Section C Reading in Depth
Read the following passages carefully and then finish the tasks below．
PASSAGE 1
When asked what guides his vision of UNIQLO，Tadashi Yanai，its founder and CEO，pulled off the 1987 autumn collection catalogue．All clothes are so classic，he says，that they could be worn today．While Zara of Spain and Hennes＆Mauritz of Sweden，the world’s two largest clothing retailers，slavishly（盲目地）follow fashion trends，UNIQLO，the third-largest brand of Japanese Fast Retailing，sticks to timeless basics．
UNIQLO has a solid base at home although it has a priority in Asia．It still wants to expand into the competitors’markets of Europe and America and turn UNIQLO into the world’s largest clothing retailer by becoming the first Asian specialty store retailer of apparel．“Asia is the engine of growth today with millions of consumers who are reaching the middle class，”he says．UNIQLO will open its first shop in India this year and is considering expanding into Vietnam and other countries after opening networks of shops in Indonesia，Singapore and Thailand．
The success of UNIQLO’s overseas operations matters greatly to its domestic investors．Analysts reckon Fast Retailing’s shares have been largely rising owing to its international expansion and improved logistics（物流运输）．Fast Retailing’s operating profits in 2018 were＄2．15bn，and last year UNIQLO’s international revenue firstly overtook its domestic sales and its foreign operating profit was almost equal to its Japanese equivalent．
UNIQLO’s competent Japan-educated Chinese executives who understand both Japanese and Chinese culture help remain a strong Asian foothold in China，which owns over half its overseas shops，thus contributing 70% of total international revenues last year．This success was surprising because of ill-feeling towards Japanese from many Chinese，which was derived from the latter’s wartime record．Chinese consumers tend to revere brands．But even the label-obsessed need plain bits for layering（分层）or coordination（协调搭配）．Chinese consumers are after quality，and UNIQLO’s special fabrics，especially its Heattech range for cold weather，function well．But the rest of Asia is harder to crack．For instance，warm climate in several countries means that UNIQLO cannot rely on its cold-weather products as a main drive of sales．But it could be risky if it has to tweak（改变）its formula．
Europe and America offer a cautionary tale．UNIQLO in America struggled outside the big cities．Growth in the European heartlands remains elusive for UNIQLO because of the existence of the same business model like Gap．But thought-out partnerships with ambassadors and collaborations with designers are starting to help UNIQLO．
The backlash against globalization is the biggest risk to UNIQLO’s Asian plans．It could limit free movement of goods and people，disrupting both supply chains and workers．Mr Yanai，an ardent fan of globalization，is confident that he can guide UNIQLO through the challenges．
1．According to thepassage，where is UNIQLO's focused main market？
A．Chinese market．
B．Japanese domestic market．
C．Western markets of Europe and America．
D．Asian countries like Indonesia，Singapore and Thailand．
2．Why does the success of UNIQLO’s overseas operations count to investors at home？
A．Because the profit from Japanese market is shrinking．
B．Because UNIQLO wants to be developed into the world’s largest clothing retailer．
C．Because the international expansion has brought more revenues to its investors．
D．Because UNIQLO has suffered from backlash from European and American markets．
3．What do Chinese customers think about brands according to the passage？
A．They have been enslaved by brands completely．
B．They would like to choose luxurious items．
C．They care about brands and are inclined to famous ones．
D．They care more about the good quality rather than brands．
4．What is the performance of UNIQLO in European main markets？
A．Frustratedperformance with more rivals．
B．Pessimistic future with hardships．
C．Successful operation with good profit．
D．Unknown prospectwithmarket uncertainty．
5．What is the main idea of this passage？
A．UNIQLO has transferred its focus of business operation from Japan to China．
B．Mr．Yanai has an ambition to develop UNIQLO into the world’s largest retailer．
C．UNIQLO has achieved success in its Asian operation with suitable business strategies．
D．Facing challenges from globalization，UNIQLO had a hard time making profit．
PASSAGE 2
After reading a thought-provoking article on the Internet，you scroll down to the comments section to see what other people thought，and there，lurking among dozens of well-intentioned opinions，is a troll．“These guys are frauds．”“Your idiocy is disturbing．”These are the trollish comments，all from anonymous sources．Trolling，defined as the act of posting inflammatory，derogatory or provocative messages in public forums，is a problem as old as the Internet itself，although its roots go much farther back．
Even in the fourth century B．C．，Plato touched upon the subject of anonymity and morality in his parable of the ring of Gyges．This mythical ring gave its owner the power of invisibility．Plato observed that even a habitually just man who possessed such a ring would become a thief，knowing that he couldn’t be caught．
Psychological research has proven again and again that anonymity increases unethical behavior．In the online world，which can offer total anonymity，the effect is even more pronounced．People—even ordinary，good people—often change their behavior in radical ways．After Alexis Pilkington，a 17-year-old Long Island girl，committed suicide earlier this year，anonymous trolls descended on her online tribute page to post pictures of nooses（套索），references to hangings and other hateful comments．
Many victims are turning to legislation to strike back．All 50 states now have stalking，bullying or harassment laws that explicitly include electronic forms of communication．Last year，Liskula Cohen，a former model，has now filed a suit against an anonymous blogger who she felt had defamed her．Last month，another former model，Carla Franklin，persuaded a judge to force YouTube to reveal the identity of a troll who made a disparaging comment about her on the video-sharing site．
But the law by itself cannot do enough to disarm the Internet’s trolls．Content providers，social networking platforms and community sites must also do their part by rethinking the systems they have in place for user commentary to discourage—or disallow—anonymity．Reuters，for example，announced that it would start to block anonymous comments and require users to register with their names and e-mail addresses to curb“uncivil behavior．”The technology blog Gizmodo is trying an audition system for new commenters，under which their first few comments would be approved by a moderator or a trusted commenter to ensure quality before anybody else could see them．Disqus，a comments platform for bloggers，has experimented with allowing users to rate one another’s comments and feed those ratings into a global reputation system．At Facebook，the approach is to try to replicate real-world social norms（规范）．People’s faces，real names and brief biographies are placed next to their public comments，to establish a baseline of responsibility．Though it’s free to opt out，Facebook encourages users to share comments with friends．
In slowly lifting the veil of anonymity，perhaps we can see the troll not as the frightening monster of lore，but as what we all really are：human．
1．Why does the author write this passage？
A．To condemn online school bully．
B．To warn the danger of trolling．
C．To justify the online anonymity．
D．To appeal people to contain trolling．
2．What does the author want to say through Plato’s parable？
A．Anonymity will breed lenient crimes．
B．Morality comes from concealing of identity．
C．Anonymity changes people’s irresponsible behavior．
D．Morality is built upon neutral trust among the public．
3．What did the trolls do on the online tribute of Alexis Pilkington？
A．They mourned her．
B．They posted wicked words．
C．They tried to sell nooses．
D．They changed her tribute page．
4．What did the victims of trolling do to fight against trolling？
A．They appealed the social media to disqualify the trolls．
B．They filed lawsuits against the blogger or commenter．
C．They asked social media to shut down the commenting system．
D．They persuaded the trolls to withdraw derogatory massages．
5．Which of the following is true about the measures taken by social media companies EXCEPT________？
A．They try to copy the real social environment to cyberspace．
B．They resort to paparazzi to block the uncivil behavior．
C．They require the users to register with their real names．
D．They rely on trusted commenters to build audition systems．
PASSAGE 3
［A］Despite the sums that the U．S．spends on maternity care（妇产科护理），mortality rates for women and infants are significantly higher in America than in other wealthy countries．And because of a shortage of hospitals and obgyns（妇产科），especially in rural areas，many women struggle to access proper care during pregnancy．Moreover，the rate of C-sections（剖腹产）is exceedingly high at 32 percent—the World Health Organization considers the ideal rate to be around 10 percent—and 13 percent of women report feeling pressured by their providers to have the procedure．
［B］Widespread adoption of midwife（助产妇）-directed care could alleviate all these problems．In many other developed countries，such as the U．K．，France and Australia，midwifery is at least as common as care by obstetricians（产科医师）．In the U．S．，certified midwives and nurse-midwives must hold a graduate degree from an institution accredited by the American College of Nurse-Midwives，and certified professional midwives must undergo at least two years of intensive training．This is designed to make midwives experts in normal physiological pregnancy and birth．Thus，for women with low-risk pregnancies who wish to deliver vaginally，it often makes sense to employ a midwife rather than a more costly surgeon．Yet only about 8 percent of U．S．births are attended by midwives．
［C］The roots of America's dislike of midwifery go back to the late 1800s，when germ theory and anesthesia（麻醉）reduced much of the danger and discomfort associated with childbirth．The benefits of these technologies brought doctors to the forefront of maternity care and pushed midwives aside．Obstetricians helped to bar midwives from practicing in hospitals，which were now considered the safest birth settings．By the early 1960s midwifery was virtually outdated．
［D］It has made a comeback since then，with practitioners just as well trained as doctors to supervise uncomplicated deliveries（生产）．Studies show that midwife-attended births are as safe as physician-attended ones，and they are associated with lower rates of Csections and other interventions that can be costly，risky and disruptive to the labor process．But midwifery still remains on the margins of maternity care in the U．S．
［E］To bring it back into the mainstream，midwives must be fully integrated into the medical system．Some states currently refuse to recognize them as legitimate practitioners，and some severely limit what midwives are allowed to do，despite evidence that states with the most restrictive policies also have some of the highest rates of adverse birth outcomes，such as deaths of newborns．If midwives were allowed to work alongside other providers，patients would get the care advantages，and if difficulties arose，a woman whose home birth suddenly became complicated could be seamlessly transferred to a hospital．
［F］Even when state laws are favorable，women who wish to work with midwives often face financial obstacles．Medicaid（医疗补助计划）will cover all midwifery services，according to the Affordable Care Act，but the requirement does not extend to private insurers，many of whom lack in-network midwives or refuse to cover midwifery care at all．Half of planned non-hospital births are currently paid for by patients themselves，compared with just 3．4 percent of hospital births．Thus，a less expensive birth at home may be out of reach for women who cannot afford to pay out of pocket．U．S．hospitals charge more than＄13，000，on average，for an uncomplicated vaginal birth（顺产），whereas a similar midwife-attended birth outside of the hospital reduces that figure by at least half．Insurers would save money by embracing midwife-attended，non-hospital birth as a safe and inexpensive alternative．
［G］A national shortage of birth centers further limits women's choices．These homelike settings are designed to support naturally laboring women with pleasures such as warm baths and spacious beds and are consistently rated highly in surveys of patient satisfaction．Yet there are only around 350 existing freestanding birth centers in the entire nation，and nine states lack regulations for licensing such facilities．More government support for birth centers would help midwives meet a growing demand，which has already fueled an increase of 82 percent in centers since 2010．
［H］Policy makers，providers and insurers all have good reasons to encourage a shift toward midwifery．The result will be more choices and better outcomes for mothers and babies．
Passage 3 has 8 sections，A-H．
Which section contains the following information？
Write the correct letter，A-H，in boxes 1-7 on the answer sheet．
NB You may use any letter more than once．
Questions 8-13
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer．
8．In the U．S．，many women in________areas particularly have difficultyin obtaining proper care during pregnancy because of lack of hospitals and obgyns．
9．In the U．S．，certified professional midwives must undergo at least________years of intensive training．
10．From the late 1800s to 1960s，doctors were involved in maternity care and________were considered the safest birth settings．
11．Since the 1960s，practioners of Midwifery returned and worked with doctors to________uncomplicated deliveries．
12．In some states where the laws allow midwifery，pregnant women often face financial________when looking for midwifery services．
13．There are a limited number of freestanding birth centers in the U．S．and nine states lack regulation for licensing these________．