真题实战
2015年真题
第一篇
Why Buy Shade-Grown Coffee？
When people argue about whether coffee is good for health， they’re usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker.Is it food for your heart？ Does it increase blood pressure？ Does it help you concentrate？ However， coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways， too.
Traditionally， coffee bushes were planted under the canopy（树冠）of taller indigenous（土生土长的）trees.However， more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees.At first， this increases production because more coffee bushes can be planted if there aren’t any trees.With increased production come increased profits.
Unfortunately， deforesting for coffee production immediately decreases local-wildlife habitat.Native birds nest and hide from predators（捕食者）in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.
Furthermore， in the long term， the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are needed to grow the coffee.The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects that eat coffee plant， but then the birds eat the poisoned insects and also die.The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well， and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink.
Fortunately， farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade.We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as “shade grown” and “bird friendly”.Sure， these varieties might cost a little more.But we’re paying for the health of the birds， the land， ourselves， and the planet.I think it’s worth it.
31. What is the main idea of this passage？
A.Farmers are changing the way they grow coffee.
B.Coffee is becoming more expensive to produce.
C.Shade-grow coffee is more expensive than sun-grow coffee.
D.People should buy shade-grown coffee.
32. The function of the word “Traditionally” in Paragraph 2 is to show____.
A.the positive effects of coffee
B.a change of coffee growth
C.something that is the most important
D.how coffee production used to be
33. What does increased production of full-sun coffee bring about？
A.More insects. B.Better quality coffee.
C.Larger farms. D.Higher profits.
34. How do farmers find more land for growing full-sun coffee？
A.They buy more land from other farmers. B.They cut down trees.
C.They move to another country. D.They turn grassland into farmland.
35. The full-sun method may affect the following EXCEPT____.
A.insects B.air C.birds D.humans
第二篇
More Rural Research Is Needed
Agricultural research funding is vital if the world is to feed itself better than it does now.Dr.Tony Fischer， cropscientist， said demand was growing at 2.5% per year but with modern technologies and the development of new ones， the world should be able to stay ahead.
“The global decline in investment in international agricultural research must be reversed if significant progress is to be made towards reducing malnutrition（营养不良）and poverty.” he said.
Research is needed to solve food production， land degradation（贫瘠化）and environmental problems.Secure local food supplies led to economic growth which is turn， slowed population growth.Dr.Fischer painted a picture of the world’s ability to feed itself in the first 25 years， when the world’s population is expected to rise from 5.8 to 8 billion people.He said that things will probably hold or improve but there’ll still be a lot of hungry people.The biggest concentration of poor and hungry people would be in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia in 2020， similar to the current pattern.If there is any change， aslight improvement will be seen in southern Asia， but not in sub-Saharan Africa.The major improvement will be in East Asia， South America and South-East Asia.
The developing world was investing about 0.5%， or $8 billion a year， of its agricultural gross domestic product（GDP）on research and developed world was spending 2.5% of its GDP.Dr.Fischer said more was needed from all countries.
He said crop research could produce technologies that spread across many countries， such as wheat production research having spin-offs（有用的副产品）for Mexico， China or India.
“Technologies still need to be refined for the local conditions but a lot of the strategic research can have global application， so that money can be used very efficiently.” Dr.Fischer said.
Yields of rice， wheatand maize（玉米）have grown impressively in the past 30 years， especially in developing countries.Forexample， maize production rose from 2 to 8 tons per hectare between 1950 and 1995.But technologies driving this growth such as high-yield varieties， fertilizers， andirrigation， were becoming exhausted.“If you want to save the land for non-agricultural activities， for forests and wildlife， you’re going to have to increase yield.” Dr.Fischer said.
36. What is the passage mainly about？
A.Shortage of food supplies.
B.Development of agricultural technologies.
C.Impact of agricultural research
D.Expectation of population growth.
37. Which of the following statements is true about the world’s agricultural research funding？
A.It is increasing among developed countries.
B.It is decreasing worldwide.
C.Less is demanded from developingcountries.
D.Most of it is spend very efficiently.
38. What is the picture of Asia’s food supplies in the first 25 years？
A.Food shortage will not be a problem.
B.There will be more hungry people in southern Asia.
C.Population growth will result in more hungry people.
D.There will be fewer hungry people in East Asia.
39. What does Dr.Fischer say about technologies？
A.They are costly. B.They have to be improved to meet local needs.
C.Their application is limited. D.They have to be applied locally.
40. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that____.
A.there is a demand for saving land for non-agricultural activities
B.crop production is growing faster in developing countries
C.maize production reached its peak in the 1990s
D.technologies improving maize production have been well developed
第三篇
Dangers Await Babies with Altitude
Women who live in the world’s highest communities tend to give birth to under-weight babies， a new study suggests.These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes.
Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average.But it wasn’t clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished—many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down.
To find out more， DinoGiussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of 400 births in Bolivia during 1976 and 1998.The babies were born in both rich and poor areas of two cities： La Paz and Santa Cruz.L Paz is the highest city in the world， at 3.65 kilometers above sea level， while Santa Cruz is much lower， at 0.44 kilometers.
Sure enough， Giussani found that the average birthweight of babies in La Paz was significantly lower than in Santa Cruz.This was true in both high and low-income families.Even babies born to poor families in Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz.“We were very surprised by this result，” says Giussani.
The results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen before birth.“This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child，” says Giussani.
His team also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies.This is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to rest of the body.
Giussani wants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life.People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood， forexample.Lowbirthweight is a risk factor for coronary（冠状的）heart disease.And newborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life.
41.What does the new study discover？
A.Babies born to wealthy families are heaver.
B.Women living at high altitude tend to give birth to underweight babies.
C.Newborns in cities are lighter than average.
D.Low-altitude babies have a high risk of heart disease in later life.
42. Gussani and his team are sure that.
A.babies born in Lance Pza are on average lighter than in Santa Cruz
B.people living at high altitudes tend to give birth to underweight babies
C.the birth weigh of babies born to wealthy families in Santa Cruz
D.mothers in La Paz are commonly under-nourished
43. It can be infereed from what Gussani says in Paragrah 4 that.
A.the finding was unexpected
B.he was very tired
C.the study took longer tha expected
D.he was surprised to find low-income families in La Paz
44. The results of the study indicate the reason for the underwight babies is____.
A.lack of certain nutrition B.poverty of their mother
C.different family backgrounds D.reduction of oxygen levels
45. It can be learned about grom the paragrah that____.
A.high-altitude babies tend to have high blood pressure is later life
B.under-weight babies have a shorter life span
C.babies born to poor families lack hormones before birth
D.new born wealthy families have larger heads compared with their bodies
2014年真题
第一篇
Approaches to Understanding Intelligences
It bays to be smart， but we are not all smart in the same way.You may be a talented musician， but you might not be a good reader.Each of us is different.Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities.Psychologists have two different views on intelligence.Some believe there is one general intelligence.Others believe there are many different intelligences.
Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests.These psychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests.They do well on tests using words， numbers or pictures.They do well on individual or group tests， and written or oral tests.Those who do poorly on one test， do the same on all tests.
Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence.The brain of intelligence people use less energy during problem solving.The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction.Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain.
Howard Gardner， a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education， has four children.He believes that all children are different and shouldn’t be tested by one intelligence test.Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists， he doesn’t think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling.He think that the human mind has different intelligences.These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life.Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences.Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences.
Gardner says that his theory is based on biology.For example， when one part of the Brain is injured， other parts of the brain still work.People who cannot talk because of Brain damage can still sing.So， there is not just one intelligence to lose.Gardner has Identified 8 different kinds of intelligence； linguistic， mathematical， spatial， musical， Interpersonal， intrapersonal， body-kinesthetic（身体动觉的）， and naturalistic.
31. What is the main idea of this passage？
A.How to understand intelligence. B.The importance of intelligence.
C.The development of intelligence tests. D.How to become intelligent.
32. Which of the following statements is true concerning general intelligence？
A.Most intelligent people do well on some intelligence tests.
B.People doing well on one type of intelligence test do well on other tests.
C.Intelligent people do not do well on group tests.
D.Intelligent people do better on written tests than on oral tests.
33. Gardner believes that____.
A.children have different intelligences
B.all children are alike
C.children should take one intelligence test
D.there is no general intelligence
34. According to Gardner， schools should____.
A.test students’IQs
B.train students who do poorly on tests
C.focus on finding the most intelligent students
D.promote development of all intelligences
35. Gardner thinks that his theory has a____.
A.musical foundation B.biological foundation
C.intrapersonal foundation D.linguistic foundation
第二篇
The Mir Space Station
The Russian Mir Space Station， which came down in 2001 at last after 15 years of pioneering the concept of long-term human space flight， is remembered for its accomplishments in the human space flight history.It can be credited with many firsts in space.During Mir’s lifetime， Russia spent about US $4.2 billion to build and maintain the station.
The Soviet Union launched Mir， which was designed to last from three to five years， on February 20， 1986， and housed 104 astronauts over 12 years and seven months， most of whom were not Russian.In fact， it became the first international space station by playing host to 62 people from 11 countries.From 1995 through 1998， seven astronauts from the United States took turns living on Mir for up to six months each.They were among the 37 Americans who visited the station during nine stopovers by space shuttles.
The more than 400 million the United States provided Russian for the visits not only kept Mir operating， but also gave the Americans and their partners in the international station project valuable experience in long-term flight and multinational operations.
A debate continues over Mir’s contributions to science.During its existence， Mir was the laboratory for 23，000 experiments and carried scientific equipment， estimated to be worth $80 million， from many nations.Experiments on Mir are credited with a range of findings， from the first solid measurement of the ration of heavy helium atoms in space to how to grow wheat in space.But for those favoring human space exploration， Mir showed that people could live and work in space long enough for a trip to Mars.The longest single stay in space is the 437.7 days that Russian astronaut Valery Polyakov spent on Mir from 1994 to 1995.And Sergie Avdeyev accumulated 747.6 days in space in three trips to the space station.The longest American stay was that of Shannon Lucid， who spent 188 days aboard Mir in 1996.
Despite the many firsts Mir accomplished， 1997 was a bad year out of 15 for Mir.In 1997， an oxygen generator caught fire.Later， the main computer system broke down， causing the station to drift several times and there were power failures.
Most of these problems were repaired， with American help and suppliers， but Mir’s reputation as a space station was ruined.Mir’s setbacks are nothing， though， when we compare them with its accomplishments.Mir was a tremendous success， which will be remembered as a milestone in space exploration and the space station that showed long-term human habitation in space was possible.But it’s time to move on to the next generation.The International Space Station being built will be better， but it owes a great debt to Mir.
36. We can learn from the passage that the Mir Space Station____.
A.was designed to last over 5 years
B.played host to 7 astronauts from different countries
C.was visited only by Americans
D.was built by Russians
37. One of the contributions Mir makes to science is that， it____.
A.help astronauts get close to Mars
B.enables scientists to develop new scientific equipment
C.sets a record of the longest single human stay in space
D.shows that multinational operations in space are less expensive
38. What happened to Mir in 1997？
A.it ran out its fund.
B.it was completely damaged by fire.
C.its reputation was ruined due to power failures.
D.its main computer system broke out.
39. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that____.
A.space exploration will not experience setbacks
B.it is difficult for other space stations exceed Mir’s success
C.Mir is the best long-term human habitation in space in history
D.multinational space operation are getting more accomplishments
40. What is the author’s attitude toward Mir？
A.Indifferent. B.Ironic. C.Favorable. D.Negative.
第三篇
Eye-tracker Lets You Drag and Drop Files with a Glance
Bored of using a mouse？ Soon you’ll be able to change stuff on your computer screen—and then move it directly onto your smart phone or tablet（平板电脑）—with nothing more than a glance.
A system called Eye Drop uses a head-mounted eye tracker that simultaneously records your field of view so it knows where you are looking on the screen.Gazing at an object—a photo， say—and then pressing a key， selects that object.It can then be moved from the screen to a tablet or smart phone just by glancing at the second device， as long as the two are connected wirelessly.
“The beauty of using gaze to support this is that our eyes naturally focus on content that we want to acquire，” says Jayson Turner， who developed the system with colleagues at Lancaster University， UK.
Turner believes Eye Drop would be useful to transfer an interactive map or contact information from a public display to your smart phone or for sharing photos.
A button needs to be used to select the object you are looking at， otherwise you end up with the “Midas touch”（点石成金）effect， whereby everything you look at gets selected by your gaze， says Turner.“Imagine if your mouse clicked on everything it pointed at，” he says.
Christian Holz， a researcher in human-computer interaction at Yahoo Labs in Sunnyvale， California， says the system is a nice take on getting round this fundamental problem of using gaze-tracking to interact.“Eye Drop solves this in a slick（灵巧的）way by combining it with input on the touch devices we carry with us most of the time anyway and using touch input as a clutching mechanism，” he says.“This now allows users to seamlessly（无缝地）interact across devices far and close in a very natural manner.”
While current eye-trackers are rather bulky， mainstream consumer devices are not too far away.Swedish firm Tobii is developing gaze-tracking technology that can be installed in laptops and tablets and is expected to be available to buy next year.And the Google Glass headset is expected to include eye-tracking in the future.
Turner says he has also looked at how content can be cut and pasted or drag-and-dropped using a mix of gaze and taps on a touch screen.The system was presented at the Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia in Sweden， last week.
41. The eye-tracker technology enables us to.
A.change our computer screen
B.focus on anything that interests us
C.get a smart phone connected wirelessly
D.move an object from screen with a glance
42. Why is a button needed？
A.To minimize the cost of Eye Drop.
B.To choose as many objects as possible.
C.To make Eye Drop different from others.
D.To select what we want.
43.The word “this” in Paragraph 6 refers to.
A.application of gaze-tracking in human-computer interaction
B.interaction between human and computer
C.combination of gaze-tracking with input on touch devices
D.generalization of Eye Drop system
44.Which of the following statement is true of eye-trackers for consumer devices？
A.They are costly.
B.They are available.
C.They are installed in Google Glass headset.
D.They are expected to come out soon.
45.What is Turner likely to study next？
A.How to drag and drop with gaze and taps.
B.How to present the system in public.
C.How to get touch screen involved.
D.How to cut and paste content from a public display.
2013 年真题
第一篇
Energy and Public Lands
The United States boasts substantial energy resources.Federal lands provide a good deal of US energy production， the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing（租赁）both on land and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual US energy production.
In 2000， 32 percent of US oil， 35 percent of natural gas， and 37 percent of coal were produced from federal lands， representing 20，000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases.Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.
Revenues from federal oil， gas， and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as State Government.In 1999， for example， $553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury， and non-India coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues， of which 50 percent were paid to State governments.Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery.Each year， federal land managers authorize rights of way for transmission lines， rail systems， pipelines， and other facilities related to energy production and use.
Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy production， though the amount is still significant.For example， federal geothermal（地热）resources produce about 7.5 billion kilowatt-hours（千瓦时）of electricity per year， 47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal energy.There are 2，960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone， producing electricity for about 300，000 people.Federal hydropower facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced in the United States.
Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with influence on foreign off sources， pressure on public lands to meet US energy demand is becoming more intense.Public lands are available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process.If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources， development restrictions or impact moderation measures may be enforced， or mineral be banned altogether.
31. What is the main idea of this passage？
A.Public lands are one of the main sources of revenues.
B.Public lands play an important role in energy production.
C.Public lands should be developed to ease energy shortage.
D.Public lands store huge energy resources for further development.
32. Which of the following statements is true of public lands in the U.S.？
A.The majority of undiscovered natural gas is stored there.
B.Half of US energy is produced there.
C.Most of coal was produced from there in 2000.
D.Most energy resources are reserved there.
33. Geothermal resources， wind turbines， and hydropower facilities in Paragraph 4 cited as examples to illustrate that____.
A.the amount of alternative energy production from public lands is huge
B.alternative energy production is no less than conventional energy production
C.they are the most typical conventional energy resources from public lands
D.geothermal resources are more important than the other two
34. There is a mounting pressure on public lands to satisfy US energy demands____.
A.the U.S.is demanding more and more energy
B.many Americans are unhappy with energy development in foreign countries
C.quite a few public lands are banned for energy development
D.many Americans think public lands are being abused
35. Public lands can be used for energy development when____.
A.energy development restrictions are effective
B.federal land managers grant permissions
C.they go through the land use planning process
D.there is enough federal budget
第二篇
Putting Plants to Work
Using the power of the sun is nothing new.People have had solar-powered calculators and buildings with solar panels（太阳能电池板）for decades.But plants are the real experts.They’ve been using sunlight as an energy source for billions of years.
Cells in the green leaves of plants work like tiny factories to convert sunlight， carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）， and water into sugars and starches（淀粉）， stored energy that the plants can use.This conversion process is called photosynthesis（光合作用）.Unfortunately， unless you’re a plant， it’s difficult and expensive to convert sunlight into storable energy.That’s why scientists are taking a closer look at exactly how plants do it.
Some scientists are trying to get plants， or biological cells that act like plants， to work as very small photosynthesis power stations.For example， Maria Ghirardi of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden.Colo.， is working with green algae（水藻）.She’s trying to trick them into producing hydrogen instead of sugars when they perform photosynthesis.Once the researchers can get the algae working efficiently， the hydrogen that they produce could be used to power fuel cells in cars or to generate electricity.
The algae are grown in narrow-necked glass bottles to produce hydrogen in the lab.During photosynthesis， plants normally make sugars or starches.“But under certain conditions， a lot of algae are able to use the sunlight energy not to store starch， but to make hydrogen.”Ghirardi says.For example， algae will produce hydrogen in an airfree environment.It’s the oxygen in the air that prevents algae from making hydrogen most of the time.
Working in an airfree environment， however， is difficult.It’s not a practical way to produce cheap energy.But Ghirardi and her colleagues have discovered that by removing a chemical called sulfate（硫酸盐）from the environment that the algae grow in， they will make hydrogen instead of sugars， even when air is present.
Unfortunately， removing the sulfate also makes the algae’s cells work very slowly， and not much hydrogen is produced.Still， the researchers see this as a first step in their goal to produce hydrogen efficiently from algae.With more work， they may be able to speed the cells’ activity and produce larger quantities of hydrogen.
The researchers hope that algae will one day be an easy-to-use fuel source.The organisms are cheap to get and to feed， Ghirardi says， and they can grow almost anywhere： “You can grow them in a reactor， in a pond.You can grow them in the ocean.There’s a lot of flexibility in how you can use these organisms.”
36. How do plants relate to solar energy？
A.They are the real experts in producing it.
B.They have been a source of it.
C.They have been used to produce it.
D.They have been using it for billions of years.
37. Scientists study how photosynthesis works because they want to____.
A.improve the efficiency of it
B.turn plant sugars to a new form of energy
C.make green plants a new source of energy
D.get more sugars and starches from plants
38. Algae are able to use solar energy to produce hydrogen when.
A.they are grown in narrow-necked bottles
B.there is enough oxygen in the air
C.enough starches is stored
D.there is no oxygen in the air
39. Researchers find it difficult to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently because____.
A.removing the sulfate slows down hydrogen production
B.it is hard to create an airfree environment
C.it is expensive to remove the sulfate from the environment
D.the algae’s cells work slowly if there is no oxygen in the air
40. What does Ghirardi say about algae？
A.They grow faster in a reactor. B.They will be planted everywhere.
C.They are cheap to eat. D.They can be a good energy source.
第三篇
On the Trial of the Honey Badger
On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert， a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers（獾）.The team employed a local wildlife expert， Kitso Khama， to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert.Their main aim was to study the badgers’ movements and behavior as discreetly（谨慎地）as possible frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behavior.They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them in view of the animal’s reputation， this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do.
“The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals， especially when they see something new，” he says.“that， combined with their unpredictable nature， can be a dangerous mixture.If they sense you have food， for example， they won’t be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat.They’re actually quite sociable creatures around humans， but as soon as they feel they might be in danger， they can become extremely vicious（凶恶的）.Fortunately this is rare， but it does happen.”
The research confirmed many things that were already known.As expected， honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill.Even poisonous snakes， feared and avoided by most other animals， were not safe from them.The researchers were surprised， however， by the animal’s fondness for local melons， probably because of their high water content.Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey（猎物）.The team also learnt that， contrary to previous research findings， the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups.They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research， including the fact that female badgers never socialised with each other.
Following some of the male badgers was a challenge， since they can cover large distances in a short space of time.Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers.Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males， there are occasional fights over an important food source， and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species.
As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people， it gave the team the to get up close to them without being the subject of the animals’ curiosity—or a sudden aggression.The badgers’ eating patterns， which had been disrupted， to normal.It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other that form working associations with the honey badger， as these seemed to badgers’ relaxed attitude when near humans.
41. Why did the wild life experts visit the Kalahari Desert？
A.To find where honey badgers live.
B.To catch some honey badgers for food.
C.To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.
D.To observe how honey badgers behave.
42. What does Kitso Khama say about honey badgers？
A.They are always looking for food.
B.They do not enjoy human company.
C.It is common for them to attack people.
D.They show interest in things they are not familiar with.
43. What did the team find out about honey badgers？
A.There were some creatures they did not eat.
B.They were afraid of poisonous creatures.
C.Female badgers did not mix with male badgers.
D.They may get some of the water they needed from fruit.
44. Which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers？
A.They don’t run very quickly.
B.They defend their territory from other badgers.
C.They hunt over a very large area.
D.They are more aggressive than females.
45. What happened when honey badgers got used to humans around them？
A.They lost interest in people.
B.They became less aggressive towards other creatures.
C.They started eating more.
D.Other animals started working with them.
答案与解析
2015 年真题
第一篇
31.A。题干：这篇文章的大意为____。主旨题。从各段的首尾句来看，第二段至第四段谈论的是向阳种植咖啡的弊端，第五段谈的是人们开始在向阴的地方种植咖啡，由此可以看出人们种植咖啡的方式发生了改变，所以该题答案为A。
32.B。题干：第二段中“traditionally”一词的功能是为了说明。细节题。利用题目关键词定位到第二段的首句，从中可知“传统上，咖啡树被种植在高大的树的树冠之下”，后一句“但是，拉美地区越来越多的农民砍伐森林来种植完全向阳的咖啡树”，由此可知前后句就咖啡树的种植方式形成对比，因此traditionally是为了说明过去与现在种植方式的不同，因而答案为B。选项D具有较大的迷惑性，但是第一句和第二句谈论的是咖啡的种植，而非咖啡的生产。
33.D。题干：向阳种植的咖啡产量增加导致了什么？细节题。利用题干关键词increased production可以定位到第二段最后一句，可知产量的增加带来了利润的增加，故D是正确答案。
34.B。题干：农民如何找到更多的地来向阳种植咖啡？细节题。利用题干关键词findmore land可以定位到第二段的第二句，可知越来越多的拉美人正在砍伐森林来种植咖啡树，故B是正确答案。
35.B。题干：向阳种植咖啡的方法可能对下列之外都有影响。细节题。分别定位四个选项可以定位到第三和四段，如第三段提到因为种植咖啡树，本地的鸟类赖以筑巢和躲避捕食者的树木被砍掉了，第四段提到化肥和杀虫剂杀死了以咖啡树为食的昆虫，鸟类吃了这些中毒的昆虫后也会死亡，这些化学物质杀死动物或使动物生病，甚至进入饮用水的水域中。可见昆虫、鸟类和人类都受到了影响，故本题答案为B。
第二篇
36.C。题干：这篇文章的大意是什么？主旨题。根据每段的首尾句，例如“agricultural research funding”，“research is needed”，“crop research”等可知，多数段落讨论的都是有关research的，所以选项C（农业研究的影响）为正确答案。
37.B。题干：下列关于世界农业研究基金的说法正确的是哪一项？判断题。利用题干关键词world’s agricultural research funding可以定位到第一段和第二段，从Dr.Tony Fischer的话语中可知“全球对于国际农业研究的投资都在下降，这种状况亟需改变，然后才能在减少营养不良和贫穷方面取得显著进步”，故B（全世界的农业研究基金都在缩减）是正确答案。
38.C。题干：亚洲地区最初25年的食物供应情况为何？细节题。利用题干关键词Asia’s food supply和25 years可以定位到第三段的相关句子，从中可知，在 Fischer 所描绘的全世界食物自给自足的展望中，在最初25年世界人口会从58亿增加到80亿，仍可能会有大量的饥饿人群（a lot of hungry people），主要集中在sub-Saharan Africa和southern Asia，饥饿人群有较大改善的区域是在East Asia， South America和South-East Asia，由此可以推知C（人口的增长将导致更多的饥饿人群）是正确答案。
39.B。题干：Dr.Fischer认为技术如何？细节题。利用题干关键词technology可以定位第倒数第二段，意为“技术需要予以改善来适应当地的情况，但是很多战略研究则适用于全球”，由此可知B（技术应该予以改善来满足当地的需求）是正确答案。
40.A。题干：从最后一段可以推断出。推断题。从最后一段来看，过去30年，大米、小麦和玉米的产量在发展中国家获得了很大增加，同时推动高产量的技术，诸如高产的种类、化肥、灌溉，都已经开始不再有效了（枯竭），如果想要腾出土地从事其他非农业的活动，则必须提高产量。由此可知B和D与原文信息不一致；B项有较大干扰性，原文是说发展中国家的粮食产量有了很大增加，但并未说比发达国家增加得快，故该题答案为A（要节省土地去从事非农业的活动）。
2014年真题
第一篇
31.A。主旨题。题干：这篇文章的主要大意是什么？利用短文的题目“Approaches to Understanding Intelligences”即“理解智力的模式”，可知本文关注的是如何理解智力，因而答案为A。
32.B。细节题。题干：关于普遍智力的说法下列哪一项是正确的？利用题干关键词general intelligence等可以定位到第一段“Some believe there is one general intelligence.Others believe there are many different intelligences”，即“有的人认为有一种普遍的智力，而其他人则认为有多种类型的智力”，根据这句话无法确定答案；可以利用定位选项关键词进行解答，分别定位四个选项的关键词可以定位到第二段“… people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests.They do well on tests using words， numbers or pictures.They do well on individual or group tests， and written or oral tests”，即“那些在一种类型的智力测验中表现好的人在其他测验中也表现好。他们在使用词汇、数字和图片的测验中表现好。他们无论是在个人的还是团队的测验中也表现好，在书面的或口语的测验中也表现好”，由此可知B为正确答案。
33.A。细节题。题干：Gardner认为。利用题干关键词Gardner可以定位到第四段和第五段，但是无法确定相关的原句，所以还需要通过定位选项的关键词来进行解答。分别定位四个选项的关键词，可以定位到第四段“He believes that all children are different and shouldn’t be tested by one intelligence test”，即“他认为所有孩子是不同的，而且不应该通过一种智力测验进行测验”，由此可知A为正确答案。
34.D。细节题。题干：根据Gardner，学校应该。利用题干关键词Gardner和school可以定位到第四段“Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences”，即“Gardner认为学校的目的就是鼓励我们所有人的智力发展”。因而D为正确答案。
35.B。细节题。题干：Gardner认为他的理论有。利用题干关键词Gardner和theory可以定位到第五段“Gardner says that his theory is based on biology”，即“Gardner认为他的理论是基于生物学的”，所以B为正确答案。
第二篇
36.D。细节题。题干：我们从短文可知Mir空间站。题干关键词Mir Space Station在全文出现多处，所以无法精确定位到相关原句，可以改为定位选项。分别定位四个选项关键词可以定位到第一段“During Mir’s lifetime， Russia spent about US $4.2 billion to build and maintain the station.”，即“在Mir的整个运营期间，俄罗斯花费了约42亿美元来建造和维持这个空间站”；同时可以定位到第二段的相关句子“The Soviet Union launched Mir， which was designed to last from three to five years… playing host to 62 people from 11 countries.”，即“苏联发射了Mir，该空间站设计可以持续三到五年……可以容纳来自11个国家的约62名宇航员”，由此可以判断出A、B、C与原文信息都不符合，故D为正确答案。
37.C。细节题。题干：Mir太空站对科学所作的贡献之一就是。利用题干关键词contributions和science可以定位到第四段“A debate continues over Mir’s contributions to science…The longest single stay in space is the 437.7 days that Russian astronaut Valery Polyakov spent on Mir from 1994 to 1995.”，即“有关Mir对科学的贡献的争议仍在继续……其中一次最长的独自待在太空的记录是437.7天，这是由俄罗斯宇航员Valery Polyakov从1994到1995年所创造的”，所以C为正确答案。
38.D。细节题。题干：1997年Mir空间站发生了什么？利用题干关键词1997可以定位到第五段“In 1997， an oxygen generator caught fire.Later， the main computer system broke down， causing the station to drift several times and there were power failures.”，可知“1997年，Mir空间站的氧气制造机着火。随后，主要的计算机系统出了毛病，导致空间站多次漂移，而且有能源不足的问题”，由此可知D为正确答案。
39.D。推断题。题干：从最后一段可以推断出。根据文中最后一段可知，尽管Mir空间站出现了很多问题，但与其成就相比是微不足道的，它是太空开发历史上的里程碑。需要发展新一代空间站的时候到了，而正在建设的国际空间站会越来越好。从中可知Mir空间站正在向国际空间站发展，所以答案为D。
40.C。态度题。题干：作者对Mir空间站的态度是什么？从最后一段可以看出“Mir’s setbacks are nothing， though， when we compare them with its accomplishments.Mir was a tremendous success， which will be remembered as a milestone in space exploration”，虽然承认 Mir 的确出了很多问题，但其问题与成就相比是微不足道的，Mir是巨大的成功，将会因为太空开发史上的里程碑而为人所铭记，所以作者对Mir持正面的态度，因而C是正确答案。
第三篇
41.D。细节题。题干：眼动监控仪能使我们。利用题干关键词eye-tracker可以定位到文章的题目，即“眼动监控仪能使你通过视觉拖拽和丢弃文件”，可以推断答案为D。为了进一步确定，定位D项的关键词object和screen可以定位到第二段“A system called EyeDrop uses a head-mounted eye tracker… Gazing at an object—a photo， say—and then pressing a key， selects that object.It can then be moved from the screen to a tablet or smart phone just by glancing at the second device， as long as the two are connected wirelessly.”，可知“一个叫 EyeDrop 的系统使用了眼动监控仪……盯着目标，比如一张图片，然后按一下键，选择目标，然后就可以通过扫视平板电脑或智能手机从而将该目标从电脑屏幕上移动至平板电脑或智能手机中，只要该平板电脑或智能手机与电脑是无线连接的”，所以确认D为正确答案。
42.D。细节题。题干：为什么需要一个按钮？利用题干关键词button等可以定位到第五段“A button needs to be used to select the object you are looking at， otherwise you end up with the ‘Midas touch’ effect， whereby everything you look at gets selected by your gaze”，即“一个按钮需要被用来选择你看着的目标，要不然你有点石成金的效果，那样的话你所看到的一切都会被你的凝视选中”。由此可知，通过视觉和按钮的结合可以精确地选择想要选择的目标，所以正确答案为D。
43.C。猜词题。题干：第六段中的“this”指的是。从第六段可知“EyeDrop通过将眼动监控仪和触摸设备的输入相结合以及将触摸输入作为离合器的机制的方式很灵巧地解决了这个问题，我们多数时候都将触摸设备随身携带，而这使得使用者可以无缝地以非常自然的方式与远处或近处的设备进行互动”，由此可知this指的是“将眼动监控仪和触摸设备的输入相结合”，所以正确答案为C。
44.D。细节题。题干：下列关于消费者使用的眼动监控仪设备的说法哪一项是正确的？该题利用题干关键词eye-trackers for consumer devices可以定位到第七段第一句“While current eye-trackers are rather bulky， mainstream consumer devices are not too far away…is expected to be available to buy next year.And the Google Glass headset is expected to include eye-tracking in the future”，即“虽然目前眼动监控仪体积相当庞大，但是主流的供消费者使用的设备不会遥远了……预期在明年可以买到，同时谷歌耳机预期在未来可以安装眼动监控仪”。由此可知，A项未提及，B和C与原文的时态不符合，所以D是正确答案。
45.C。推断题。题干：Turner下一步可能研究的是什么？利用题目顺序与段落顺序一致的原则可以定位到最后一段“Turner says he has also looked at how content can be cut and pasted or drag-and-dropped using a mix of gaze and taps on a touch screen.The system was presented at the Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia in Sweden， last week.”，即“Turner说他也已经考虑过在触摸屏上混合使用视觉和敲击如何实现内容的剪切和粘贴或者拖拽和丢弃。这个系统在上周瑞典举行的移动与普遍存在的多媒体会议上已经展示过”。A项中的“drag and drop”与原文中的“cut and pasted or drag-and-dropped”不符合，B项的时态与原文不符，D项中的“public display”原文未提及，故C是正确答案。
2013年真题
第一篇
31.B。主旨题。题干：本文的主要大意是什么？主旨题可以利用短文题目和段落的首尾句进行解答。文章的标题“Energy and Public Lands”是能源和公共土地，首段总述了文章的中心思想，主要讲公共土地在能源生产方面发挥的巨大作用。故B（公共土地在能源生产方面的重要作用）是正确答案。
32.A。细节题。题干：下面关于美国公共土地的陈述哪一项是正确的？利用题干关键词和选项关键词可以定位到第二段最后一句：“Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.”可知，据估计联邦土地蕴藏未被发现的美国石油储量的68%和未被发现的天然气约74%。故A（未被发现的大多数天然气都储藏于此）是正确答案。
33.A。例证题。题干：文章第四段以地热、风力和水力为例是为了证明。举例的目的是为了证明例子之前或之后的论点。根据第四段首句可知，尽管来自联邦土地的新能源产量可观，但是生产落后于传统能源。随后列举了地热、风力和水力的例子，就是为了证明新能源产量可观。故A（公共土地可生产的能源是巨大的）是正确答案。
34.A。细节题。题干：公共土地满足美国能源要求的压力增大是因为。利用题干关键词可以定位到最后一段首句，可知因为美国对能源需求的不断增长以及公众对国家依赖外来能源的不安使得公共土地满足美国能源需求的压力越来越强烈。由此可知，A（美国需要越来越多的能源）是正确答案。
35.C。细节题。题干：在情况下公共土地可以用来发展能源。利用题干关键词energy development可以定位到最后一段的第二句，可知公共土地只有在通过土地利用规划评审程序后才可用于能源发展。故C（它们需要经过土地使用规划评审）是正确答案。
第二篇
36.D。细节题。题干：植物与太阳能是如何发生联系的？利用题干关键词plant 和 solar energy可以定位到第一段最后一句，可知几十亿年来，植物一直把阳光作为能源。故D项（几十亿年来，植物从来就是利用阳光作为能源的）是正确答案。
37.C。细节题。题干：科学家研究光合作用如何发挥作用是因为他们想。利用题干关键词photosynthesis可以定位到文中第三段，科学家企图将植物或植物类生物细胞作为微型光合能源供应站来研究，并举例说，他们正在用绿藻进行实验，若成功，绿藻所产生的氢将可用来为汽车的燃料电池充电。故C（让绿色植物成为新能源）是正确答案。
38.D。细节题。题干：当时，藻类能够利用太阳能产生氢气。利用题干关键词Algae和hydrogen可以定位到文中第四段最后两句，可知藻类会在隔绝空气的环境下产生氢气，因为空气中的氧气阻止绿藻制造氢，故D（空气中没有氧气）是正确答案。
39.A。细节题。题干：研究人员发现很难使藻类有效地生产氢气，是因为。根据文中第六段首句“Unfortunately， removing the sulfate also makes the algae’s cells work very slowly， and not much hydrogen is produced.”可知，消除硫酸盐的工作不仅使藻类细胞的工作速度减慢，而且大大减少了氢的数量，故A（消除硫酸盐使氢的生产速度减慢）是正确答案。
40.D。细节题。题干：关于藻类，Ghirardi说了什么？根据关键词Ghirardi定位到文中最后一段第一句，可知研究人员们希望，总有一天藻类会成为很容易使用的燃料来源，故D（它们可以是很好的能源）是正确答案。
第三篇
41.D。细节题。题干：为什么野生动物专家要去非洲卡拉哈里沙漠？利用题干关键词wildlife expert 和Kalahari Desert可以定位到第一段的第三句“Their main aim was to study the badgers’ movements and behavior”，可知其主要目的是研究蜜獾的行动和行为，所以D（蜜獾是如何行动的）为正确答案。
42.D。细节题。题干：关于蜜獾，Kitso Khama说了些什么？利用题干关键词Kitso Khama等可以定位到第二段，即“蜜獾的问题在于它们天生就是富有好奇心的动物，尤其在看见新东西的时候。这种好奇心加上其难以预测的天性就成了危险因素。如果它们觉得你有食物，它们直接跑到你面前要东西吃，一点也不会害羞。它们实际上是人类周围环境中非常友善的动物，但它们一旦感到有危险就会变得非常凶恶”。由此可知，A没有提到，B和C与原文都不一致，所以正确答案为D（它们对不熟悉的东西感兴趣）。
43.D。细节题。题干：这个研究小组发现了有关蜜獾的什么？题干无明显关键词，就可以利用选项的关键词定位。分别定位四个选项的关键词，可以定位到第三段，由第二句可知“蜜獾吃任何它们能抓住和杀死的动物”，由第三句可知“甚至像多数动物害怕和躲避的毒蛇，碰到它们时也不安全”，由第四句可知“蜜獾喜欢吃当地的西瓜，可能因为西瓜中的较多的水分含量”，由最后一句可知“他们确认了之前研究的结果，包括雌性蜜獾彼此之间从不交往的事实”。由此A、B、C都是错误的，所以正确答案为D（他们从水果中得到部分所需的水分）。
44.C。细节题。题干：下列哪一个是雄性蜜獾的典型特征？利用题干关键词和选项关键词territory， run， a large area等可以定位到第四段第一句，即“跟踪雄性蜜獾是个挑战，因为它们能在很短时间内在很大的区域内活动”。由此可知，C（它们可以在很大区域内狩猎）为正确答案。
45.A。细节题。题干：当蜜獾习惯了周围有人后会怎么样？利用题干关键词be used to可以定位到最后一段，即“当蜜獾习惯于周围有人存在的时候，人就可以接近它们，而它们也对人不再好奇或突然进攻”。be used to 与 be accustomed to同义，意为“习惯于……”，故A（它们对人失去兴趣）是正确答案。