Before You Read
1.How can you judge a person as a Chinese？
2.Can you list whatever that represents Chinese culture？
3.Why do people think of China as one of the earliest ancient civilizations of the world？
4.Do you think religion is one of the cultural representation？What religion do you know？
5.What do you want to introduce to foreigners when you talk about China with them？
Reading 1
Chinese Culture（Ⅰ）
Chinese culture is one of the world's oldest cultures，tracing back to thousands of years ago.As one of the earliest ancient civilizations，Chinese culture has a great impact on the world.
（旁注：civilization［'sɪvəlaɪ'zeɪʃn］）
（旁注：n.文明）
Most spirituality is derived from Chinese Buddhism，Taoism and Confucianism.Chinese Buddhism has shaped Chinese culture in a wide variety of areas including art，politics，literature，philosophy，medicine，and material culture.Taoism is a religious or philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao and wu wei.Confucianism，also known as Ruism，being the official philosophy，dominated a feudal society throughout most of Imperial China's history.Its influence was over the history，social structure and the people of China cannot be overlooked.Together with Mohism，Legalism and the School of the Military，they developed into what was later called the Hundred Schools of Thought〔1〕.
（旁注：spirituality［'spɪrɪtʃu'ælətɪ］）
（旁注：n.灵性；精神）
（旁注：derive［dɪ'raɪv］v.起源）
（旁注：Buddhism［'budɪzəm］）
（旁注：n.佛教）
（旁注：Taoism［'tauɪzəm］）
（旁注：n.道教）
（旁注：Confucianism）
（旁注：［kən'fju:ʃənɪzəm］）
（旁注：n.儒家思想）
（旁注：feudal［'fju:dl］）
（旁注：adj.封建的）
（旁注：Mohism［'məuɪzəm］）
（旁注：n.墨子哲学；墨家思想）
（旁注：Legalism［'lɪ:gəlɪzəm］）
（旁注：n.法家）
（旁注：military［'mɪlətrɪ］）
（旁注：adj.军事的）
（旁注：flourish［'flʌrɪʃ］）
（旁注：v.茂盛；繁荣）
The ancient written standard was Classical Chinese〔2〕.It was used for thousands of years.Chinese literature has a long past.A flourishing of philosophy during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period〔3〕produced such noteworthy works as Confucius's Analects and Laozi's Tao Te Ching.The recording of dynastic histories began with Si Maqian's seminal Records of the Grand Historian.The Tang Dynasty witnessed a poetic flowering，while the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese〔4〕literature was written during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Printmaking in the form of movable type〔5〕was developed during the Song Dynasty.Reformers settled on the Beijing-based Mandarin as the spoken form.After the May 4th Movement〔6〕，Classical Chinese was quickly replaced by written vernacular Chinese〔7〕.
（旁注：noteworthy［'nəutwə:ðɪ］）
（旁注：adj.值得注意的）
（旁注：dynastic［dɪ'næstɪk］）
（旁注：adj.王朝的）
（旁注：seminal［'semɪnl］）
（旁注：adj.影响深远的）
（旁注：witness［'wɪtnəs］）
（旁注：vt.目击；经历）
（旁注：vernacular［və'nækjələ（r）］）
（旁注：n.本地话；方言）
Language Focus
1.trace back to：追溯到……
e.g.:He traces his family back to an old Norman Conquer.
他追踪自己的世系上溯至一个古老的诺曼家族。
The custom of giving gifts at Christmas can be traced back to the Wise Men bringing gifts to the baby Jesus.
圣诞节送礼物的习俗可以追溯到先哲们给小耶稣带的礼物。
*文中tracing back to thousands of years ago是现在分词短语作后置定语，代替非限定性定语从句“which traces back to thousands of years ago”。
2.have an impact on：对……产生重要影响
e.g.:But what these people fail to see is that international tourism may have a disastrous impact on our environment and local history.
但是这些人忽视了国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史造成的灾难性影响。
The meeting is expected to have a marked impact on the country's future.
这次会议预计将对国家的未来产生显著影响。
3.a（wide）variety of：各种各样
e.g.:The hotel offers its guests a wide variety of amusements.
这个旅馆为住客提供了各种各样的娱乐活动。
The shop sells a great variety of porcelain wares.
这家店铺出售品种繁多的瓷器。
4.including prep.包含，包括；included adj.包括（常在句中作后置定语）
e.g.:I need a package deal including airfare and hotel.
我需要一个成套服务，包括机票和住宿。
The bill came to $467，tax included.
账单共计467美元，含税。
5.in harmony with：与……和谐，和睦，一致
e.g.:His ideas were no longer in harmony with ours.
他同我们的想法不再一致了。
Human beings should live in harmony with nature.
人类应该与大自然和谐共处。
6.together with：与……，连同……
e.g.:These new facts，together with the other evidence，prove the prisoners innocence.
这些新的事实连同其他证据已证明在押者无罪。
*主谓一致的用法：短语“A together with/with/as well as/including B”结构中谓语动词用单数还是复数取决于A的单复数。
e.g.:Together with their family and friends，each couple is full of hopes and dreams for their future life together.
和他们的家人、朋友一样，每一对夫妻都对他们未来共同的生活充满了希望和梦想。
7.began with：以……开始；开始于……
e.g.:The first word of a sentence should begin with a capital letter.
句子的第一个词应以大写字母开头。
Begin with this one and do the others afterwards.
先做这个，然后再做其他。
8...known as Ruism，being the official philosophy...
—“known as Ruism”是过去分词，作后置定语修饰“Confucianism”；
“being the official philosophy”是现在分词短语，在句中作原因状语，代替原因状语从句“since it is the official philosophy”。
e.g.:The experience gained will give you more confidence to help your customers.
获得的经验会给你更多的信心去帮助你的客户。
Not knowing her address，I can't write to her.
由于不知道她的地址，我没法给她写信。
9....such noteworthy works as...
*such...as用来举例说明，as之后给出一两个具体例子来说明such之后的内容。
e.g.:It's impolite to ask people such personal questions as age and income.
向人们询问诸如年龄、收入等问题是不礼貌的。
Such things as money and fame are not long lasting.
诸如钱财和荣誉之类的东西，是不会持久的。
Related Background Information
Religions in China（中国的宗教）
中国是个多宗教的国家。中国宗教徒信奉的主要有佛教、道教、伊斯兰教、天主教和基督教。佛教在中国已有2000多年历史。道教发源于中国，已有1700多年历史。伊斯兰教于公元7世纪传入中国。伊斯兰教为中国回、维吾尔等少数民族群众信仰。天主教自公元7世纪起几度传入中国，1840年鸦片战争后大规模传入。基督教（新教）于公元19世纪初传入中国，也在鸦片战争后大规模传入。
Chinese Literature（中国古代文学及其发展）
中国古代文学是从上古一直到1919年五四运动以前的中华民族文学。中国古代文学是中华文明的重要组成部分，它的历史悠久，其起源，约同中华文明的起源同步。漫长的历史上曾经产生出一代又一代的杰出作家和大量的优秀作品，出现了丰富多彩的体裁、题材、风格、流派，形成了各种各样的文学现象、文学潮流和文学理论，内容极其丰富。这是一笔无比宝贵的文化遗产。在世界民族文学之林，我国古代文学以无比辉煌的成就和无比鲜明的特色，占有重要的地位。
各时期的主要文学样式：（1）上古时期：神话传说（2）先秦时期：散文（历史散文、诸子散文）（3）两汉时期：辞赋、乐府民歌、历史散文（4）魏晋南北朝时期：诗歌等（5）唐代时期：诗（6）宋代时期：词（7）元代时期：曲（8）明清时期：小说。
Reading Comprehension
Decide whether the following statements are true or false.Write“T”for True and“F”for False.
1.Chinese culture has a long history，which can trace back to 5 thousand years ago.（ ）
2.Chinese culture belongs to one of the ancient civilizations in the world.（ ）
3.Buddhism was the official philosophy，and dominated a feudal society throughout most of Imperial China's history.（ ）
4.Together with Mohism，Legalism and the School of the Military，Taoism is a religious or philosophical tradition of Chinese origin.（ ）
5.Mohism，Legalism and the School of the Military as well as Ruism，developed into what was later called the Hundred Schools of Thought.（ ）
6.Introduced from India，Buddhism has a great impact on Chinese culture in a wide variety of areas.（ ）
7.Confucius's Analects and Tao Te Ching were produced during the Warring States period.（ ）
8.Records of the Grand Historian，written by Si Maguang，made a beginning of the recording of dynastic histories.（ ）
9.The Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature was written during the Tang Dynasty.（ ）
10.Classical Chinese was the ancient written standard，but Beijing-based Mandarin became the spoken form and vernacular Chinese became the written form after the May 4th Movement.（ ）
Chinese Kung Fu
Chinese calligraphy
Chinese wedding
Reading 2
Chinese Culture（Ⅱ）
Major Chinese art is visual art that，whether ancient or modern，originated in or is practiced in China or by Chinese artists.
（旁注：visual［'vɪʒuəl］）
（旁注：adj.视觉的；看得见的）
（旁注：calligraphy［kə'lɪgrəfɪ］）
（旁注：n.书法）
（旁注：aesthetically［es'θetɪklɪ］）
（旁注：adv.有审美能力地；美术地）
（旁注：embroidery［ɪm'brɔɪdərɪ］）
（旁注：n.刺绣品；粉饰；刺绣）
（旁注：porcelain［'pɔ:səlɪn］）
Chinese calligraphy〔8〕is a form of aesthetically pleasing writing.Chinese painting，embroideries，paper-cutting，porcelain pottery，sculptures，are extremely important in Chinese art.Early Chinese music and poetry was influenced by the Book of Songs〔9〕，and Chuci of Qu Yuan.Dance in China is a highly varied art form，consisting of many modern and traditional dance genres，from folk dances to performances in opera and ballet，and may be used in public celebrations，rituals and ceremonies.Each of the 56 ethnic groups also has its own folk dances.The best known Chinese dances today are Dragon dance and the Lion Dance.
Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the architectural styles of Korea，Vietnam，and Japan.The most important of Chinese architecture is its emphasis on width，such as the wide halls of the Forbidden City〔10〕.In contrast，Western architecture tends to emphasize height.Feng shui has played a very important part in structural development.A typical Chinese garden is enclosed by walls and includes one or more ponds，rock works，trees and flowers，and many halls and pavilions within the garden，connected by winding paths and zig-zag galleries.By moving from structure to structure，visitors can view a series of carefully composed scenes，unrolling like a scroll of landscape paintings.
（旁注：n.瓷器；瓷）
（旁注：pottery［'pɒtərɪ］）
（旁注：n.陶器）
（旁注：sculpture［'skʌlptʃə（r）］）
（旁注：n.雕塑；雕刻）
（旁注：ritual［'rɪtʃuəl］）
（旁注：n.仪式）
（旁注：architecture［'ɑ:kɪtektʃə（r）］）
（旁注：n.建筑）
（旁注：enclose［m'kləuz］）
（旁注：vt.圈起；围住）
（旁注：gallery［'gælərɪ］）
（旁注：n.美术馆；画廊）
（旁注：landscape［'lændskeɪp］）
（旁注：n.风景；风景画）
Chinese cuisine is a very important part of Chinese culture.The most praised“Four Major Cuisines”are Chuan，Lu，Yue and Huaiyang，representing West，North，South and East China cuisine.Color，smell and taste are the three traditional aspects used to describe Chinese food.It is considered inappropriate to use knives on the dining table.Chopsticks are the main eating utensils for Chinese food.
（旁注：cuisine［kwɪ'zi:n］）
（旁注：n.烹饪；佳肴）
（旁注：aspect［'æspekt］）
（旁注：n.方面）
（旁注：inappropriate）
（旁注：［'mə'prəuprɪət］）
（旁注：adj.不适当的；不合宜的）
（旁注：utensil［ju:'tensl］）
（旁注：n.器具；用）
The practice of drinking tea has a long history in China.The beverage is considered one of the seven necessities of Chinese life，along with firewood，rice，oil，salt，soy sauce and vinegar.In addition to being a popular beverage，tea is used in traditional Chinese medicine，as well as in Chinese cuisine.Green tea is one of the main worldwide teas originating in China.
（旁注：beverage［b'evərɪdʒ］）
（旁注：n.饮品）
Language Focus
1.consist of：由……组成
e.g.:The throwing events consist of javelin，discus，hammer and shot.
投掷项目包括标枪、铁饼、链球和铅球。
The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
联合王国由大不列颠和北爱尔兰组成。
2.have a major influence on：对……产生重要影响
e.g.:Van Gogh had a major influence on the development of modern painting.
梵高对现代绘画艺术的发展起到举足轻重的作用。
She had a great influence on the family.
她对那个家庭产生了巨大的影响。
3.emphasis on：强调
e.g.:Some schools put/lay/place great emphasis on language study.
Our English course places great emphasis on conversational skills.
我们的英语课程非常重视会话技能。
4.in contrast：相反，相对而言
e.g.:In contrast，others insist on reading extensively.
与此相反，其他人坚持广泛阅读。
In contrast，the lives of girls in well-to-do families were often very sheltered.
相反，生活在富裕家庭的女孩子通常都备受呵护。
5.tend to：倾向于……
e.g.:The signs are that indulged children tend to become unmanageable when they reach their teens.
这些迹象表明被宠坏的孩子在十几岁时往往会变得难以管教。
Asian women are more modest and shy，yet they tend to have an inner force.
亚洲妇女更加端庄害羞一些，但她们常常具有一种内在力量。
6.play a very important part in：起着重要的作用
e.g.:Friends play a very important part in everyone's life.
友谊在我们的生活中起着重要的作用。
Nowadays China plays a more and more important part in the word development.
现在，中国在世界发展中担负着越来越重要的角色。
7.used to：过去常常（后接动词原形）
be/get used to doing：习惯于做
e.g.:The gallery in north London used to be a warehouse.
伦敦北部的这家画廊过去是个仓库。
They got used to living in the countryside.
他们已习惯于住在农村。
8.along with：和……一起，连同……
*连接前后两个主语时，谓语动词应和前面的那个主语保持一致，这是所谓的就远原则（together with，as well as，but/except/besides，rather than，like等都有此类用法）。
e.g.:Unemployment is reducing along with smoking.
失业率降低的同时，吸烟人数也减少了。
Along with the soaps，the Online Network is supposed to feature entertainment and lifestyle shows.
除了肥皂剧之外，在线网络的特色还包括娱乐节目和生活时尚剧。
9.in addition to：除此之外，而且（后接动词-ing形式）
in addition除此之外，而且（与主句用逗号隔开）
e.g.:In addition to a diet，she pursues various exercises on TV.
节食以外她还随电视做体操。
In addition（to the names on the list），there are six other applicants.
除此（名单上的名字）之外，还有6个申请人。
In addition to giving a general introduction to computers，the course also provides practical experience.
课程除了大致介绍电脑知识外，还提供实际操作的机会。
Related Background Information
Chinese Traditional Art Forms（中国传统艺术形式）
中国传统艺术最早起源于新石器时代，主要代表性艺术有书法、音乐、剪纸、绘画和戏曲等。中国传统艺术极其丰富并且辉煌。传统美食、传统服饰等等，都有几千年的历史，都是伟大的创造，都透着五千年文明古国深厚的文化底蕴。
中国传统艺术以其浓郁的乡土气息、淳厚的艺术内涵和生动的历史痕迹，越来越受到世界人民的喜爱和欣赏，成为人类共同的文化“大餐”。
Chinese Traditional Architectural Style（中国传统建筑风格）
传统文化决定传统建筑的基本形态，传统建筑也从一定的角度体现了传统文化的形态，两者是不可分的。中国传统建筑正是中国悠久历史传统文化和民族特色最精彩、最直观的传承载体和表现形式。中国建筑艺术因不同地域和民族建筑艺术风格等各有差异，但传统建筑的组群布局、空间结构、建筑材料及装饰艺术等方面却有着共同的特点：大气、生气、富丽三者结合形成了中国建筑的传统。中国古代建筑的类型很多，主要有宫殿、坛庙、寺观、佛塔、民居和园林建筑等。按照原住地居民长久以来根据当地风土人情而形成不同风格的民居，其考虑最多的元素是本地降水、日照等气候条件。根据这种风格及用途来划分，中国传统建筑可以分为七大类：粤派、闽派、川派、皖派、京派、苏派、晋派。
Chinese Cuisine Culture（中国美食文化）
在中国传统文化教育中的阴阳五行哲学思想、道家理学观念、儒家伦理道德观念，还有文化艺术成就、饮食审美风尚、民族性格特征诸多因素的影响下，创造出彪炳史册的中国烹饪技艺，形成博大精深的中国饮食文化。中国饮食文化具有风味多样、四季有别、讲究美感、注重情趣、食医结合的特点。
Reading Comprehension
Make
the best choice according to what you have read.
1.Chinese art is_______art originated in or is practiced in China or by Chinese artists.
A.auditory B.visual
C.audiovisual D.handmade
2.Which of the following doesn't belong to Chinese traditional art？
A.Embroideries.B.Paper-cutting.
C.Pop music.D.Porcelain pottery.
3.Dragon dance and the Lion Dance are always played_______.
A.in everyday life B.on wedding ceremony
C.on funeral D.on opening ceremony
4.Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the architectural styles of the except________.
A.India B.Korea C.Vietnam D.Japan
5.Which of the following represents Chinese architecture style？
A.Pointed Arch.B.Marble pillar.C.Dome.D.Upturned eaves.
6.Western architecture tends to emphasize height，while，Chinese architecture emphasizes________.
A.width B.height C.length D.size
7.In a typical Chinese garden，you can view a series of carefully composed scenes including________.
A.ponds，rock works B.many halls and pavilions
C.winding paths and zig-zag galleries D.all of the above
8.The famous“Four Major Cuisines”in China include Chuan，Lu，Yue and______.
A.Huaiyang B.Shaan C.Xiang D.Hui
9.________are the three traditional aspects used to describe Chinese food.
A.Taste，shape and color B.Color，smell and shape
C.Smell，shape and taste D.Color，smell and taste
10.The following are used in traditional Chinese medicine，in Chinese cuisine as well as a popular beverage except________.
A.coffee B.tea C.Semen Cassiae D.Chinese wolf-berry
Chinese Landscaping
Chinese architecture
Chinese cuisine