英语修辞(English Rhetoric)

第六节 英语修辞(English Rhetoric)

修辞即修饰言论,是人们在使用语言的过程中,利用多种语言手段以达到尽可能好的表达效果的一种语言活动。古希腊亚里士多德曾说,修辞是“在任何特定情况下加强说服力的手段,这是任何其他艺术没有的功能”。英语修辞已渗透到各种体裁、各类文体中,在此介绍词汇修辞格、结构修辞格和语音修辞格。

一、词汇修辞格(Lexical Stylistic Devices)

词汇修辞是通过对单词创造性地运用,使表达更形象、更生动,使所描述的人或物给读者留下更深的印象。词汇修辞有二十多种,主要有明喻、暗喻、拟人、夸张、双关、头韵、委婉、修辞反问等。

(一)明喻(Simile)

明喻是两个事物之间的比较,本体和喻体都出现的比喻,借用as、 like、 unlike、 as if、 as though、 be compared to等单词把二者连接起来,目的是用具体、形象的事物来描述抽象、模糊的观点和意思,使读者能够准确地理解。

例:

——My English teacher is always as busy as a bee.

我的英语老师很忙。

——The waterfall is like a piece of silk hanging down from the edge of a precipice.

瀑布像一条从悬崖边垂下的绸缎。

——Then darkness overcame him as if he had fallen into a black hole.

然后,黑暗笼罩着他,仿佛他掉进了一个黑洞。

——He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.

他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来,像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。

(二)暗喻或隐喻(Metaphor)

暗喻或隐喻是不使用如like,as等词语描写事物,而是直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写。它是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似或相关关系而构成的修辞格。

例:

——The picture of those poor people’s lives was carved so sharply in his heart that he could never forget it.

那些穷人的生活图景深深地刻在他的心中,他永远不会忘记。

——German guns and German planes rained down bombs,shells and bullets。

德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹,炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。

——All his former joy was drowned in the embarrassment and confusion he was feeling at the moment.

他以前的所有欢乐都淹没在此刻的尴尬和困惑中。

——The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.

钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。

(三)拟人(Personification)

拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物,即用人的特征来描述没有生命的事物或抽象的

观点。

例:

——The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.

夜晚温柔地平复着我们狂热的头脑。

——Overhead the stars winked mischievously at us.

头顶上群星顽皮地对我们眨眼。

——Men’s words are bullets,that their enemies take up and make use of against them.

人们说的话是子弹,敌人掌握并拿它来反击他们。

——The storm was raging and an angry sea was continuously tossing their boat.

暴风雨肆虐,汹涌的大海不停地摇晃着他们的船。

(四)夸张(Hyperbole)

夸张是以言过其实的语言表达强调的目的。它可以加强语势,增加表达效果。它偏重于情感,而不太注重事实,表达得比实际事情更高、更强烈、更有集中性,具有诙谐、讥讽、褒贬等作用。

夸张的表现手段很多,如数字、形容词、副词、介词短语等。

例:

——I beg a thousand pardons.

我千百次地祈求宽恕。

——In the dock,she found scores of arrows piercing her chest.

站在被告席上,他感到万箭穿心。

——Love you.You are the whole world to me,and the moon and the stars.

爱你。你是我的整个世界,月亮和星星。

——You could have knocked me over with a feather.

你本可以用一根羽毛把我撞倒的。

——The room seemed deadly silent.

房间如死一般地寂静。

(五)仿拟(Parody)

仿拟是按照已有的语言表达形式,临时造出新的语言形式的一种辞格。它可以是模仿现成的语、句、篇临时创造新的语、句、篇。它巧妙、机智而有趣。

例:

——To lie or not to lie — The doctor’s dilemma.

是撒谎还是不撒谎——医生面临的难题。(医生是把严重的病情如实地及时告诉病人,还是出于善意加以隐瞒,希望病人能平静地过完剩下的非常有限的日子?)

本句模仿了莎士比亚的悲剧《哈姆雷特》中的句子“To be or not to be,that’s a question.”。

——Wine was thicker than blood to the Mondavi brothers,who feuded bitterly over control of the family business.Charles Krug Winery.(谚语:Blood is thicker than water)

对于蒙大维兄弟来说,酒浓于血,他们在家族企业查尔斯·克鲁格酒庄的控制权上发生了激烈的争斗。(谚语:血浓于水)

——He intended to take an opportunity this afternoon of speaking to Irene.A word in time saves nine.(谚语:A stitch in time saves nine)

他打算今天下午借此机会与艾琳交谈。及时一句话可以救九个。(谚语:一针及时就能省下九针)

——In writing this book I have had more specially in mind three classes of readers.I can hope that I have not,in consequence,fallen between three stools.(谚语:Fall between two stools)

我写这本书的时候,心目中是以三种读者为对象的。我只希望这样做不至于三方面全部落空。(谚语:两头落空)

(六)通感(Synesthesia)

通感又叫“联觉,移觉”,以视、听、触、嗅、味等感觉直接描写事物。“以感觉写感觉”,将本来表示甲感觉的词语移用来表示乙感觉。通感技巧的运用,能使表达更为清楚,增加审美情趣,达到增加文采的艺术效果。

例:

——The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their voice like lily.

鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音。

意思是鸟儿的声音很美,把声音听觉转移到了视觉,百合花很美。

——Sweet Thames!Run softly,till I end my song.

甜蜜的泰晤士!轻轻地流,等我唱完我的歌。

sweet (甜的)修饰泰晒士河,从味觉转移到嗅觉、听觉和视觉,softly(柔软地)原本描述触觉,现在形容河水流动带来的视觉和听觉效果。

——Perhaps the soap will produce its loudly advertised effect,perhaps it will transform them into the likeness of those ravishing creatures who smile so rosily and creamily,so peachily and pearlily from every hoarding.

也许香皂会产生俗艳的广告效果,使她们变得像广告上的那些姑娘一样迷人,皮肤白里透红,晶莹剔透。

loudly,从听觉转移到视觉广告,声音大的感觉移到广告上,在这里指广告对人们的视觉所产生的俗艳印象。

——Architecture is frozen music.

建筑是凝固的音乐。

把听觉music 和触觉frozen移到建筑上,形象地描述了建筑的美。

(七)移就(Transferred epithet,也称“转类形容词”)

移就是将本应描述甲事物状态性质的定语移来描述乙事物。这种创造性的用法,当然是因为这两事物有密切关联。

例:

——But his heart in torture was at peace,his bowels were glad.

但他受煎熬的心平静了,他心里高兴。

bowels是“肠子”意思,glad一词通常用于形容人。

——The host handed me a hospitable(热情好客的)glass of wine.

主人非常热情地递给我一瓶葡萄酒。

——She was so worried about her son that she spent several sleepless nights.

她非常担心儿子,好几个晚上都没睡好觉。

sleepless本不与nights 搭配。

——His stories achieved nothing but cheap laughs.

他的故事仅仅赚了点廉价的笑声。

cheap本与物质的东西搭配。

(八)委婉(Euphemism)

委婉指不直言其事,故意把话说得含蓄、婉转一些。人们在交往过程中为了避免伤害别人,经常采用间接的、委婉的说法陈述事情或表达观点。它主要的修辞效果是在语言上减少刺激性和敏感性。

例:

——把old people 改称为senior citizens

把“老人”说成“资深公民”,这就让人感觉到年龄了。

——substandard housing

低于标准的住房,即贫民窟、危房。

——mental hospital

“心理医院”,不说“精神病院”。

——mad 改为emotionally disturbed

“疯狂”,说成“情绪失常”。

——invasion,raid 改为military action

把“入侵、袭击”变为“军事行动”。

(九)双关(Pun)

双关语指在一定的语言环境中,利用词的多义和同音的条件,有意使语句具有双重意义,言在此而意在彼的修辞方式。

例:

——On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you!

这句利用pray和prey两个同音异义词来造成双关的修辞效果。意思是教堂里的神职人员口是心非,说的一套,做的是另一套,就如同“礼拜天为你祈祷,礼拜一就会掠夺你的财产”。prey on 的意思是捕获猎物或者掠夺财物。事实上有些宗教活动打着为民众祈福的旗号,实际上暗地里敛财,还带有政治目的。

例:

——He drove his expensive car into a tree and found out how the Mercedes bends.

他开着昂贵的名车撞到树上,发现他的奔驰车(Mercedes)撞弯(bends)了。

bends与Mercedes Benz(奔驰车)中的Benz同音,幽默之处也就在这里。

——Money makes the mayor(mare) go.

有钱能使母马走(有钱能使鬼推磨)。

——A deal with us means a good deal to you.

和我们做买卖意味着您做了一笔好买卖。

——Give your hair a touch of spring.

给你的头发洒满春色,让你的头发富有弹性。

(十)矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)

矛盾修饰法指两个截然相反的词组连在一起的修饰格。这种修辞手法语义上看来不符合逻辑,但实际上这样的组合却能达到其他修辞手法没有的语言效果。

例:

——There was an audible stillness,in which the common voice sounded strange.

这时是一片听得见的寂静,连人声听起来都是异样的。

——This risks the talks drifting into a living death similar to the global trade negotiations.

这样会使会谈有可能陷入与全球贸易谈判一样的两难境地。

——The parental discipline can be described as cruel kindness.

父母的约束可以描述为残酷的仁慈。

——When the news of the failure came,all his friends said that it was a victorious defeat.

当失败的消息传来时,他所有的朋友都说这是一次胜利的失败。

(十一)换喻(Metonymy)

换喻,即转喻,是指当甲事物同乙事物不相类似但有密切关系时,可以以乙事物的名称来取代甲事物。转喻的重点在“联想”,通过相近事物的联想代替本体事物。

例:

——The Pentagon has not yet made clear its decision.

五角大楼尚未明确其决定。

Pentagon五角大楼,指代美国国防部以及在此办公的高级官员。

——The pen is mightier than the sword.

文人胜于武士。

以pen、 sword指代使用这种物品的人。

——Grey hairs should be respected.

老人应受到尊敬。

grey hairs指代老年人。

——His purse would not allow him that luxury.

他没钱让自己奢侈。

(十二)借代或提喻(Synecdoche)

借代是以部分代替整体,或者以整体代替部分。

例:

——The farms were short of hands during the harvest season.

农场在收获季节人手不足。

hands指“劳动力”。

——The poor creature could no longer endure her sufferings.

这个可怜的家伙再也忍受不了她的痛苦了。

——The whole school rushed noisily into the playground.

学生们喊着冲向操场。

句中的 whole school 指代 all the students of the school。

(十三)反语(Irony)

反语是指作者要表达的实际意思与字面所反映的意思相反。正话反说,反话正说。

——All Right!You Shall Remember This.

好哇,你记着!

——“Of course,you only carry large notes,no small change on you。” The waiter said to the beggar.

作者对乞丐说,当然,你只收大钞,所以没零钱啦。

——We are lucky.It’s the other side on the thirteenth of December.That makes us feel really good.

我们很幸运,这是太平洋另一边的12月13日。我们感觉很好。

数字13在西方文化里是不吉利的,所以此句的真正意思是他们感到非常倒霉。

——That is a very brave proposal.

那真是一个非常有勇气的提议(真正含义是“你真是疯了”)。

——You may ask him for all I care.

你尽可以问他,我才不管呢。

二、结构修辞格(Syntactical Stylistic Devices)

结构修辞是指通过对句子结构的特别安排来增强语言的表达效果。

(一)排比(Parallelism)

排比是把结构相同、相似、意思密切相关、语气一致的词语或句子成串排列的一种修辞方法。其修辞功能是“增文势”“广文义”。

例:

——Ability is what you’re capable of doing.Motivation determines what you do.Attitude determines how well you do it.

能力决定了你能做什么,冬季决定了你要做什么,而态度决定了你会做成什么样。

——The quickest way to receive love is to give;the fastest way to lose love is to hold it too tightly;and the best way to keep love is to give it wings.

得到爱最快的方法莫过于赐予爱;失去爱最快的方法莫过于将爱牢牢地抓在手中;令爱长驻的最好方法莫过于赐予爱一双翅膀。

——A careless word may kindle strife;a cruel word may wreck a life;a timely word may level stress;a loving word may heal and bless.

一句粗心的话可能会引起争吵;一句残酷的话可能会毁掉一个人的生命;一句及时的话可以消除压力;爱的话语可以治愈和祝福。

——Reading Chinese makes people witty,reading mathematics makes people careful,and reading philosophy makes people eloquent.

阅读语文使人灵秀,阅读数学使人周密,阅读哲学使人善辩。

(二)对比(Antithesis)

对比是把两种相反或相对的事物,或者一个事物相反的两个方面放在一起进行比较,以此突出事物的特征,增强语义。语言上用结构类似甚至完全相同的一对句子或词组。

例:

——A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

一鸟在手,胜于二鸟在林。

——Give me liberty,or give me death.

要么给我自由,要么让我死亡。

——For the end of a theoretical science is truth,but the end of a practical science is performance.

因为理论科学的终结是真理,而实践科学的终结是表现。

——If a society cannot help the many who are poor,it cannot save the few who are rich.

倘若一个自由社会未能帮助众多的穷人,那么,他也不可能拯救少数的富人。

——To err is human,to forgive,divine.

凡人皆有过,唯神能宽恕。

这是英国诗人亚历山大·蒲柏Alexander Pope (1688-1744) 的名言。

(三)重复(Repetition)

这是指通过词或短语的有意重复来达到强调的修辞效果。重复手段通常体现为语音重复、词汇重复和句法重复。

例:

——The good die early,and the bad die late.

好人无长寿,祸害活千年。

——A beautiful form is better than a beautiful face;a beautiful behavior than a beautiful form.

美的形体胜过美的脸蛋;而美的行为胜过美的形体。

——We shall go on to the end,we shall fight in France,we shall fight on the seas and oceans,we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air,we shall defend our Island,whatever the cost may be,we shall fight on the beaches,we shall fight on the landing grounds,we shall fight in the fields and in the streets,we shall fight in the hills;we shall never surrender.

我们将坚持到底,我们将在法国作战,我们将在海洋上作战,我们将以越来越大的信心和力量在空中作战,我们将保卫我们的岛屿,无论付出什么代价,我们将在海滩上作战,我们将在陆地上作战,我们将在田野和街道上作战,我们将在山里作战;我们永不投降。

这是英国首相温思顿·丘吉尔在第二次世界大战时期为鼓励英国人民和法西斯作战而发表的演说。

——Gentlemen may cry peace,peace-but there is no peace.

绅士们可以高呼和平,和平,但没有和平。

——“Farewell to the mountains high covered with snow!

Farewell to the straths and green valleys below!

Farewell to the forests and high-hanging woods!

Farewell to the torrents and loud pouring floods!”

别了啊,高耸的被积雪覆盖的山丘,

别了啊,山下的溪壑和翠谷,

别了啊,森林和枝条纵横的树林,

别了啊,急川和洪流的轰鸣。

这是节选自《我的心呀在高原》(My Heart’s In The Highlands),它是英格兰浪漫主义民歌、散文诗,作者为罗伯特·彭斯。

(四)倒装(Inversion or Anastrophe)

倒装是将谓语置于主语之前,或者将宾语等置于主语和谓语之前。这是出于表达的需要及强调的目的。

例:

——Harry had once been a dog lover.Then his neighbors’ barking dogs twice raced through his garden.Now all dogs,especially barking dogs,Harry detests.

哈里曾经是一个爱狗的人。然后他邻居的狗两次狂吠着穿过他的花园。现在所有的狗,尤其是吠叫的狗,哈里都讨厌。

——Slowly climbs the summer moon.

夏日的月亮慢慢地爬上来。

——Up the road came a sound of creaking axles,and then a slow cloud of dust,and then a bull-cart bearing Ransic Bilbro and his wife.

沿路传来了车轴吱吱作响的声音,然后是一股缓慢的灰尘,再后面是一辆载着兰西克·比尔布罗和他妻子的牛车。

——Many and long were the conversations they held through the prison wall.

他们通过监狱的围墙进行了许多长时间的谈话。

——An unscrupulous woman she was;she was only favored by dirty dogs.

她是个无耻的女人;她只受到脏狗的宠爱。

三、语音修辞格(Phonetic Stylistic Devices)

语音修辞是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。英语的音韵辞格主要有头韵和拟声。

(一)头韵(Alliteration)

例:

头韵指重复出现首字母相同的单词,起到突出重点、加深印象、平衡节奏的作用。

——His dedication,determination and discipline impressed us deeply.

他的投入、执着和自律深深打动了我们。

——Those ungrateful drones who would Drain your sweat—nay,drink your blood?

那些忘恩负义的寄生虫,他们要榨干你们的汗水——不,不仅如此,还要吸干你们的血液!

这句话选自雪莱(Percy Bysshe Shelley)的《英格兰之歌》。

——Long and loudly little Lily laughed.

小莉莉长时间大声地笑着。

(二)拟声(Onomatopoeia)

拟声是指用词语模拟客观事物的声音,以增强讲话或文字的实际音感。这种单词的声音能够启发和加强相关句子的含义。

例:

——The ticking of the clock was the only sound that greeted him,for not a soul remained.

迎接他的只有滴答的钟声,因为再也没有一个人留下了。

——When Miss Martha was reaching for bread there was a great tooting,a clanging,and a fire engine came rumbling past.The angry husband shut the door with a bang.

玛莎小姐伸手去拿面包时,传来一声巨大的嘟嘟声、叮当声,一辆消防车隆隆驶过。愤怒的丈夫砰的一声关上门。

——The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed.The cock’s shrill Carion,or the echoing horn.

茅棚里传来燕子的呢喃,公鸡的尖叫,抑或回荡着猎人的号角声。

——The chandelier landed crash on the floor.

吊灯哗啦一声掉在地板上。

Exercise

Identify the rhetorical devices(修辞方法)in the following sentences.

1.As life is full of strife and conflict,we need friends to support and help us out of difficulties.

2.The little boy spent a miserable merry Christmas.

3.I turned to my neighbors for help.But their houses were cold,closed and unfriendly.

4.The operation may not succeed;it’s a gamble whether he lives or dies.

5.I remember being vaguely annoyed when the gunman pulled me from the car by the hair.I remember the walk to the house.I remember the fear and anger in the gunman’s voice.

6.His dedication,determination and discipline impressed us deeply.

7.“Bang!Bang!” shouted the boys in imitation of gunfire.

8.He has many mouths to feed in his family.

9.Up the road came a sound of creaking axles,and then a slow cloud of dust,and then a bull-cart bearing Ransic Bilbro and his wife.

10.But his heart in torture was at peace,his bowels were glad.

11.He worked his fingers to the bones.

12.Wine was thicker than blood to the Mondavi brothers,who feuded bitterly over control of the family business.

13.As I entered her room,I was hit by the heavy perfume and noisy colors.

14.He worked until he breathed his last.

15.Her eyes were shining brightly,but her face lost its color within twenty seconds.