真题实战
2015年真题
ADHD linked to Air Pollutants
Children have an increased of attention problems seen as early as grade school.If their noses inhaled（吸入）a certain type of air pollution when they were pregnant.That’s the finding of a new study， released when things aren’t burned completely， this pollution is known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of PAHs.
The biggest sources of these PAHs：the bruning of fossile fuels， wood and trash.Frederica Perera works at Columbia University’s Mailman School of public Health is Ne York City.She and her team studied the xposure to air pollution of 233 nonsmoking pregant women in New York City.Because burning tobacco can spew（排放）PAHs into the air and lungs.Perera’s team focused on nonsmokers.
The researchers investigated signs of attention problems in those children， now age 9.They asked each child’s mother a series of questions.These included wahtever her child had problems doing things that needed sustained（长期的）mental effort， such as homework or games with friends.The scientists also asked if the kids had trouble following instructions or made grequent， careless mistakes.All of these can be sumptoms of a disorder called Attention Deficit Hyperactiviety Disorder， or ADHD.About one in U.S.children has ADHD.Among the women stueied traffic and home heating were the primary sources of air pollution exposure.Perera and her team suspect.Some of these women had low levels of PAHs in their bolld.Others had ghigh levels.Those with high levels were five times as likely to have dhilren who showed attention problems by age 9.The new findings were published November 5 in the journal PLOS ONE.
16. Perera and her team chose nonsmiking pregnant women all over America.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
17. The main purpose of the research was to find out how exposure to PAHs played a role in harming the subjects’ physical health.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
18. Nonsmoking mothers were selected because the effect of smoking on PAHs was unclear.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
19. The blood of each woman was tested once a month during pregnancy.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
20. Kids with ADHD commonly fail in school.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
21. The women with high levels of PAHs in their blood were more likely to have kids with ADHD.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
22. Traffic and home heating were considered to be the biggest sources of PAHs for the subjects in the research.
A.Right B.Wrong D.Not mentioned
2014年真题
So Many“Earths”
The Milky Way（银河）contains billions of Earth-sized planets that could support life.That’s the finding of new study.It draws on data that came from NASA’s top planet-hunting telescope.
A mechanical failure recently put that Kepter space telescope out of service.Kepler had played a big role in creating a census of planets orbiting some 170，000 stars.Its date have been helping astronomers predict how common planets are in our galaxy.The telescope focused on hunting planets that might have conditions similar to those on Earth.
The authors of a study published in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences conclude that between 14 and 30 out of every 100 stars with a mass and temperature similar to the Sun may host a planet that could support life as we know it.Such a planet would have a diameter at least as large as Earth’s but no more than twice that big.The planet also would have to orbit in a star’s habitable zone.That’s where the surface temperature would allow any water to exist as liquid.
The new estimate of how many planets might fit these conditions comes from studying more that 42，000 stars and identifying suitable worlds orbiting them.The scientists used those numbers to extrapolate（推算）to the rest of the stars that the telescope could not see.
The estimate is rough，the authors admit.If applied to the solar system，it would define as habitable a zone starting as close ot the Sun as Venus and running to as far away as Mars.Neither planet is Earthlike （although either might have been in the distant pase）.Using tighter limits the researchers estimate the between 4 and 8 out of every 100 sunlike stars could host an Earth-sized world.These are ones that would take 200 to 400 days to complete a yearly orbit.
Four out of every 100 sunlike stars doesn’t sound like a big number.It would mean however that the Milky Way could host more than a billion Earth-sized planets with a chance for life.
16. The Kepler space telescope has been in service for 15 years.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
17. The main task of the Kepler space telescope is to find out planets with similar conditions to Earth’s.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
18. The planet that could support life might be a little bit smaller than Earth.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
19. The Earth is a planet orbiting in the Sun’s habitable zone.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
20. The new finding is based on a thorough study of 170，000 stars on the Milky Way.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
21. The estimate of the number of planets that could support life is not very accurate.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
22. This is the first research finding about the planets with a chance for life.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
2013年真题
Wide World of Robots
Engineers who build and program robots have fascinating jobs.These researchers tinker（修补）with machines in the lab and write computer software to control these devices.“They’re the best toys out there，”says Howle Choset at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.Choset is a roboticist， a person who designs， builds or programs robots.
When Choset was a kid， he was interested in anything that moved—cars， trains， animals.He put motors on Tinkertoy cars to make them move.Later， in high school， he built mobile robots similar to small cars.
Hoping to continue working on robots， he studied computer science in college.But when he got to graduate school at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena， Choset’s labmates were working on something even cooler than remotely controlled cars： robotic snakes.Some robots can move only forward， backward， left and right.But snakes can twist（扭曲）in many directions and travel over a lot of different types of terrain（地形）.“Snakes are far more interesting than the cars， ”Choset concluded.
After he started working at Carnegie Mellon， Choset and his colleagues there bagan developing their own snake robots.Choset’s team programmed robots to perform the same movements as real snakes， such as sliding and inching forward.The robots also moved in ways that snakes usually don’t， such as rolling.Choset’s snake robots could crawl（爬行）through the grass， swim in a pond and even climb a flagpole.
But Choset wondered if his snakes might be useful for medicine as well.For some heart surgeries， the doctor has to open a patient’s chest， cutting through the breastbone.Recovering from these surgeries can be very painful.What if the doctor could perform the operation by instead making a small hole in the body and sending in a thin robotic snake？
Choset teamed up with Marco Zenati， a heart surgeon now at Harvard Medical School， to investigate the idea.Zenati practiced using the robot on a plastic model of the chest and they tested the robot in pigs.
A company called Medrobotics in Boston is now adapting the technology to surgeries on people.
Even after 15 years of working with his team’s creations， “I still don’t get bored of watching the motion of my robots，” Choset says.
16. Choset began to build robots in high school.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
17. Snake robots could move in only four directions.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
18. Choset didn’t begin developing his own snake robots until he started working at CarnegieMellon.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
19. Choset’s snake robots could make more movements than the ones others developed.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
20. The application of a thin robotic snake makes heart surgeries less time-consuming.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
21. Zenati tested the robot on people after using it in pigs.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
22. The robotic technology for surgeries on people has brought a handsome profit to Medrobotics.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
答案与解析
2015年真题
16.B。题干：Perera和她的团队挑选了来自全美国的不吸烟的怀孕妇女。利用题干关键词Perera和non-smoking可以定位到文章第二段第三句，意为“她和她的团队研究了纽约市233名非吸烟的孕妇暴露在空气污染中的情况”，由此可知只是纽约市而非全美国，题干所述与原文信息不一致，故该题答案为B。
17.B。题干：研究的主要目的是发现暴露在PAHs下对研究对象的身体健康如何造成伤害。利用题干关键词purpose of research和harm the physical health可以定位到文章第二段最后一句，意为“研究者想探查 PAHs 的其他来源”，由此可知题干所述与原文信息不一致，故该题答案为B。
18.B。题干：选择不吸烟的妈妈们是因为吸烟对于PAHs的影响还不清楚。利用题干关键词non-smoking mother 和 effect of PAHd可以定位到文章第二段倒数第二句，意为选择不吸烟的孕妇妈妈是“因为吸烟会导致环芳香烃（PAH）排入空气中或吸入肺中，所以她们的团队关注不吸烟者”，由此可知吸烟对于PAHs的影响是清楚的，所以题干所述与原文信息不一致，故该题答案为B。
19.C。题干：每个妇女的血液在怀孕期间每个月检测一次。利用题干关键词blood和once a month进行定位，发现没有相关信息，由此可知该题答案为C。
20.C。题干：患有 ADHD 的孩子通常在学校学业不好。利用题干关键词 kinds with ADHDs和school 进行定位，发现没有相关信息，由此可知该题答案为C。
21.A。题干：血液中有较多PAHs的妇女所生的孩子更可能会患有 ADHD。利用题干关键词levels of PAHs 和 have kids with ADHD可以定位到最后一段的倒数第二句，意为“血液中含有较多 PAHs 的女性所生的孩子到9岁时，孩子出现注意力不集中问题的概率提高到原来的五倍”，由此可知题干所述与原文信息一致，所以该题答案为A。
22.A。题干：对研究对象来说，交通和家庭采暖被认为是PAHs的最主要的来源。利用题干关键词traffic and home heating可以定位到最后一段的第一句，意为“在所研究的妇女中，交通和家庭采暖是空气污染的主要来源”，由此可以推知交通和家庭采暖是PAHs的主要来源，所以该题答案为A。
2014年真题
16.C。题干：Kepler 太空望远镜已经使用15年了。利用题干关键词Kepler和15进行定位，发现第二段谈及“A mechanical failure recently put that Kepter space telescope out of service”，即“技术的故障使得Kepler太空望远镜不能再使用了”，但是没有提及Kepler太空望远镜的使用时间，故答案为C。
17.A。题干：Kepler 太空望远镜的主要任务就是找到与地球情况类似的行星。利用题干关键词Kepler 和 Earth 等可以定位到第二段“The telescope focused on hunting planets that might have conditions similar to those on Earth.”。由此可知，题干信息与原句信息一致，故答案为A。
18.B。题干：能支持生命的行星可能比地球要小一点。利用题干关键词support life和smaller进行定位，可以定位到第三段“…14 and 30 out of every 100 stars with a mass and temperature similar to the Sun may host a planet that could support life as we know it.Such a planet would have a diameter at least as large as Earth’s but no more than twice that big”，即“据我们所知，每100个恒星之中约有14～30个恒星有着与太阳相似的体积和温度，可能支持行星上的生命，这样的行星直径至少与地球直径一样大或者最大不超过地球直径的两倍”。由此可知，题干信息与原句信息不一致，故答案为 B。
19.A。题干：地球行星是围绕太阳的可居住区域内的轨道运行。利用题干关键词orbit和habitable zone等可以定位到第三段“The planet also would have to orbit in a star’s habitable zone.”，即“这样的行星也必须在恒星的可居住区域内的轨道运行”，并结合上一句可知，能支持生命的行星需要在像太阳这样的恒星的可居住区域内运行。由此可知，题干信息与原句信息一致，故答案为 。
20.B。题干：新发现是基于对银河系中17万颗恒星的全部研究。利用题干关键词new finding和170000并结合题目顺序与段落顺序一致的原则，可以定位到第四段“The new estimate of how many planets might fit these conditions comes from studying more than 42，000 stars…”，即“有关多少行星符合这种情况的预测是来自于对42000多颗恒星的研究……”。由此可知，题干信息与原句信息不一致，故答案为B。
21.A。题干：关于可以支持生命的行星数量的预测是不准确的。利用题干关键词estimate和accurate等可以定位到第四段和第五段“The new estimate of how many planets might fit these conditions…The estimate is rough，the authors admit”，即“这项对于符合这些情况的行星的数量的预测……作者承认这种预测是比较简单的”。由此可知，题干信息与原句信息一致，故答案为A。
22.C。题干：这是有关有生命存在可能性的行星的最早的研究发现。利用题干关键词 first和chance for life等可以定位到最后一段“It would mean however that the Milky Way could host more than a billion Earth-sized planets with a chance for life”，即“但是这意味着银河系中有超过十亿颗地球大小的行星都有生命存在的可能性”，但是没有提及是否是最早的发现，故答案为C。
2013年真题
16.A。题干：Choset在高中开始制作机器人。利用题干关键词high school和build robots可以定位到第二段最后一句，即“后来，在高中时，他开始制造与汽车机器人相似的移动机器人”，可知题干信息与原文信息一致，故选A。
17.B。题干：机器蛇只能往四个方向移动。利用题干关键词move和direction可以定位到第三段第二句到第四句，可知Choset的实验室同事们正在研究比遥控车更酷的东西，即机器蛇。一些机器人只能向前、向后、向左或向右移动，但是机器蛇可以向多个方向扭曲。因此题干信息与原文信息不一致，所以答案为B。
18.A。题干：Choset到Carnegie Mellon工作后才开始研究自己的机器蛇。利用题干关键词robot snake和work at Carnegie Mellon可以定位到第四段第一句，即“他在Carnegie Mellon工作后，Choset和同事们开始设计自己的机器蛇。题干信息与原文信息一致，故选A。
19.C。题干：Choset研究的机器蛇比其他人开发的机器蛇运动的方向更多。利用题干关键词进行定位，发现原文没有将Choset的机器蛇跟其他人研究的机器蛇进行比较。因此答案为C。
20.C。题干：将小的机器蛇用于心脏手术可以减少手术时间。利用题干关键词heart surgeries可以定位到第五段最后两句，可知手术完成之后恢复的过程很痛苦，所以Choset想把小的机器蛇用于临床手术，这样可以减少痛苦，但并没有提及手术时间会减少。因此答案为C，未提及。
21.B。题干：Zenati将机器人手术在猪身上实验后又在人的身上进行实验。利用题干关键词pig可以定位到第六段第二句。可知Zenati先在塑料模型上实验，然后又在猪身上实验。题干信息与原文信息不一致，因此答案为B。
22.C。题干：对人采用机器人技术进行外科手术已经给Medrobotics带来了巨大的利益。利用题干关键词profit和Medrobotics可以定位到第七段，可知Medrobotics正在采用这项技术，但并没有提及获得巨大利益，因此答案为C，未提及。