不同类型的写作方法（Different Types of Writing Methods）
一、标题作文
标题作文即命题作文，它除了给定的题目外，没有其他任何附加条件、提示或信息，考生要从自己的思维角度对题目进行分析，快速地确定在三段式的作文中如何开展段落。因此，第一步审题非常重要。一旦审题不清楚就有可能跑题。
标题作文的写作可参考下列程序：
●审标题以确定文章的体裁、中心思想、写作范围及论述角度。
●安排文章的段落层次，选择所需材料。
●提炼出主题句并找出关键词。
●用某种写作方法（如演绎法、举例法、定义法、因果法、引言法等）。可以选择多种方法，不一定局限于一个写作方法来开展段落。
例1：
The Internet
对于这个题目，考生应立即考虑到因特网在我们现实中的作用，因此可能会有三种不同的写法：一是因特网的好处；二是为什么人们喜欢因特网；三是人们对因特网的褒贬。
以第三个思路为例，第一段是引段，介绍一下因特网的普及；第二段是展开段落，谈论因特网的好与不好，呼吁客观看待因特网；第三段对自己上述的陈述加以总结概括。
（参考范文）
The Internet has penetrated every aspect of daily life and exerted a huge impact on our work and study.For example，Microblogs and Wechat are two forms of new media.Various people，regardless of their age，gender or background，are involved in creating their own microblogs and using Wechat.
There has been much controversy over whether the new technology is a boon or a bane Some people believe that the Internet is a great asset.Modern technology considerably alters the way people communicate with each other.Also，people can now acquire useful information online with a click of the mouse.However there is a growing concern about the potential drawbacks of the Internet，especially in terms of personal security.For example WeChat may expose one’s location to strangers by positioning function，cheat one’s friends by faking identity，and lose one’s money in the electronic wallet Owing to the accelerated pace of contemporary life，people’s work and life are increasingly confined to a narrow space.However，in face of new technology we should be prudent.One should make sensible use of technology，being a master rather than a slave of it.[2]
例2：
Environmental Protection
这个题目可以从环境保护的重要性来展开。面对工业化，自然环境的破坏引起人们的担忧。我们生活的环境与我们的生命息息相关，保护环境就是保护自己。为此，第一段引段，强调环境保护的重要性；第二段讲环境与生计的关系，工业化造成恶劣环境，可以用举例法展开。第三段总结全文，在此强调环保的重要性。
（参考范文）
A healthy environment is essential for human survival and maintenance.Unfortunately，environmental destruction is becoming an extremely acute issue.From where I stand it is high time that we took actions to combat it.
The environment supports the life of each and every living thing on earth.When it is preserved，we are more likely to obtain healthy food，quality air and other natural resources.However，many of us still fail to realize that our attitude towards nature will one day make ourselves pay a very heavy price.Despite great convenience that industrial revolutions have brought，the environment has suffered a lot due to some scientific inventions.For instance，cars have contributed to emission of harmful gases into the air.If we stay blind to the issues of environmental pollution，we may risk destroying our planet ultimately.
To conclude，we owe our existence to the environment.Therefore，it is the responsibility of every global citizen to ensure that the environment supports us and other living species in a sustainable ways.[3]
二、提纲式作文
提纲式作文，即要求考生按照提纲去写作文。如下例是有关环保的题目，即：限制使用一次性塑料袋。
例1：
Directions：For this part，you will write a short passage entitled Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.
（1）一次性塑料袋曾被广泛地使用；
（2）造成的问题；
（3）限制使用的意义。
关键词：bag，plastic，use，problem，limitation
字数建议：120字
（参考范文）
Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags
In our daily life，most people use disposable plastic bags for shopping and other purposes.However，the excessive use of disposable plastic bags has resulted in great damages both to environment and to people’s health.
In the first place，it takes about 200 years for a buried plastic bag to decompose and be absorbed by the soil.Secondly，the use of disposable plastic bags will indirectly do harm to people’s health，which is less known to the public.Sometimes people buy hot food packed in disposable plastic bags to save the time and labor in washing their dining utensils.Yet they are not informed of the fact that the chemicals in the bags will release in high temperature.Therefore，they are eating the poisonous stuff while enjoying the tasty food.
It’s enlightening and significant that our government has banned the free provision of disposable plastic bags in supermarkets.Trial practice has shown considerable reduction in the consumption of bags.In a word，fewer plastic bags lead to the sustainable development of our earth.
这是2008年大学英语四级真题，是一篇说明文，按照提纲直接说清即可。但如何说清，这就需要有段落展开。在这篇作文的主体部分，作者使用了列举的方法，用了firstly，secondly，therefore来连接全文。结尾段作者使用了“it be...that...”句型强调了政府采取措施的重要性。
例2：
Direction：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should
One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed？You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.
（1）有人做好事期望得到回报；
（2）有人认为应该像雷锋那样做好事不图回报；
（3）我的观点。
（参考范文）
Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed？
A great many people presume upon a reward when doing a good deed.First and foremost，there is a natural tendency to equate doing good deeds with a certain amount of reward，and reward with a certain amount of money.What is more，they maintain that since the basis of contemporary society is money，one of the major means of earning money is getting reward by doing good deeds.
On the contrary，the vast majority of people assume that doing a good deed should be based on people’s personal consciousness.Hence，doing a good deed is fulfilling itself and reward is of minimal significance.Numerous examples ean be given，but this will suffice.Mr.Leifeng lived a simple life dedicated to doing good deeds without expecting any reward and helping people from all walks of life，yet he was remembered as one of the most suecessful hero of our time.
Generally speaking，it is my view that we should not expeet a reward when doing a good deed.We do this for enjoyment，self-fulfillment and spiritual enhancement，not for the purpose of reward.
这是2007年6月大学英语六级真题的提纲式作文，参考范文不仅回答了提纲的内容，而且也注意到了英文表达上的衔接，句子之间与段落之间的衔接。
三、图画作文
图画作文，要求考生通过图片、漫画、照片所提供的信息，写出内容生动、图文一致、体裁合适的文章。这种作文大多给出标题，但文章的中心思想是通过图画或照片来表示的，因此要写好看图作文不仅需要考生具有观察分析能力、逻辑思维能力以及想象能力，还要具有社会背景知识，了解社会常态、了解当下的社会问题，最后还要具有较强的语言表达能力。
要写好看图作文，须注意以下两点：
●看明图意：一幅图有一个构思，它能给人无限的想象空间。在进行看图写作时，考生必须仔细揣摩图片中每一个细节，如：人物的姿势、动作及他们相互间的联系，说话人的语言等，从整体的图画进行构思，吃透画面的主题及其意义。
●变静为动：静止的画面反映的是生活中一个短暂的场景，但确实隐含着深刻的道理或者反映的是社会现实问题、热点问题，写作时要用自己储备的知识，进行联想，发挥想象力，把画面的前因后果、来龙去脉补全，把事件串起来，使人物活起来，以生动的语言真实地再现画面，并向读者谈论你的观点。通常是以下的步骤：第一段描述画面，这需要用精练的语言概述画面，使读者虽没有看到画面但可以通过你的描述再现画面；第二段推断绘画者的意图；第三段做出评论。
例1：
Write a short essay based on the picture below.You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then comment on this kind of modern life.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
（参考范文）
As is illustrated in the picture，a man deals with his work on a computer.He is also hooked on a computer at home and at play.Even when he is asleep he dreams of sitting in front of a computer.Seemingly funny，the picture reveals a severe social problem that computers are overused in modern life.
Three factors contribute to the overuse of computers.To begin with，information revolution has greatly facilitated our work.We communicate with our colleagues via email or instant messaging.Secondly，the rising prosperity gives us access to the Internet at home，making our life convenient.Purchases can be made online at home which saves us time and trouble.Finally，the Internet serves as an amazing source of entertainment and recreation.As a result，adults and youngsters might get addicted to online activities.
From my perspective the excessive use of computers may have extremely negative impacts on our life.Obsessed with the net，students might neglect their academic studies and families might become alienated.Therefore，we should make a proper use of computers and the Internet.
例2：
Write a short essay based on the picture below.You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then comment on the kid’s understanding of going to school.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
这张图片与例1图片的区别在于它有说话人的语言，因此考生一定要注意这句话，它会告诉你这篇短文应该写什么。从孩子的语言中，我们获知孩子不大懂得上学的重要性、学校教育的重要性，以为只要手握手机便知天下信息，何必去学校上学呢？这便可以知道这篇短文的立意——要讲清一个道理：学校教育教会你什么，手机给你的是什么，并纠正孩子对上学的误解。
（参考范文）
As the picture shows，a boy is holding his cell phone and protesting to his mother，“Why am I going to school if my phone already knows everything？” The picture is intended to highlight the boy’s misunderstanding about going to school which is quite prevalent among young students.
To solve this problem，teachers and parents need to educate students the important differences between information and knowledge.Firstly，information is the raw material of knowledge.If we do not process information in our mind “factory” through analytical thinking and creative thinking，there will be no knowledge as end products.Furthermore，it is true that cell phones give us access to a wide collection of information，but it is in school that we are trained to summarize，analyze and criticize information.Cell phones cannot and will not replace our minds to think，and schooling is so far the best way to nurture our minds.
In conclusion，teachers and parents are advised to explain the important differences between information and knowledge so that young students will understand the true meaning of schooling.
四、图表作文
图表作文是表格作文和图作文。表格作文，即我们所说的table，是通过数据、数字等形象化的手段去取代文字表达，把各种经过调查统计得出的信息浓缩在图表中。用表格表达的数据信息具体准确，清晰明了，表格中的各项均按一定的规律排列。从左往右看，从上往下看，要把表格的各个项目之间的关系搞清楚，从而为写作整理出一个明晰的条理。
图作文有饼状图（pie chart）、柱状图（bar chart/graph）和曲线图（curve chart）三种。
写图表作文时，要注意遵循以下步骤：
●仔细阅读图表，分析图表的含义，搞清楚图表中所展示的信息与不同信息间的关系，注意时间点；
●确定文章的主题思想，构思出文章的基本框架，注意数据的变化；
●编列文章的提纲，拟写提纲非常重要，它可以使你的思路更为清晰，在写作的过程中避免思绪的混乱与跑题；
●根据文章的提纲，将各段的提纲扩展成段落，然后将各个段落组成文章，注意段与段之间的衔接与过渡；
●检查与修改。
图表作文的篇章结构，依然要按照三段式的方法来展开。文章的第一段描述图表，分析图表中的数据变化，以及它反映的问题或趋势；第二段分析造成这一问题或趋势的原因；第三段展望未来的情况或提出解决问题的方法或建议。图表作文在大学英语四、六级试卷中，有时会告知考生写哪个方面。
例1：表格
Write your composition in three paragraphs to
（1）state the changes in people’s diet（饮食）in the past five years；
（2）give possible reasons for the changes；
（3）draw your own conclusions.
Remember：You should quote as few figures as possible.
（1991年6月大学英语四级真题）
Changes in People’s Diet
此表格展示的是从1986年到1990年五年之间，人们饮食的变化。这个变化就是人们消费粮食的数量在减少，而牛奶和肉的消费在增长。在第一段里必须把这一细微的变化写出来；第二段就是考生的分析，分析这一变化的原因，注意每一点都要清晰明了，不能拖泥带水，更不能把思绪带到很远，偏离主题；第三段总结。
（参考范文）
Changes in People’s Diet
In the past five years，great changes have been taking place in people’s diet.There is a general trend of decrease in the consumption of grain，while there is an increase in the consumption of some high energy food，such as milk and meat.
Why are there changes in people’s diet？In my opinion，there are two major reasons：On the one hand，nowadays，people have more money to buy the food with better nutrition，which is generally much more expensive than grain or vegetables.On the other hand，they now pay attention not only to the quantity but also the quality of their food.They have more knowledge in improving the structure of the food.
From the above we can see that in the past five years，people’s living level has been rising year by year.We can expect that there will be a more prosperous future waiting for us.
例2：柱状图和曲线图
Part I Writing （30 minutes）
Directions： For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the chart below.You should start your essay with a brief description of the chart and comment on China's achievements in higher education.You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
Gross enrolment ratio in higher education in China（1990-2019）
（参考范文）
China’s Achievements in Higher Education
The above chart shows that the past three decades have seen great progress in China’s higher education.According to the data from the Ministry of Education，China’s gross enrolment ratio in higher education has increased from 3.4% in 1990 to 51.6% in 2019.
The reasons accounting for this phenomenon can be listed as follows.For one thing，during the last thirty years，with the strong support of our country，the reform and development of higher education have made significant achievements in all aspects，including the system of recruitment，fees charging and graduates job-placing，ensuring that all citizens have access to higher education.For another，in order to promote the quality of higher education，educational administrative departments at various levels and local governments have actively explored measures and ways to increase educational expenditure and improve schooling conditions and the quality of faculty.Besides，with the improvement of living standards，there has been a great change in people’s ideas about education，and they are becoming increasingly aware of the necessity of receiving higher education.
Therefore，China’s achievements in higher education are the result of many factors，and I believe that the achievements is bound to have a far-reaching impact on the whole society.
在这篇图表作文里，作者在第一段先概述了这个图表的内容，用非常简洁的话语表述了这个图表的意思，即回答了what，重新诠释了图表下方的文字“Great enrolment ratio in higher education in China（1990-2019）”。第一句概述后，第二句详细地叙述了一下，作者非常仔细地阅读到了图表下方的文字“Source：Ministry of Education”，并在第二句中运用它。第二段阐述理由。作者用了for one thing、 for another连接句子之间的短语，清楚地告知了两个原因，接着用了besides 点出第三个原因，每一个原因都紧扣主题，逻辑清晰。结论段，作者总结全文。
五、应用文
（一）广告
1.销售广告（Sales Advertisement）
在历年的大学英语四、六级作文考试中，应用文的测试并不多见。2017年6月的大学英语四级作文要求考生写一篇广告，在网络上销售旧电脑，并明确了旧电脑描述中的细节。
例1：
Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write an advertisement on your campus website to sell a computer you used at college.Your advertisement may include its brand，specifications/features，condition and price，and your contact information.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
关键词：campus，computer，sale，advertisement
字数建议：120-180字
（参考范文）
A Used Computer for Sale
Hi，I’m Liu Xiaoming，a junior student in the Department of Physics.I’m selling my laptop computer.Because I am a member of the Photography Society，I need a more powerful computer to handle numerous photos and videos.
Honestly，my present laptop is not too bad if you need it only to complete your assignments，or play online games，etc.It has a 500 GB hard disk，a dual-core CPU，an internal memory of 4 GB，and a 13-inch screen.Good enough for most university students，isn’t it？Plus，because the computer is quite small，it is convenient to carry.In the past two years，I have often carried it from the dorm to the library and back，finishing most of my assignments on it.But now，I have to bid farewell to it with reluctance.Though I bought it for 3，500 yuan，I am offering it for only 1，500.
Here is my contact info：13846793750；liu123@163.com.If you have further queries，don’t hesitate to ask.[4]
在这篇范文里，作者遵循了广告写作的一般要求，即有标题、正文和联系方式。第一部分简短介绍一下自己，毕竟这是个人销售自己的物品，接着介绍销售物品的理由以便让人们更多地了解销售动机；第二部分是广告的正文，详细陈述旧电脑的性能，并用自己使用该电脑的经历，告诉顾客这款电脑的好处，由此作者给出标价；第三部分留下联系方式以便有意向的顾客联系。
整篇文章符合广告写作的要求，文字朴实，句式简单，也达到了考试要求。
商品销售广告的内容非常丰富，门类众多，销售的商品小到一台电脑、一把椅子，大到房屋、厂房、土地、汽车等。所销售的商品不同，销售语言也不一样，但必须遵循真实原则。
商品销售广告主要包括的内容如下：所售商品的名称；产品质量、性能和规格；产品的与众不同之处；产品的包装、商标、品牌；价格的优惠条件；厂家或经销商的联络信息。
例2：
Rare，original “Kyoto” chair designed by famed architect Michael Graves circa 1990.Finished in birdseye maple veneer，this is a rare opportunity to own an important piece designed by this renowned architect.The chair retains its original Michael Graves designed upholstery and is in mint condition.
Dimensions：31 “wide，28” deep，and 27 tall，$750 Contact（010） 12345678
这则广告仅仅把要销售的东西用黑体字的形式告知。在这则精悍的广告中，读者了解到了这把椅子的与众不同，有收藏价值。
2.招聘广告（（Recruitment Advertisement）
例：
Writing：（2006年6月大学英语四级真题）
1.校学生会将组织一次暑期志愿者活动，现招募志愿者；
2.本次志愿者活动的目的，内容、安排等；
3.报名条件及联系方式。
We’re writing this letter to recruit volunteers on summer vocation.And we do hope more students are willing to join us and enjoy this activity joyfully during the following month.
It is necessary for us to show our plans and arrangements to you.Our plan is to set off next weekend，when the summer vacation officially begins.And，our purpose is to service the Olympic Games.The first stop is Nanjing，the world-renowned city for its beauty and mild temperature.We’ll get there by train and stay there for 2 days，and then we’ll head for Shanghai.After a 3-day stay there，we will give the coaches there a hand so that the game can be held smoothly.As everybody knows，Shanghai is the busiest city in this game，where we will undertake a lot of work，so the stay there will be about half a week.All together，our trip will last about three weeks.
Only these who have passed CET-4 and have kind-heart can apply for membership of the volunteers.If anybody are interested in this activties，please contact with the students union of our university
We are sincerely welcome yours and just take action.
招聘广告通常是指用人单位为扩大业务、提高工作效益向社会招揽优秀人才。这类广告大多刊登在报纸、杂志、网页的广告版面内。
招聘广告一般包括以下内容：用人单位或招聘单位名称；招聘对象以及所提供的职位；聘人所具备的应聘条件，例如：文化程度、性别、年龄要求、工作经历等；被聘人所涉及的业务范围；被聘人应聘后的待遇，例如：工作、假日、福利等；应聘方法，包括面试场所、通信地址、联系人、联系电话、截止日期等。
招聘广告实例：
（二）书信
例：
Directions：Suppose you are going to write a proposal to your student union for enriching students extracurricular activities.You are to write about what activities to organize and why.You will have 30 minutes to write the proposal.You should write at least 1 20 words but no more than 180 words.（2022年大学英语四级真题）
（参考范文[5]）
Dear President，
I hope you are doing great！I am Li Ming，one of the sophomore students in our university.I saw that our Student Union posted a notice collecting advice about enriching extracurricular activities，so I am writing this letter to make some suggestions.
First，could you organize more sports activities？Now，there is only one annual school-wide sports meet，and I believe both the variety and the frequency of such events can be increased.Second，it might be a good idea for our students to engage in more social activities which can broaden their horizons and improve their sense of responsibilities.The Student Union can recruit volunteers to aid rural Project Hope primary schools，go to nursing homes to visit elderly people，and raise funds to help disadvantaged groups.Besides，I suggest that more distinguished experts and scholars in distinct fields be invited to deliver speeches to our students.Last year，the Student Union organized a couple of forums and lectures，which received wide acclaim from both students and teachers in our school.
Thank you for your time，and I believe our Student Union will play a bigger role in enriching our students ’mind by organizing colorful and diversified extracurricular activities.
Warm regards，
Li Ming
第一段作者首先表达了自己的愿望（I hope you are doing great！），并介绍自己，谈及建议的源头。第二段具体谈自己的建议，作者用first、second、besides把自己的建议有序地排列起来。在谈到自己的建议时作者也陈述了建议的好处，用事实说话，例举学生会举办的论坛受到师生的欢迎。第三段遵循书信写作的规范，很礼貌地写出客套话，并进一步陈述自己的观点，回扣主题。结尾，作者使用了结尾礼词，签名。整封书信还是完整的，虽然没有地址和时间。
英文书信的主要可分为7个部分：信头（Heading），日期（Date），信内地址（Inside Address），称呼（Salutation），正文（Body of the Letter），结束语（Complimentary Close），署名（Signature）。有的书信加上附件和附言（Enclosure and Postscript），共8个部分。
信件正文段落内容大致安排如下：
第一段：首先表达自己的情感（如果收到的来信是喜事或者悲哀的事），要么说明写信的原委，这是最常见的一种的表达；要么寒暄叙旧后引入写信的目的。
第二段：这是信的主体，因写信的原因不同，可以是提出有关建议、申请、投诉、介绍、商榷、邀请、致谢或致歉等细节。
第三段：用简短的话表达希冀、愿望或要求，或者再次重申写信的目的。
结束语是写信人对自己的一种谦称或对收信人的一种敬语。结束语在正文结束后，独立成行，后面要用逗号，常写于署名上方，一般低于正文一两行。
商业书信常用的结束语如：Yours truly，Most sincerely，Respectfully，Sincerely，Thank you，Thank you for your consideration，Sincerely yours，Regards，Best，Best regards，Kind regards。
如果是写给地位或辈分高的收信人，则常用的有：Respectfully yours，Most sincerely yours等；如果写给一般收信人、陌生人，常用的有：Faithfully Yours，Sincerely Yours，Truly Yours等；如果写给朋友或较为熟悉的人，常用的有：Yours，Truly yours，Sincerely，Yours cordially，With love，Love always，Your loving，Best，Take care，Yours ever，As ever，Affectionately yours等。
署名的格式如下：
（个人署名）
Yours sincerely，
King Hope
（公司署名）
China Oil & Foodstuffs Corporation
Wang Lin，
Sales Manager