短文的类型（Types of Essays）
英语文章的体裁一般分为记叙文、描写文、说明文和议论文四种。各种体裁文章在内容、结构、语言和形式等方面都有自己的特点。但在实际写作中，四种体裁往往会融合在一起，穿插使用，比如记叙文与描写文的穿插，议论文与说明文的穿插。
一、记叙文（Narration）
记叙文是一种以叙述的手法对某个事件或人物进行描述的文体。其形式是历史事件、新闻、通讯、传记、特写、小说、散文等，主要有以叙事为主的记叙文、以叙人为主的记叙文、以写景状物为主的记叙文。
记叙文可以以第一人称的口吻进行主观叙述，也可以以旁观者的口吻进行客观叙述。一般情况下，随意变换人称是不允许的，它会使读者的思维混乱。叙事通常用过去时。为保持时态的一致性，文中用一般过去时、过去完成时、过去进行时和过去将来时。
记叙文通常由三个部分组成：开头、发展和结局。记叙文的开头一般交代事件的背景，说明何时、何处、发生了何事；中间有所选择地记述作者的所见、所闻和所历，让读者了解事件的过程；结尾陈述事件的结局，表明作者的态度或揭示某种寓意，让读者思考和回味。
记叙文的要求具有六个基本要素：人物、时间、地点、时间发生的原因、经过和结果。写作时要把事件的来龙去脉说清楚、叙述详略得当。与主题思想关系密切的必须具体交代；对主题思想关系不大或者没有关系的，要积极地舍去。把叙事组织好，首先要线索分明，头绪清楚。无论是叙人还是叙事为主，都要层次分明，井然有序，使读者对故事情节的来龙去脉有一个清晰的印象。
（一）以叙事为主的记叙文
例：
Frog Story[18]
A couple of odd things have happened lately.
I have a log cabin in those same woods of Northern Wisconsin.I built it by hand and also added a greenhouse to the front of it.It is a joy to live in.In fact，I work out of my home doing audio production and environmental work.As a tool of that trade I have a computer and a studio.
I also have a tree frog that has taken up residence in my studio.
How odd，I thought，last November when I first noticed him sitting atop my sound board over my computer.I figured that he （and I say he.though I really don’t have a clue if she is a he or vice versa） would be more comfortable in the greenhouse.So I put him in the greenhouse.Back he came.And stayed.After a while I got quite used to the fact that as I would check my morning email and on-line news，he would be there with me surveying the world.
Then，last week，as he was climbing around looking like a small gray/green human，I started to wonder about him.
So，there I was，working in my studio and my computer was humming along.I had to stop when Tree Frog went across my view.He stopped and turned around and just sat there looking at me.Well I sat back and looked at him.For five months now he had been riding there with me and I was suddenly overtaken by an urge to know why he was there and not in the greenhouse where I figured he’d live a happier frog life.
“Why are you here”.I found myself asking him.
As I looked at him，dead on，his eyes looked directly at me and I heard a tone.The tone seemed to hit me right in the center of my mind.It sounded very nearly like the same one as my computer.In that tone l could hear him “say” to me.“Because I want you to understand”.Yo.That was weird.“Understand what？”，my mind jumped in.Then，after a moment of feeling this communication，I felt I understood why he was there.I came to understand that frogs simply want to hear other frogs and to communicate.Possibly the tone of my computer sounded to him like other tree frogs.
Interesting.
I kept working.I was working on a story about global climate change and had just received a fax from a friend.The fax said that the earth is warming at 1.9 degrees each decade.At that rate I knew that the maple trees that I love to tap each spring for syrup would not survive for my children.My beautiful Wisconsin would become a prairie by the next generation.
At that moment Tree Frog leaped across my foot and sat on the floor in front of my computer.He then reached up his hand to his left ear and cupped it there.He sat before the computer and reached up his right hand to his other ear.He turned his head this way and that listening to that tone.Very focused.He then began to turn a very subtle，but brilliant shade of green and leaped full force onto the computer.
And then I remembered the story about the frogs that I had heard last year on public radio.It said frogs were dying around the world.It said that because frog’s skin is like a lung turned inside out their skin was being affected by pollution and global climate change.It said that frogs were being found whose skin was like paper.All dried up.It said that frogs are an “indicator species”.That frogs will die first because of the sensitivity.
Then I understood.
The frogs have a message for us and it is the same message that some sober folks have had for us.“There are no more choices.” We have reached the time when we must be the adults for the planet for the sake of the future generations of human and for frogs.Because we are related.
Then l understood that there are no boundaries，that there is no more time.
That we，for the sake of our relatives must act now.
And then I understood，not only why the frog was there，but also why I am here.
此记叙文讲述了蛙的故事。作者以第一人称讲述了亲身经历的事情，使用了过去时、现在时和现在完成时。讲述蛙的故事时用过去时，说到自己的感悟时用现在时，如“The frogs have a message for us and it is the same message that some sober folks have had for us.‘There are no more choices.’ We have reached the time when we must be the adults for the planet for the sake of the future generations of human and for frogs.Because we are related.”。作者运用时态娴熟，在本文中多次运用时间概念的词，如：then，and then，at that moment，after a while。这是记叙文中必不可少的。此记叙文的基本要素有：地点，时间，人物，物，事件。作者从自己经历的事件向人们告知环境保护的重要性。
（二）以叙人为主的记叙文
例：
The Sight of Father’s Back
Zhu Ziqing
It is more than two years since I last saw father，and what I can never forget is the sight of his back.Misfortunes never come singly.In the winter of more than two years ago，grandma died and father lost his job.I left Beijing for Xuzhou to join father in hastening home to attend grandma’s funeral.When I met father in Xuzhou，the sight of the disorderly mess in his courtyard and the though of grandma started tears trickling down my cheeks.Father said，“Now that things’ve come to such a pass，it’s no use crying.Fortunately，Heaven always leaves one a way out.”
After arriving home in Yangzhou，father paid off debts by selling or pawning things.He also borrowed money to meet the funeral expenses.Between grandma’s funeral and father’s unemployment，our family was then in reduced circumstances.After the funeral was over，father was to go to Nanjing to look for a job and I was to return to Beijing to study，so we started out together.
I spent the first day in Nanjing strolling about with some friends at their invitation，and was ferrying across the Yangtse River to Pukou the next morning and thence taking a train for Beijing on the afternoon of the same day.Father said he was too busy to go and see me off at the railway station，but would ask a hotel waiter that he knew to accompany me there instead.He urged the waiter again and again to take good care of me，but still did not quite trust him.He hesitated for quite a while about what to do.As a matter of fact，nothing would matter at all because I was then twenty and had already travelled on Beijing-Pukou Railway a couple of times.After some wavering，he finally decided that he himself would accompany me to the station.I repeatedly tried to talk him out of it，but he only said，“Never mind！It won’t do to trust guys like those hotel boys！”
We entered the railway station after crossing the River.While I was at the booking office buying a ticket，father saw to my luggage.There was quite a bit of luggage and he had to bargain with the porter over the fee.I was then such a smart aleck that I frowned upon the way father was haggling and was on the verge of chipping in a few words when the bargain was finally clinched.Getting on the train with me，he picked me a seat close to the carriage door.I spread on the seat the brownish fur-lined overcoat he had got tailor made for me.He told me to be watchful on the way and be careful not to catch cold at night.He also asked the train attendants to take good care of me.I sniggered at father for being so impractical，for it was utterly useless to entrust me to those attendants，who cared for nothing but money.Besides，it was certainly no problem for a person of my age to look after himself.Oh，when I come to think of it，I can see how smarty I was in those days！
I said，“Dad，you might leave now.” But he looked out of window and said，“I’m going to buy you some tangerines.You just stay here.Don’t move around.” I caught sight of several vendors waiting for customers outside the railings beyond a platform.But to reach that platform would require crossing the railway track and doing some climbing up and down.That would be a strenuous job for father，who was fat.I wanted to do all that myself，but he stopped me，so I could do nothing but let him go.I watched him hobble towards the railway track in his black skullcap，black cloth mandarin jacket and dark blue cotton-padded cloth long gown.He had little trouble climbing down the railway track，but it was a lot more difficult for him to climb up that platform after crossing the railway track.His hands held onto the upper part of the platform，his legs huddled up and his corpulent body tipped slightly towards the left，obviously making an enormous exertion.While I was watching him from behind，tears gushed from my eyes.I quickly wiped them away lest he or others should catch me crying.The next moment when I looked out of the window again，father was already on the way back，holding bright red tangerines in both hands.In crossing the railway track，he first put the tangerines on the ground，climbed down slowly and then picked them up again.When he came near the train，I hurried out to help him by the hand.After boarding the train with me，he laid all the tangerines on my overcoat，and patting the dirt off his clothes，he looked somewhat relieved and said after a while，“I must be going now.Don’t forget to write me from Beijing！” I gazed after his back retreating out of the carriage.After a few steps，he looked back at me and said，“Go back to your seat.Don’t leave your things alone.” I，however，did not go back to my seat until his figure was lost among crowds of people hurrying to and fro and no longer visible.My eyes were again wet with tears.
In recent years，both father and I have been living an unsettled life，and the circumstances of our family going from bad to worse.Father left home to seek a livelihood when young and did achieve quite a few things all on his own.To think that he should now be so downcast in old age！The discouraging state of affairs filled him with an uncontrollable feeling of deep sorrow，and his pent-up emotion had to find a vent.That is why even mere domestic trivialities would often make him angry，and meanwhile he became less and less nice with me.However，the separation of the last two years has made him more forgiving towards me.He keeps thinking about me and my son.After I arrived in Beijing，he wrote me a letter，in which he says.“I’m all right except for a severe pain in my arm.I even have trouble using chopsticks or writing brushes.Perhaps it won’t be long now before I depart this life.” Through the glistening tears which these words had brought to my eyes I again saw the back of father’s corpulent form in the dark blue cotton-padded cloth long gown and the black cloth mandarin jacket.Oh，how I long to see him again！
本文开篇点题，结尾呼应，共四次描写了父亲的“背影”：开头总写对父亲的思念，惦记父亲的背影，中间由不理解父亲到被父爱深深感动，细致描写了父亲为自己买橘子和离别时的背影，将全文情感推向高潮，结尾在回忆中再次描写父亲的背影，升华主题。全文以“背影”为核心，组成一条抒情叙事的线索，情感逐层推进。文章段落间过渡连贯，作者用朴实的话语生动形象地刻画出一个细心体贴、关爱儿子但又不失坚强的慈父形象。
（三）新闻报道类
例：
（CNN）For thousands of years，traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has been used across China and Southeast Asia.Ranging from acupuncture to herbal remedies，its practices have evolved constantly over time — and now，innovators are giving it a high-tech update.
Developed by Singaporean startup AiTreat，“EMMA” is a robot masseuse designed to give Tui Na，a type of TCM bodywork similar to a deep tissue massage，a 21st-century makeover.
Using sensors and 3D vision to measure muscle stiffness，EMMA （which stands for “Expert Manipulative Massage Automation”） identifies pressure points and delivers massages to patients to help offer pain relief and relaxation.
“The principle of traditional Chinese medicine is all about personalized treatments，” says AiTreat founder and CEO Albert Zhang，adding that EMMA is “highly flexible and customizable.”
Ultimately，Zhang hopes that EMMA can create consistent，low-cost massage treatments that can be part of the growing trend of preventative medicine.[19]
记叙文常用的表示时间的词语有：Soon，shortly，shortly after，lately，then，after that，next after，afterwards，That was when...，as，shortly before（noon），as soon as，shortly after（noon） before，by the time，each time，every time，once upon a time，subsequently，finally，in the end，eventually，at last，at（weekend），at （festival），at （clock time），around （clock time），on occasion，That was when...，as soon as，hardly...when （before），no sooner...than，scarcely...when （before），since，until，when，whenever，while，directly，immediately，instantly，the instant，the moment。
Exercise
1.Write an essay about your experience in a new place.
2.Write an essay on Campus Life.
二、描写文（Description）
描写文是对人物、事件、地点、环境、气氛等内容进行细节的描述，表达其形态、性质和特点的一种文体。表现手法以描写、叙述为主，同时兼有必要的抒情、议论和说明。
根据描写对象的不同，描写文一般分为人物描写、景物描写两种。
人物描写主要是对人物的外表、心理活动、行动及语言等细节进行描写，以此表现人物的精神面貌，披露人物的内心活动，揭示人物的境遇，再现人物的生活，显示人物的性格，突出作品主题思想。
景物描写是景和物的描写，包括对自然风景的各种场面、地点以及某种具体物品等的描写。自然风光的描写包括祖国大好河山以及现实生活中的花鸟虫鱼的描写。物的描写要对物的特征进行描写。无论是对景还是物的描写，都要抓住最能表达文中中心思想的一面，不能“平分秋色”，要有选择，有侧重点，有轻有重，有详有略，否则只会冲淡主题，让读者不知其然。
在描写中，作者要充分调动自己的“五官”。通过 “视、听、触、嗅、味”的感受对所描写的对象进行描述，给人一个更生动、更逼真的印象。
根据写作目的和题材以及作者主观意念的不同，描写文有可分为主观描写和客观描写。主观描写式作者带着感情色彩去描写客观事物。在描写过程中，有意选用带有感情色彩的词语，运用比喻、拟人、象征的手法，自觉地把主观意识融入文字中，使读者从文章描绘的事物中感受到作者的喜怒哀乐。在文学作品中，写人状物就要求运用主观描写。客观描写，是与主观描写相对的，是作者不带强烈主观感情，客观地描写事物，以此再现事物的状貌，常用于科技、学术、调查报告、问卷等。
（一）人物描写
例：
The Woman Taxi Driver In Cairo[20]
Her name is Nagat.
I first saw her outside Cairo’s airport terminal.A woman taxi driver - the only woman，for that matter，among a large crowd of her male counterparts.
Do you know what it is like to arrive in a strange city in the middle of the night？Nobody，not even a ray of sunshine is here to greet you.When I walk out of the terminal，I am facing the crowd of taxi drivers milling about in front of every airport the world over.Here in Cairo，it is large and noisy.“Taxi！” “You want taxi？” I hear all round me.
I feel a firm hand holding my left arm.“You want taxi，follow me，” the woman says.She doesn’t ask，she simply pulls me through the crowd.I follow her willingly.There is this moment when a tourist，particularly a woman，simply has to trust someone.We stop at a worn car.It has seen a better day，there are quite a few scrapes on its body，the tires are bald and there is a crack in the windshield.But it is a car for hire，and the woman will personally drive me.I breathe a sigh of relief when she puts my bag into the trunk，locks it and gets behind the wheel.“I will drive you，don’t worry，” she says.
Nagat，as she now explains to me，works as a taxi driver several days and nights a week.She has another job，working in an office，but details of it remain vague.The little old car is not hers；it belongs to a boss from whom she in turn rents it whenever she can.She has been a driver ever since her husband died some ten years earlier and left her with two teenage kids and her parents to support.
She knows every nook and cranny in and around Cairo - no easy feat.Cairo with its complex system of streets and lanes，its quarters and markets is like a labyrinth invented by ancient storytellers.Hundreds of mosques - many of which are masterpieces of Islamic architecture，old neighborhoods with houses boxed together，huge apartment buildings on the outskirts and the Nile calmly running through it；all are part of this overcrowded city.
With a mild sense of humor around a deep core of understanding of human nature，Nagat takes control of my sightseeing schedule.Every morning punctually at nine o’clock，I can depend on seeing her short，solid frame outside the hotel lobby，her round face turning into a big smile as soon as she sees me coming down the stairs.Most every day，she wears an earth tone-colored Jellaba.Her movements are energetic and she doesn’t waste any time.Her determined approach seems to have grown on a bed of economy，on the necessity to get as much done as she possibly can.
What becomes clear to me soon as she drives me from museum to pyramid，from one part of town to the opposite，is this：she is a true exception here.Wherever we stop，be it for a cup of tea during a break or upon arriving at a historical site where her male colleagues gather in the parking area - everywhere，she is being noticed.Men walk up to her in the car with questioning faces.As she tells me，they all have one question first of all：“Are you a taxi driver？” She then explains in a few short sentences，and I see the men’s faces soften，smile and respectfully and kindly chat with her.This scene repeats itself over and over again.I get the sense that she invites goodwill from the people she meets.
Nagat is proud and independent.One day，as I find her waiting outside a museum，she is just taking a spare tire out of the trunk of the taxi.One of the bald tires had finally gone flat，and she was going to change it herself.Several curious people gather around her and she receives offers of help - but no，she wants no part of that.In her efficient，deliberate manner，she changes the tire，and having done so，washes her hands with bottled water，gets in the taxi and asks “Where to now？”
Should you find yourself at Cairo’s airport，look for Nagat outside the international arrival hall.If you are lucky，you will have a chance to see Cairo through the eyes of a woman taxi driver.
此文描写了一位自立、自强、勇敢面对困难的开罗女出租车司机。作者在人物描写上使用了感官——眼、耳、身三部分，去感知这位坚强的女性。首先是触觉，一只有力的手抓住了我的左臂，接着是听觉，听到这位女性说“你需要出租车，跟我来”。肯定、自信的女司机敏锐地预知到这位外来女性的需要。当他们来到她破旧的出租车跟前时，她说“我会开车送你，别担心。”这让一个外来人感到特别舒心。每天9点，她都会出现在作者的旅馆大厅前接她。视觉描述有“矮壮的身影，圆圆的脸上绽放笑容”“穿着一件土黄色的带风帽的斗篷”。听觉描述有“在开车每一次的小息时，男人都会问她：‘你是开出租车的吗？’ 她简短的回答都会赢得他们的尊重”。当男人要帮助她换轮胎时，她都和蔼地谢绝，然后自己换。动作描写有“麻利而从容地换好轮胎，用瓶装水洗手，然后坐进车里，问我：‘现在去哪儿？’”。
在此文中，人物描写主要是对人物的外表、行动及语言等细节进行描写，借助作者的三个感官去体验、观察开罗出租车司机的自信、坚定、能干的女性形象。在埃及，开出租车这个行业是男性独霸的行业，除非家里有变故，女性才会不得已而为之。这位女性丈夫去世，家里有两个未成年的孩子，还有父母需要她照看。家庭重任都由她一人承担。通过这些背景在文中的交代，让作者笔下的这位女出租车形象更加高大，进而突出文章的主题思想。
（二）地方的描写
例：
The Garden behind My House[21]
On Sunday afternoons I like to spend my time in the garden behind my house.The garden is narrow but long，a corridor of green extending from the back of the house，and I sit on a lawn chair at the far end to read and relax.I am in my small peaceful paradise：the shade of the tree，the feel of the grass on my feet，the gentle activity of the fish in the pond beside me.
My cat crosses the garden nimbly and leaps onto the fence to survey it from above.From his perch he can watch over his little kingdom and keep an eye on the neighbours.He does this until the barking of next door’s dog scares him from his post and he bolts for the cat flap to govern from the safety of the kitchen.
With that，I am left alone with the fish，whose whole world is the pond by my feet.The fish explore the pond every day as if for the first time，prodding and inspecting every stone.I sometimes feel the same about sitting here in the garden；I know the place better than anyone，but whenever I return I still feel compelled to pay attention to all its details and novelties—a new bird perched in the tree，the growth of the grass，and the movement of the insects it shelters...
Sitting out in the garden，I feel serene.I feel at home.And yet I always feel there is more to discover.The bounds of my garden may be small，but there is a whole world contained within it，and it is one I will never get tired of inhabiting.
此篇文章描写了花园的恬静。但在恬静中有又猫、狗和鱼在活动，静中有动，给人一种富有生气的感觉。这篇描写文很好地选取了可以体现花园恬静且富有生气的素材，为本文主题服务。
对地方、场所的描写经常用到的表示“位置”的词有：above，under，beneath，behind，beyond，over，nearby，down，around，opposite，beside，east/west/south/northwards，adjacent to，next to，before me，in front of me，across the street，on the left/right，on top of，to one’s left/right，in the distance，down by the river，on the east/west/south/ north，to be located in，to be situated in，to be surrounded by，to lie in，enclose，extend，stand。
Exercise
1.Write a descriptive essay on a Campus Life.
2.Write a descriptive essay on a person whom you are so familiar with，or who left a deep impression on you.
3.Write a descriptive essay on an exhibition，a flower show，a museum，etc.
4.Write a descriptive essay on a scene.It may be a （birthday） party，a celebration，a wedding，a demonstration，an accident，etc.
三、说明文（Exposition）
说明文是以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁。它主要对客观事物加以说明或对抽象事理进行阐释，使人们对事物的形态、构造、性质、种类、功能或对事理的概念、特点、来源、演变、异同等有科学的认识。说明文要求表达严谨、条理清晰、语言准确。说明文实用性很强，各类实验报告、说明书、提要、影视介绍、广告、旅游介绍、解说词等都属于说明文的范畴。它的写作方式多样，有的以时间为序；有的以空间为序；有的以下定义的方法；有的通过对比的方法；有的以举例的方法；有的按主、次顺序展开；有的按事物的性质、功用、原理展开；有的按事物的流程顺序展开。
例：
Rivers and Lakes[22]
China abounds with rivers.Most of the large rivers have their source on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau，and drop greatly between source and mouth.As a result，China is rich in water-power resources，leading the world in hydropower potential.
China’s rivers can be categorised as exterior and interior systems.The catchment area（汇水面积）of the exterior rivers that empty into the oceans accounts for 64% of the country’s total land area.The catchment area of the interior rivers that flow into inland lakes or disappear into deserts or salt marshes（沼泽地）makes up about 36% of China’s total land area.
The Yangtze River is the longest river in China （6，300 kilometres），and the third longest river in the world.Its source is in the Tanggula Mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.It flows through 11 provinces，autonomous regions and municipalities（直辖市）The Yangtze River is one of the main arteries of water transportation between eastern and western China.Many important ports and economic centres are located along it.
China’s second longest river，the Yellow River，originates in Qinghai province and flows 5，464 kilometres to the Bohai Sea.As the most heavily silt-laden river in the worldthe Yellow River has formed a raised-bed river（地上河）in the lower reaches.The Yellow River is seen as the cradle of Chinese civilisation and the spiritual home of the Chinese people.
Scattered throughout China are approximately 2，800 natural lakes.Most of which are found on the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Freshwater lakes such as the Poyang Lake，Dongting Lake，Taihu Lake，and Hongze Lake mostly lie in the former area，while in the latter are saltwater lakes such as the Qinghai Lake and Nam Co Lake（纳木错湖）.The Poyang Lake，in the north of Jiangxi province，is the largest of its kind.The Qinghai Lake，in northeast Qinghai province，is the largest of its kind.
Apart from the natural rivers and lakes，there are also many man-made canals.The most famous is the Grand Canal（大运河）between Beijing and Hangzhou，more than 1，700 kilometres in length.It passes through the city of Tianjin and four provinces（Hebei，Shandong，Jiangsu and Zhejiang） and links five major rivers：the Haihe River，the Yellow River，the Huaihe River，the Yangtze River and the Qiantangjiang River.The canal was open to navigation over 1，000 years ago.It played an important role in facilitating trade between the south and the north and was regarded as the country’s transportation and information “highway” before the advent of the railway.
Today，some of the canal’s sections have been widened，deepened or straightened out，and some water conservancy and ship locks have been added.This old canal still provides water transportation from north to south，irrigation water for the farmland on both sides，and cruise tours to the travellers from home and abroad.
这是一篇介绍中国河流、湖泊和运河的文章。文章的第一段先概述中国的水资源和水系，然后细说中国的黄河和长江，接着细说湖泊，最后介绍运河。文章层次分明，顺序排列得当，表达清晰。有黄河、长江的介绍告知了读者最重要的水资源，正是这个水资源滋养了华夏民族。
例：
How to Use Alipay Correctly in China for Foreigners[23]
Alipay，a Chinese third-party payment platform，is one of the most popular apps in China and can be used for purchasing goods and services.Foreigners who want to use Alipay normally need the following materials：Chinese phone number，Chinese bank account，passport and entry permit（or Residence Permit）.The steps should be followed.
1.Download Alipay App & Sign up Alipay account
Download the latest version of Alipay App，sign up with your phone number and enter the confirmation code.Then set a password and the app will log you in automatically.
2.Add your bank card
Add you bank card.Tap “Me” section on the bottom right of the APP，then tap “Bank Cards”.You can add a bank card by tapping “Add cards” button or the “+” button in the upper right corner.Once added，the number of cards you have will be displayed here.
3.Enter Your Bank Card Information
Input your bank card number，name，your ID details and phone number in the corresponding column.Make sure enter your name exactly the way it is displayed in your bank statements.For foreign nationals，you should select Passport as ID type and enter your passport number.For HK and Taiwan users，pls use Home visit Permit as ID type.Above all，be sure to enter the phone number that your bank has on file.
After completing the above steps，you will receive an SMS by Alipay that containing the confirmation code to the bank account you entered.Enter this code to complete linking your bank card to Alipay.You can bind more than one bank account to your Alipay.
4.Set a payment password
Set a 6-digit security password to verify the payment.Pick passwords that no one will guess and don’t forget it.
If you want to use Alipay to pay，you can either scan a QR code and pay a vendor or have them scan your QR code to collect money.When you are request for payment，just tap “Pay” button to load your personal QR code that can be scanned by retailers or friends.Or tap the “Scan” button to scan retailers’ QR code to make payments.When paying，you are usually asked to enter your 6-digit payment password to complete the transaction.
这篇说明文条理清晰，每一个步骤都给一个标号，很容易让初学者明白。而且文中使用的简单句居多，并多用动词开头，省略了大家都知道的“you”。
四、议论文（Argumentation）
议论文又称论说文，是对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，以逻辑推理的方法证明和阐释自己的观点、立场、态度和主张的一种文体。议论文有三要素：论点、论据、论证。
议论文按照论证方法分立论文和驳论文。立论文是针对一事件或问题，正面阐述自己的见解和主张，摆事实、讲道理，特别是要用有说服力的论据来证明自己所提出的论点。驳论文也称辩论性议论文，一般需要对反面观点进行驳斥，在批驳的同时阐述己方的观点，以理服人。
议论文观点的呈现可以是鲜明地表明出来，也可以是让读者在文章中提取和概括。论点的位置可以是在文章中的任何位置，可以是开头、中间和结尾。但通常情况下，是在文章的开头段落里。
文中提出的论点要有说服力、要正确，否则论据、论证都无法展开。论点要新颖，能够抓住读者的注意力，不要总用别人的观点，老生常谈。
论据，支撑论点的依据，是作者用来证明自己观点的依据。依据可以是自己的亲身经历和感受，也可以是具体的事例、统计数字、一个官方的调查报告、一则新闻报道等，还可以是经典名言、谚语、俗语，科学上的公理、规律等。论据的选择一定是能够让读者信服的材料，一定是确凿的、典型的事例，具有广泛代表性的事例。
论证是一个过程，即用论据证明论点的推理过程。论证的方法多种多样，常用的有例证法、归纳演绎法、因果分析法、比较对照法、比喻法等。
议论文广泛应用于实际写作中，新闻报刊中的杂文、社论、评论，还有日常习作中的论文，以及我们阅读中的书评、演说词等都属于议论文的范畴。
例：
How do you prefer to communicate —by phone or by letter[24]
These days there are several effective methods of distance communication.Computers，telephones，facsimiles，telegrams and so on are all available for the many people who can afford such services.As far as more personal messages are concerned，however，I prefer a good，old-fashioned letter.
Letter writing is superior in several ways，of which perhaps the most fundamental is that letters operate at a deeper level than telephone conversations.Even in business，where the telephone is essential for convenience，most important communications are finalized in writing.Law suits，for ex ample，are delivered by letter.Telephones offer super-convenient communication；therefore telephone conversations tend to be less serious than the contents of a letter.The written word carries authority and meaning.
Letters are also superior because the letter-writing process requires thought and effort.The time needed to produce a letter is，in a sense，a statement about the serious intentions of the writer.A lover who composes a love letter of several pages at least demonstrates that he is prepared to give his girl friend time and effort.Again，there are parallels with business conventions.The formal letter is an essential component of most job applications.
To consider the debate in a more emotional （and perhaps less rational） light，my experience is that telephone calls can often come at the most unwelcome moments.Furthermore，the intrusive noise of a constantly ringing telephone can be very，very annoying.A newly delivered letter，in contrast，can be put to one side to be read later，at leisure.
Similarly，a meaningful letter can be read over and over again.Some married couples who met during the Second World War，when the husband was posted abroad in the armed services，have kept their love letters for the rest of their lives.This is as important in commerce as it is in personal relationships.Detailed financial information cannot always be understood in one brief examination；and written information can be kept for years in the company’s records.
More practically，postal charges are also usually cheaper than telephone calls.This fact is particularly true in relation to international messages.Airmail and seamail services are relatively inexpensive.In a word，letters are thoughtful，timely，serious，permanent and cheap.
在这篇议论文中，作者在第一段就明确表明了自己的观点，即在写信与打电话这两种联系方式上，更倾向于写信。接下来，作者列举了理由说明自己的观点，并用列举法，按照主、次顺序列出了理由。为更好地证实自己的观点，作者以自己的经验说明了电话交流的不妥之处；并运用二战时的私人书信和商业信件，说明书信交流的好处。随后，作者又从价格上来述说书信的好处。在整篇文章中，作者立论清晰，态度鲜明，论述得当，列举清楚。最后的结论句总结了主题段落的内容。文章在unity和coherence两方面都做得很完美。
例：
Will Joining NATO Rid Finland，Sweden of Fear？[25]
Finland and Sweden have announced that they will apply for NATO membership.This move will remove the brands of “neutrality” from the two Nordic countries.It may seem like a major change in European geopolitics，but there is a certain inevitability in the essence - the two countries originally belonged to the old European bloc.
The two countries had chosen neutrality out of fear.And right now，out of the same fear，they have decided to defect to NATO.The source of their fear is the ever-present “threat” of the “polar bear” in their immediate neighborhood.
The Russia-Ukraine conflict has fueled their existing fear，but it has also provided them the opportunity they have been waiting for decades - to join their European cousins in containing Russia’s resurgence.
Both countries have never seen Russia as a partner to work with，and although they have adopted some policies to promote cooperation with Russia since the disintegration of the Soviet Union，they have done so only as a stopgap measure.They have never regarded Russia as “one of us.”
During the WWII，Sweden chose “neutrality” and，under the guise of neutrality，exported large quantities of iron ore to Nazi Germany，which provided a constant supply of steel for the German war machine.Finland itself achieved independence （1917） at a time when the Russian Empire was collapsing due to WWI，and the Nordic country tried to hold hands with Germany in WWII in order to regain its lost ground.
This reminds me of what my landlord said almost 40 years ago when I was studying in Sweden.He was an immigrant from Hungary and at that time Sweden was discussing whether to join the EU.He said that if the two Germanys were unified and became a member of NATO，why couldn’t Sweden？In his opinion，Sweden’s accession to the EU was inevitable，and sooner or later it would also become a member of NATO.
The geopolitical landscape of Europe did not start to change because of the Russia-Ukraine conflict.It started to change after the unified Germany became the most powerful country in Europe.
Then West German chancellor Helmut Kohl said that the eastward expansion of the European Community should not stop at the Elbe.
After the disintegration the Soviet Union，NATO，instead of shrinking or disbanding，began to expand eastward in parallel with the EU.It changed from a defensive military organization to a bloc that could launch military intervention under the banner of “democracy.” Its expansiveness became more and more evident.
While EU member states pledged to support each other in the event of an external attack，this commitment remained largely on paper as NATO existed in lieu of the EU’s collective defense.And with the accession of Sweden and Finland，especially with the impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on the countries of Central and Eastern Europe，the EU’s collective defense will probably accelerate and the ability to carry out external military intervention will be strengthened.
The accession of Sweden and Finland to NATO，while adding to the overtones of NATO’s ideological alliance，also exposes the potential ideological inconsistencies among the NATO member states.It is for this very reason that Turkey is opposed to the two countries’ membership in the alliance.If this issue would deter Sweden and Finland from joining NATO，it also risks stimulating the EU to accelerate the principle of collective defense.
Sweden and Finland chose to join NATO when Russia was relatively weak and was being “swarmed” by Europe.
Will these two countries ever say goodbye to their fear？Let’s not forget the fact - when NATO bases appear on the soil of the two Nordic countries，Russia will have no choice but to directly change the balance in the region with the future deployment of its nuclear and strategic forces.Of course，it will also make them rethink what it would mean to lose their “neutrality” labels.
此篇是时事评论，属于议论文的范畴。标题用疑问句开头吸引读者的注意力。在文章的开头部分，作者并没有给予一个明确的答案，而是分析了芬兰和瑞典两国与俄罗斯在历史上的关系，并陈述了这两国在一战、二战中的所为，以及其加入北约时，俄罗斯国家的实力状况。言外之意，这两个国家并非因为恐惧而加入北约，而是另有打算。这两个国家加入北约，只能使俄罗斯加强预防战略。这篇时事评论通过摆事实并进行分析，以事实说话，从而阐释自己的观点——芬兰和瑞典两个国家加入北约只会加剧事态的严峻，而不能消除他们的恐惧。
Exercise
1.Write an essay on the topic Do you like a large shopping center being built in your neighborhood？.You are required to write about 200 words.
2.Write an essay on the topic Attending classes：required or optional？.You are required to write about 200 words.
3.What causes obesity & overweight？
4.Write an expository essay on How to make a reservation on Airbnb.
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