作文类型与评析（Types and Analysis）
一、作文类型
四、六级作文的类型随着时间推移和学生水平的提高，作文类型已经从最初的段首句作文发展到现在主要是标题作文、规定情景（或提纲）作文和实际应用型作文，以2017—2021年的题目为例。
写作题目（2017—2021年）
四级
（2017年6月第1套）Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30minutes to write an advertisement on your campus website to sell some of the course books you used at college.Your advertisement may include a brief description of their content，their condition and price and your information. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
（2017年12月第1套）Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30minutes to write a short essay on How to best handle the relationship between parents and children. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
（2018年6月第1套）Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30minutes to write a short essay on the importance of reading ability and how to develop it. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
（2018年6月第2套）Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of living in a big city. You should write at least120 words but no more than 180 words.
（2019年6月第1套）Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a news report to your campus newspaper on a visit to a local farm organized by your Student Union. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
（2019年6月第2套）Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to a foreign friend who wants to teach English in China.Please recommend a city to him.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
（2020年7月）Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the use of translation apps.You can start your essay with the sentence “The use of translation apps is becoming increasingly popular.” You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
（2020年9月）Directions，For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on online libraries.You can start your essay with the sentence “Online libraries are becoming increasingly popular”.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
（2020年12月）Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write on the topic Changes in the Way of Education. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.（2021年6月）Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay titled ''Are people becoming addicted to technology？". The statement given below is for your reference.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
Numerous studies claim that addiction to technology is real and it has the same effect on the brain as drug addiction
六级
（2017年6月）Directions：Suppose you are asked to give advice on whether to attend college at home or abroad，write an essay to state your opinion You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
（2018年6月）Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of building trust between employers and employers.You can cite examples to illustrate your views.You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
（2018年12月）Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on how to balance work and leisure. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
（2019年6月）Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of team spirit and communication in the workplace. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
（2019年6月）Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of having a sense of social responsibility. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
（2020年6月）Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the saying " The best preparation for tomorrow is doing your best today." You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
（2020年9月）Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the saying " Beauty of the soul is the essential beauty." You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
（2020年12月）Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on why students should be encouraged to develop the ability to meet challenges. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
（2021年6月）Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the graph below.You should start your essay with a brief description of the graph and comment on China’s achievements in urbanization.You should write at least 150 words but no more than200 words.
Drgree of urbanization in China from 1980 to 2019
从以上列举的四、六级考试题目看，标题作文、规定情景（或提纲）作文占的比例很大，主要是考核学生表达个人观点的写作能力。四级题目出现了实际应用写作的题目，如写一则新闻报道和写一封信。而六级题目出现了要求学生通过看图并根据所给题目进行写作的考题。这也是一个实际应用写作的题目。在我们的现实生活中经常会看到一些图表，如表示天气的变化、股票的走势、手机的销售状况等。这些题目对于非英语专业的学生来说还是具有一定的挑战性的。因为它需要的不仅仅是学生在课堂上掌握老师所教授的写作方法，而是学生在平时要多阅读、多关注社会、多看报、多参加一些活动、多与人就某个话题或者社会大事进行讨论和辩论。只有这样才能形成自己对某一个事情或者热点问题的观点，从而在写作时才有自己的思想。
二、作文评析
*Used Course Books on Sale （2017年6月真题第一套）
I’m a sophomore from Department of English.Since I have finished the courses of the first year，I decide to sell some of my used course books.
The course books include reading，writing，translation as well as listening.If any one of your course books were missing，you could consider buying mine.Some of those course books are almost new，even without any notes on them.’ You can get them at half of their original price.I’d their original price like to note that if you buy 10 of my books at a time，I will present two tutorial books as a gift.The two tutorial books were helpful when I prepared for my Test for English Majors -Grade-4.Thanks to those two books，I passed the test with a high mark.Gifts are limited，so first come first served.
If you are interested in buying those used course books，please come to my dormitory and have a look.You can contact me at the number 15200006066.I am available at 7：30 pm every day.[1]
四级短文的写作，通常在写作要求中就已经告诉考生应该写什么，但是重新架构文章还是考生需要思考的。学生在写这样的短文时首先应该审题。此文的题目是“出售旧的教科书”（Used Course Books on Sale），这里需要考虑到5个w，即who、 what、 when、 where、 why。
Who是我，二年级的学生；what是出售旧的教科书，因为是为自己做广告，所以这篇范文很好地拓展了所出售书的细节——书的新旧程度以及书的内容（听、读、写、译）；when是每天我在的时候（7：30）；where是我的宿舍，为保护隐私，我留下了联系方式；why，因为我的书已经用过了，是一年级用的书，言外之意，这书现在不用了。为尽量销售掉我的书，作者抓住了读者的消费心理，除了降价，还送赠品，特别是如果买10本就赠送2本。这些书都是我取得高分的书籍。
写这种作文最禁忌问答式写作，即仅回答了写作的要求。学生很容易犯这方面的错误。
这篇范文分三段式，第一段写“我”，回答who，写我要干什么，即what。第二段具体描述自己要出售的书，并谈到这批书在自己学习时所起的作用，这句话非常重要，也非常具有吸引力。最后一段回答when、where。
在篇章的连贯上，作者注重了主位述位的推进模式，主位Theme、述位Rheme。第一段的最后一句话“Since I have finished the courses of the first year，I decide to sell some of my used course books.”，特别是最后部分“I decide to sell some of my used course books.”，述位中的词语“used course books”，是下一段句子的主位。这样主述位的推进模式很好地把段落之间连接起来，避免了常用的句式（The reasons are as follows.）。
在句子的使用上，作者避免了过多使用简单句的做法，用了主从句，如“Since I have finished the courses of the first year，I decide to sell some of my used course books.”，Since引导原因状语从句。注重使用虚拟语句，如“If any one of your course books were missing，you could consider buying mine.”，If引导虚拟的状语从句，主句谓语动词的过去式could与其搭配。主从句在上文中使用次数不止一次，显示了作者一定的语法能力。
词语方面，很好地使用了available（有空），contact（联系），dormitory（宿舍），tutorial books（辅导用书），sophomore（大二学生），at a time（一次）等，这些阅读上经常看到、而实际写作上容易出错的词语。
*How to best handle the relationship between parents and children （2017年12月第1套，四级）
The parent-child relationship is one of the longest social ties human beings establish，and this tie is often highly positive and supportive but it also commonly includes feelings of irritation and tension.So how to best handle the relationship is a hot topic worth exploring.
Broken relationships between parents and their grown children are very common，which is a painful situation for everyone involved.Here are two points you should keep in mind as you seek to reconnect.Firstly，you must respect your parents.If your parents initially reject your effort，don’t write them off.Let them know that you love them.This is just as painful for them as it is for you and chances are that they will want to reconcile as well.Secondly，it is advisable for children to spend more time accompanying their parents，enhancing the affection between each other.
On the whole，how to best handle the relationship between parents and children can be tricky，which requires the joint effort of both parents and children.
在此篇短文中，作者运用定义法来开展段落。“The parent-child relationship is one of the longest social ties human beings establish，and this tie is often highly positive and supportive but it also commonly includes feelings of irritation and tension.”。首先作者在引段里就告知读者亲子关系是什么——人类建立的最长久的社会纽带之一，这个纽带往往是非常积极的，是有支持性的，但是它通常也包括愤怒、紧张这样的情绪，由此引出话题。下一句谈如何更好地处理父母与孩子的关系。第二段谈了两点处理方法，用了序号词firstly...secondly，清楚明了地告知了读者。结论段，用on the whole，总结了以上的说法。
整篇文章段落说明清晰、逻辑性强，善于运用非限制性定语从句，补充说明，显示了作者语法知识运用熟练，水平高。
句式方面，作者很好地运用了平行比较的结构，如“This is just as painful for them as it is for you and chances are that they will want to reconcile as well.”。
词语运用方面，一些重点词语运用得好，如：positive，supportive，involved，keep in mind，seek to，accompany，enhance the affection，reconcile，reconnect，joint effort，advisable，initially，tricky。单单从词语的准确运用上看，这篇文章可得高分。
*The importance of writing ability and how to develop it （2018年6月第一套，四级）
As a famous saying goes，“Writing expresses who you are as a person.” It is the primary basis upon which our learning，work and intellect will be judged—in college，in the workplace，and in the community.Therefore，more should be focused on improving the writing ability.
To develop the writing ability，in my view，one of the most efficient ways is to read.In that process，there are chances that we pick up new vocabularies and engage in different writing styles.Furthermore，classic thoughts and quotes can be applied to our writing works.Secondly，it is worthwhile to re-read your written work to modify errors and polish the language.As is widely known，correct grammar，punctuation and spelling are key in written communications.Lastly，we should develop the habit of writing.Writing every day for a certain amount of time is beneficial to form your own specific writing style.
To conclude，the writing ability is quite essential to everyone.And extensive reading，re-reading and frequent writing are three key ways to improve it.
此篇以名人名言引出主题，发展段落。名言“文如其人——Writing expresses who you are as a person”切中作文主题。第二段着重写培养写作能力的方法——阅读。作者提出两点，一是通过阅读，读者可以习得新的词语、著名的格言，可以了解新的写作风格以便运用到自己的写作中；二是通过阅读，特别是通过重新阅读自己的作品，可以修正并润色自己的作品。第三段总结全文。
文章论述清晰，语言表达干练，句子变化自如。
句子方面，文中使用了定语从句，如“It is the primary basis upon which our learning，work and intellect will be judged-in college，in the workplace，and in the community.”中，关系词为upon + which，先行词是the primary basis；还有使用as引导的非限定性定语从句，as指代后面一整句话“correct grammar，punctuation and spelling are key in written communications”，正确的语法、标点和拼写是书面写作的关键。
词语使用准确到位，engage in（参与、从事、接触）different writing styles，pick up（习得） new vocabularies，modify +errors（修正错误），polish language（润色语言），develop the habit of（养成……习惯），essential writing ability 等都用得非常好。
*The challenges of living in a big city（2018年12月第一套，四级）
As more and more people flood in big cities，hoping to make the most of the opportunities they offer，these expanding urban centers are becoming less agreeable，and urban people are facing numerous new challenges.
Firstly，the growing population adds to the congestion and pollution that already exist in big cities.People have squeezed into space-limited cities，leading to more unnecessary chaos.Secondly，fast-rising housing prices have brought about greater pressure on urban people，seriously lowering their quality of life.Lastly，to make a better living，people are in a rush to get into the office and home，leaving little time to make conversation with other people.In the long term，it would be hard for such cities to become harmonious places as we expect.
Therefore，some thoughtful urban planning is needed to make our cities better and safer places to live in.Governments should make more efforts to improve the infrastructure and housing conditions and create enough opportunities for education and employment.
此篇条理清晰，用序号词firstly，secondly，lastly把作者的观点罗列清楚：第一个说的是城市的拥挤与污染；第二个说的是城市的房价，降低了生活质量；第三个说的是城市人的繁忙，减少了人与人的沟通。结论段，提出解决城市问题的建议。
句子使用很有水平，开头的段落实际上就是一个句子。但是这个句子很复杂，既使用了现在分词，也使用了带有as引导的时间状语从句。就这么一个句子既交代了背景又引出了主题句。整篇文章使用的现在分词不止一次，显示了作者对现在分词的熟练使用能力。
词语使用上也非常丰富，如less agreeable（不宜人）、numerous（许多）、flood in（涌入）、congestion（拥挤）、fast-rising（迅速上涨的）、squeeze into（挤入）、space-limited（空间有限的）、infrastructure（基础设施）、employment（就业）、bring about（带来）、quality of life（生活质量）、in a rush（匆匆忙忙）、make the most of（充分利用）。
*On the importance of building trust between employers and employees（2018年6月第一套六级）
At the center of any healthy relationship stands a core element：trust.And the employee -employer relationship is no exception.
Many positive results arise when employers and their workers trust each other.First of all，employers implicit trust can greatly facilitate the company’s operation.Take the renowned electronics company，Panasonic for example.The founder chose to train all staff，even new ones in technical skills without reservation，building trust among his employees.In this way，staff’s inability to get the point was prevented and defective goods were thus significantly reduced.Not only that，the trusting relationship encouraged employees’ sense of belonging and loyalty to the company，which contributes to Panasonic’s big success.In addition，when employees regard their employers as trustworthy，they will be more likely to embrace leaders’ decisions.and therefore unnecessary misunderstandings and conflicts can be avoided，giving rise to much higher efficiency at work.
In conclusion，the stronger the sense of trust is in an employee boss relationship，the more motivated employees are and the better their performance is.This is undoubtedly favorable to the development of both companies and their employees.
这篇作文很好地抓住了核心词“trust”（信任），又紧紧抓住了雇主与被雇用者（employers and employees）的关系，从他们之间的信任度来谈论它积极的一面，并用实例说明这一点，让人信服。作者列举了两点雇主与被雇用者之间建立信任产生的效果。第一个效果是雇主对员工的信任有利于企业的运作，并以松下电器公司为例；第二个效果是雇员认为自己的雇主值得信任，在以后的工作中会减少不必要的误解，从而提高工作效率。最后一段是总结段落。
句子层面上，作者注重使用复合句。在第二段的主题句“Many positive results arise when employers and their workers trust each other.”使用了when引导的条件状语从句；还使用了非限制性定语从句，如“Not only that，the trusting relationship encouraged employees’ sense of belonging and loyalty to the company，which contributes to Panasonic’s big success.”（不仅如此，这种信任关系还鼓励了员工对公司的归属感和忠诚度，这为松下的巨大成功做出了贡献），在这个句子中，“which contributes to Panasonic’s big success”是非限制性定语从句。最长的句子在第二段的最后一句，“In addition，when employees regard their employers as trustworthy，they will be more likely to embrace leaders’ decisions.and therefore unnecessary misunderstandings and conflicts can be avoided，giving rise to much higher efficiency at work.”（此外，当员工认为雇主值得信赖时，他们更可能接受领导者的决定。因此，可以避免不必要的误解和冲突，从而提高工作效率），在这个句子里，有由when引导的条件从句，又有现在分词表示结果的短语，还有and并列连词连接两个句子。
词语方面，作者用词准确，如core（核心），core element（核心要素），arise（出现），positive results arise（积极因素出现了），implicit（完全的），implicit trust（完全信任），facilitate（促进），facilitate...operation（有利于……运转），contribute to（促成，造成），contribute to Panasonic’s big success（促成了松下公司的巨大成功）等。
*图表作文On China’s achievements in urbanization（2021年6月第一套，六级）
As is demonstrated in the graph，at the end of 2019，urban residents in China accounted for 60.6% of the total population and it’s the first time that the figure has exceeded 60%.Obviously，the past four decades have seen a sharp increase of 41.21% in the share of urban population in China.
There’s no denying that since the reform and opening up，remarkable achievements have been made in China’s urbanization.To begin with，the rapid urbanization has provided impetus for economic development，as it not only brings a sharp increase in demand for consumption and investment，but also generates a growing need for infrastructure，public services and housing.Second，urbanization has created more job opportunities for ordinary people，especially for those migrant workers who move to urban areas，which has effectively improved people’s living standards as a whole.Third，in the process of urbanization，the uneven distribution of educational resources has also been alleviated to some extent.
Even so，it is also worth mentioning that as more people enjoyed the prosperity of modern cities，we cannot ignore the mounting challenges urbanization has posed for national resources，environment，job market，public services，etc.
图表作文一般来说都要先描述一下这个图表，以此来检测学生是否看懂了，以及检测学生对图表的数字是否会描述。此篇第一段是描述图表；第二段谈论中国城市发展带来的益处；第三段是告知读者城市的发展也不能忽视它所带来的其他方面的挑战，进一步阐释作者的观点。
句子层面上，能够按照图表所惯用的句式，如“As is demonstrated in the graph，there’s no denying that...”。
用词多样，如account for（占比），exceed（超过），a sharp increase of（急剧增长），impetus（动力），increase employment opportunities（增加就业机会）。