse side．By interpreting the cracks the soothsayer predicted the outcome of an event．After each divination，the dates，the events and the results would be written down and carved on tortoise shells or bones．And the collection of these became the earliest recorded historical material in China，from which modern scholars have divined“how things were in the Shang society”．Later on，the area around Anyang became dry，and tortoises grew scarce，so people began to use bamboo strips instead for divination．From this grew the practice of asking the gods about the future by drawing bamboo sticks，as one may see today at certain temples—a practice that has its remote root in the superstition of the Shang people．

Chapter 7　Chinese Idioms and Fables

Section A

1．A fable is a short story devised to convey some useful lesson or an apologue．A distinctive feature of the fable is that it contains a moral truth．

2．It means to make the finishing point or to add the finishing touch to something．

3．It is usually used to analogize with those who take advantage of one's or somebody else's power to bully people．

4．It means“Misfortune may be an actual blessing”．

Section B

1．An illusory snake in a goblet

2．“bringing the painted dragons to life by putting pupils in their eyes”

3．“no more tricks，Mr．Nan Guo！”

4．“marking the boat for a dropped sword”

5．“plucking up a crop to help it grow”

6．“blessing or blame”

7．“the donkey of Guizhou”

8．“a walk learner in Handan”

9．“playing the tune to a cow”

10．“mending the fold after a sheep is lost”

Chapter 8　Chinese Food Culture

Section A

1．Open for discussion．But it is highly necessary for the teacher to point out the fact that theeating of any kind of animal meat is not a matter of cruelty，but of culture difference．

2．According to some Japanese scholars，to properly handle chopsticks requires the coordination of over 80 joints and 50 muscles;what's more，certain cranial nerves are also involved．Therefore，using chopsticks can help make people more dexterous and intelligent．The correct way to use chopsticks is to hold the pair in the hollow between the thumb and forefinger of your fork hand．The one closest to your body should rest on the first joint of the ring finger and stay relatively immobile．Hold the other one with the forefinger and middle finger，which manipulate it like pinchers to pick up the food．The strength applied by the fingers should vary with the things to be taken hold of．The skill to pick up，with speed and dexterity，small things like beans and peanuts and slippery things like slices of preserved eggs can only come from practice and coordinated action of the fingers．Westerners are often impressed with the cleverness of the Chinese hand that makes embroideries and clay sculptures with such consummate skill．Couldn't this skill be attributed to the constant use of chopsticks？

Chapter 9　China's Tea Culture

Section A

1．It is not simply a type of drink，but a transmitter of culture，representing the philosophy，aesthetic views and way of life of the Chinese people，from which the spiritual world of the Chinese people can be discerned．

2．By treating/cultivating a teapot and matching it with the right type of tea．The purple clay teapots that have been treated before use and been nurtured/cultivated/lubricated for some time can upgrade the quality of tea，add luster to the surface of the teapot，and soar the value of the teapot in a shorter time．

3．Tea is a mysterious but harmonious combination．It is spiritual as well as material，and invigorating as well as pacifying．Its character is flexible in different environments．For example，for the Chinese，tea drinking and tea tasting are not the same．Tea drinking is for refreshment and tonic effect while tea tasting has cultural meaning．Tea and tea wares should match surrounding elements such as breeze，bright moon，pines，bamboo，plums and snow．All these show the ultimate goal of Chinese culture:the harmonious unity of human beings with nature．

Chapter 10　Chinese Plants and Their Cultural Connotation

Section A

1．Bamboo culture is deeply rooted in the daily life of the Chinese．Bamboo chopsticks are the most common tableware in China．Dizi(Chinese flute)is made of bamboo．Today people are still using paintbrush made from bamboo．There are usually exhibitions of bamboo carvings，poems and paintings．Bamboo painting is an important part of Chinese traditional painting．You can also see all kinds of bamboos，listen to them as well as feel their spirit with your heart to bring you peace and harmony．

2．Peony．Because it received the most votes in a survey conducted in 1994 in every district in China asking people to select a National Flower—a high honor for the peony in a country that loves flowers．

3．Out of the muddy swamp blossoms the pure lotus．The lotus grows in mud，yet itself is not soiled．Interestingly，science has recognized this self-cleaning attribute and aptly named it the“lotus effect”，applying the principle to various technologies—even a self-cleaning house paint is called Lotusan．

Section B

1．as pretty and bright as a peach blossom

2．have a well-thought-out plan;do something with calm assurance

3．red peach blossoms and green willows—beautiful spring scene

4．(said of a beautiful woman)peach-like cheeks and almond-shaped eyes

5．walk in a gliding and graceful manner

6．(of a master or teacher)have pupils/disciples everywhere

7．peaches and plums do not speak，yet a path is worn beneath them—men of true worth need not speak，yet they will win admiration

8．(of water lilies)rise unsullied from mud;emerge unstained from the filth;come out the dirty mud unsoiled—remain undefiled/unaffected in spite of general corruption

Chapter 11　Wedding Traditions in China

Section A

1．It is the color of“Love and Joy”in China．At one time it was the bride's favorite color of choice for the wedding garment，candles，gift boxes，money envelopes that were presented to the bride and bridegroom，and everything that went along with the wedding．In China today，many girls still choose to go by the old traditions of their forefathers，but the country is becoming westernized and more and more brides are opting for the exquisite white gowns worn throughout the world．

2．Wedding traditions have long-held great significance to the bride and the groom in China．Many recognize the need for tradition，value and strong beliefs．Many couples include the basic traditional customs into their ceremonies，while others choose to go by the old wedding customs and practise the full extent．Even nowadays，many traditions are a normal part of the ceremony and the celebration，which have specific origins and historical value．

3．Open for discussion．

Chapter 12　Chinese Traditional Folk Entertainments

Section A

1．Coin，cloth and cock feathers．

2．These games help children strengthen their legs and enhance their coordination of limbs and their concentration as well．Some children's games，such as shuttle-cock-kicking and rubber band skipping，are employed in school physical education．These items are very effective in improving the physical quality of the students．

3．“Qin，qi，shu，hua”are regarded as literary pursuits by old scholars．Qin，qi，shu and hua not only act as entertainments for traditional scholars，but also exert immeasurable influence on the character of traditional scholars and creation of the Chinese cultural heritage．

4．Jia Shidao，the Cricket Prime Minister of Southern Song Dynasty，was so fond of cricket fighting that he often failed to attend to military and national af fairs．

Chapter 13　Ancient Chinese Martial Arts

Section A

1．Not until after the Spring and Autumn Period did martial arts begin to incorporate sophisticated aspects of ancient Chinese culture．

2．Martial arts practitioners begin with the irregularity and infinity of Dao and seek to reach a stage in which he or she blends harmoniously with nature．The arts teach practitioners to train the inner spirit and mind as well as the external muscles，bones and skin．Martial arts stress the combination of the physical being with the mental being and emphasize a close relationship between physical exercises and the surrounding environment．

3．Ancient Chinese aesthetics advocated a balance between hardness and softness，voidness and solidness，notion and stillness，and negative and positive，as well as the expression of the spirit of an object through its form．Under this influence，Chinese martial arts have formed their own aesthetic standards that incorporate a stage of conceptual contentment，harmony，and nature，as well as beauty and elegance．

4．The most outstanding characteristic of Shaolin Boxing is that the practitioner works on one straight line．It means that his movements of advancing，retreating，turning around，sideways，or jumping are restrained on one line．His arms are kept slightly bent so that he can stretch out to attack or withdraw for self defense freely．

5．The Eight-Trigram Boxing is characterized by changing positions of the palms and changing paces．Its fighting principle is the“combination of attack and defense”．

6．Taiji Boxing is characterized by the unification of mind，breath and motions(body)，requiring concentration of mind and calmness of motions．

Chapter 14　Chinese Calligraphy and Painting

Section A

1．They are paper，ink，brush，and ink stone，considered as the Four Treasures of the Study by the Chinese people．

2．The Tang Dynasty witnessed the prosperity of figure paintings．Figure painting of this period depicted the life of noble women and court ladies and exerted an eternal influence on the development of shi nühua，which comprise an important branch of traditional Chinese painting．

3．The main themes of traditional Chinese paintings include figures，landscape，flowers and birds，etc．

Chapter 15　Chinese Carving

Section A

1．The special properties of jade has been endowed contributed to the development of jade carving．The permanence and practicality of stone contributed to the development of stone carving．

2．People metaphorically equate jade with human virtue due to its solidity，durability and (moral)beauty．

3．In terms of application and decoration，there are three types of wood carving:architecture carving，furniture carving and display art ware carving，which will be explained in detail in this part;in terms of representation，there are carving such as piercing carving，bassorelievo，solid tondo，piercing decal，etc;in terms of different wood texture，there are two types:hard(often called rosewood carving)and soft wood carving(ash wood carving)．

Chapter 16　Chinese Farmers'Painting

Section A

1．In China，farmers constitute a large portion of the Chinese population，so it is natural that they have their own form of art due to the dif ferences in customs，living background and educational background．The paintings reflect both styles and scenes of their life in the vast countryside of China．

2．The characteristics possessed by Chinese farmers'paintings in subjects，color and techniques make it rather a unique form of art．The subjects of Chinese Farmers'paintings are taken from the experience of the daily life in rural communities．With subjects focusing on simple and small things in the countryside，these paintings reveal farmers'understanding of life and their expectation for a better life．Regarding color，the typical Chinese farmers'painting is hand-painted with gouache watercolors on paper．Farmers use color to show what they feel rather than what they see and they draw the pictures following their feelings．Therefore，the color of the grounding is mainly deep and colors like red，purple，blue are usually applied．These colors are rather brilliant and vibrant，which makes the whole compositions look naive．In terms of technique，some of the farmers'paintings use the keyline technique which is adopted from ukiyoe，Japanese woodblock prints．The whole design is drawn with strong black outlines，and then the areas are filled with colors．Many of the Chinese poster designs use the same technique．

3．They are common in the subjects farmers choose and the color they use．

4．The three types are Taohuawu New Year Painting，Yangliuqing New Year Painting，and Weifang Yangjiabu New Year Painting．Their characteristics are clearly explained in the chapter．

Chapter 17　Chinese Folk Musical Instruments

Section A

1．Based on the method by which they are played Chinese musical instruments can be divided into 4 basic categories:“blown”，“bowed”，“plucked”，and“struck”(i．e．percussion) instruments．

2．Silk instruments are mostly string instruments including the plucked，bowed，and struck．Since the very beginning，the Chinese have used silk for strings，though today metal or nylon are more frequently used．

3．Chinese wind instruments include the dizi，lusheng and suona．

4．The history of Chinese percussion instruments is longer than any other section of traditional Chinese instruments．As many different percussion instruments produce different sound effects，it is frequently used in depicting joyful and exciting occasions such as harvests，marriages，as well as other traditional Chinese festivals．

5．Among the diverse musical instruments in China，those from the ethnic minorities also hold an important position in Chinese folk musical instruments．

Chapter 18　Appreciation of Chinese Folk Music

Section A

1．It is based on Spring River，Flowers，Moonlit Night written by Zhang Ruoxu，a famous Tang poet．It is considered as the most famous and certainly the most antimetabolic early Tang ballad．

2．The composer of this well-known erhu piece was Hua Yanjun(1893-1950)．Hua was a blind street musician with Blind Ahbing as his nick name．Shortly before his death in 1950 two Chinese musicologists recorded him playing a few erhu and pipa solo pieces，the best known being Erquan Yingyue(The Moon Reflected in the Erquan Spring)．

3．The expression is often used by the Chinese people to describe the fluency of a musical piece．

Chapter 19　Chinese Folk Art and Handicraft

Section A

1．Paper-cuttings refer to handicrafts made by cutting paper with scissors or an engraving knifeto form different patterns for practical use or decoration．

2．The main characteristics of Chinese knot are that every knot is made of a single rope and named by its specific form and meaning．

3．Chinese folk art boasts long history，fine handicraft and wide popularity．

4．There are quite a lot of other Chinese handcrafts:jade carving，wood carving，sandal wood fan，dough figure，clay figure and leather silhouette，to name just a few．

Chapter 20　China Wisdom

Section A

1．“Orientation of pragmatism”and“preponderance of empiricism”contributed to the blooming of the flowers of wisdom，though they limited to a certain extent the development of science and technology．

2．When the Jesuits landed on China between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries，they were amazed at the brilliant inventions of ancient Chinese science and technology，so as to exclaim earnestly that“The ancient Chinese were great creators．”In the countless inventions lay the wisdom of the Chinese nation．

3．Open for class discussion．

Chapter 21　Famous Ancient Towers in China

Section A

1．Its main building has three stories and is 15 meters in height，with four huge Nanmu pillars supporting the whole building，twelve round log columns supporting the second floor，and another twelve catalpa pillars supporting the roof．Constructed of wood with interlocking brackets that require no nails，the main building is as steady as a monolith．Its roof looks like a general's helmet，grand and unique，which together with the pure wooden construction reflects the unique style and great achievement of ancient Chinese architecture．

2．According to records，Yellow Crane Tower was originally built as a watchtower for Sun Quan's army due to the ideal location in 223 during the Three Kingdoms period(220-280)．

3．Having long been known as a fairyland and famous place for watching mirages，Penglai Pavilion is regarded as the place where immortals inhabited，and thus it was frequently visitedfor wonder herbs by emperors since Qin and Han dynasties．

Chapter 22　Chinese Ancient Gardens

Section A

1．Imperial gardens and private gardens．

2．A garden was seen as a mirror of the natural world．Everything in the universe was created from a conduct for qi(vital energy，or life force)．The universe was understood to be a combination of yin(female or negative)and yang(male or positive)elements in a state of constant fluidity．

3．The design of Chinese gardens was to provide a spiritual utopia for one to connect with nature，to come back to one's inner heart，to come back to ancient idealism．Chinese gardens are a spiritual shelter for men，a place they could be far away from their real social lives，and close to the ancient way of life，their true selves，and nature．

4．Anlanyuan Garden of Haining，Zhanyuan Garden of Nanjing，Lion Grove of Suzhou，and Qinyuan(Jichangyuan)Garden of Wuxi．

5．“Imperial garden”generally refers to those in which emperors lived and entertained themselves．

6．Containing examples of the ancient arts，it also has graceful landscapes and magnificent constructions．The Summer Palace is the archetypal Chinese garden，and is ranked amongst the most noted and classical gardens of the world．

Chapter 23　The Silk Road

Section A

1．The Silk Road was a general name for the ancient strategic transportation channel which started from China and passed through Central Asia，West Asia，Africa and Europe．

2．Besides the silk products，ironware，gold，bronze mirror，bamboo work，medicine，farming techniques were introduced to Xiyu(ancient Xinjiang)，India and Europe．

3．The height of the importance of the Silk Road was during the Tang dynasty，with relative internal stability in China after the divisions of the earlier dynasties since the Han．The individual states has mostly been assimilated，and the threats from marauding peoples wasrather less．

4．By A．D．742，the population of Chang'an had reached almost two million，and the city itself covered almost the same area as present-day Xi'an，considerably more than within the present walls of the city．The 754 census showed that five thousand foreigners lived in the city，like Turks，Iranians，Indians and others from along the Road，as well as Japanese，Koreans and Malays from the east．

5．First，politically，when the Yuan dynasty was replaced by the Ming dynasty in 1368，the Ming dynasty carried on the isolationist policies，these policies did nothing to encourage trade between China and the West．This attitude was maintained throughout the Ming and Qing dynasties．Second，the decline of the Silk Road also owes much to the development of the silk route by sea．It was becoming rather easier and safer to transport goods by water rather than overland．