专项攻克
第一篇
Washoe Learned American Sign Language
（1）An animal that influenced scientific thought has died.A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington.Washoe had become known in the scientific community and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language.She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language.Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to understand language.
（2）Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969，the Gardners described Washoe’s progress in a scientific report.The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words.For example， Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat.She could request foods like apples and bananas.She also asked questions like，“Who is coming to play？”Once the news about Washoe spread，many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research.The whole direction of primate research changed.
（3）However，critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers.They said she had never developed true language skills.Even now there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory， and perform the signs only for prizes.Yet Washoe’s keepers disagree.Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners.He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg，Washington. There，Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees，which are still alive.
（4）Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees.Today，there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps.Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
（5）Debate continues about chimps’understanding of human communication.Yet，one thing is sure—Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.
23.Paragraph 1____
24.Paragraph 2____
25.Paragraph 3____
26.Paragraph 4____
A.Reason why not many scientists carry out this research nowadays
B.Report about Washoe’s progress in learning sign language
C.General information about Washoe
D.The Gardners’contributions recognized
E.Debate on chimps’intelligence
F.Washoe’s love for three young chimps
27.Washoe could make signs to communicate____.
28.Some scientists doubted____.
29.Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language____.
30.The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent____.
A.if the Gardners’argument was sound
B.because she was cleverer than other chimps
C.when she wanted to eat
D.while she was at a research center in Ellensburg
E.because she could use sign language to ask for fruits
F.while Washoe was learning sign language
第二篇
Hurricanes（龙卷风）
（1）Did you know that before 1950，hurricanes had no names？They were simply given numbers.The first names were simply Alpha，Bravo，Charlie，etc.，but in 1953，female names were given because of the unpredictability（不可预知性）of the storms.In 1979， realizing the sexist（性别歧视的）nature of such names，the lists were expanded to include both men and women.
（2）Hurricanes and typhoons（台风）are the same things.If they form in the Atlantic，we call these strong storms hurricanes，from the West Indian word hurricane，meaning“big wind”.And if they are Pacific storms，they are called typhoons from the Chinese taifun，meaning“great wind”.To be classified as a hurricane，the storm must have maximum winds of at least 75 mph. These storms are big，many hundreds of miles in diameter.
（3）Hurricanes get their power from water vapor as it gives out its stored-up energy.All water vapor gives out heat as it condenses（凝结）from a gaseous state to a liquid state over fixed points on the equator（赤道）.To make a hurricane，you must have extremely wet，warm air， the kind of air that can only be found in tropical region.
（4）Scientists have determined that the heat given out in the process of water condensation can be as high as 95 billion kilowatts per hour.In just one day alone，the storm can produce more energy than many industrialized nations need in an entire year！The problem is that we don’t know how to make sure such great energy works for us.
（5）Predicting the path of a hurricane is one of the most difficult tasks for forecasters.It moves at a typical speed of 15 mph.But not always.Some storms may race at twice this speed，then suddenly stop and remain in the same location for several days.It can be maddening（发疯的）if you live in a coastal area that may be hit.
（6）The biggest advance in early detection is continuous watch from weather satellites.With these， we can see the storms form and track them fully，from birth to death.While they can still kill people and destroy property，hurricanes will never surprise any nation again.
23.Paragraph 1____
24.Paragraph 2____
25.Paragraph 4____
26.Paragraph 5____
A.Short history of naming hurricanes
B.Harnessing the hurricane energy
C.Difficulty in forecasting the course of a hurricane
D.Huge energy stored in a hurricane
E.Forecasting a hurricane through satellite watching
F.Different names for the same things
27.Both male and female names are used for hurricanes in consideration of____.
28.Using weather satellites can ensure____of hurricanes.
29.Energy specialists may be interested in____of hurricanes.
30.Scientists cannot accurately predict the course of a hurricane due to____.
A.the timely（及时的）discovery
B.convenience
C.sex equality
D.its connection with humans
E.the huge power
F.its uncertainty
答案与解析
第一篇
23.C。第一段主要介绍黑猩猩Washoe的出生地、死亡年龄、被带到美国学习美式手语等情况。用General information about Washoe来概括是很准确的。
24.B。第二段的关键句是：“In 1969，the Gardners described Washoe’s progress in a scientific report.”随后的句子简略地介绍了Washoe的学习情况和结果，如已学会250个单词，并能用手语表达“该吃饭了”等概念。所以选项B是正确答案。
25.E。第三段介绍了对Gardener夫妇报告的两种不同解读。一派认为Washoe的手语能力只是机械重复、死记硬背、物质激励的结果，不是智能的表现。另一派认为这是智能的表现，其证据是Washoe还能教三个小猩猩学习手语。争论的焦点是黑猩猩有没有智能。选项E用debate来概括上述争论，很恰当。
26.A。第四段解释了为什么现在从事这项研究的科学家人数不多，部分原因是研究周期太长，所以答案为A。
27.C。题干：Washoe能通过手势来交流____。利用题干关键词可以定位到第二段第四句，由该句可知答案为C。
28.A。题干：有些科学家怀疑____。利用题干关键词可以定位到第三段的上半段，说了一些科学家对Gardener夫妇的实验结果所持的怀疑态度。题干中出现的doubted引导我们选A。
29.D。题干：Washoe____教三只年幼的黑猩猩手势语言。利用题干关键词可以定位到第三段的最后两句，即“He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg，Washington.There，Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees，which are still alive.”，所以答案为D。
30.E。题干：实验者认为Washoe是有逻辑思维能力的____。利用题干关键词可以定位到第二段第四句：“She could request foods like apples and bananas.”根据全段意思和上述句子，选择E是正确的。
第二篇
23.A。该段中names反复出现，所以names是该段的核心词，借助段首句和段末句的句意可以判断，答案应为A。
24.F。除了选项F以外，其余选项中的核心词，如：harness，forecast，store，satellite等，在该段中均没有出现。
25.D。该段落中“能量”一词频繁出现，所以该词是该段的中心词，故可以判断答案为B和D的可能性很大。再借助段首句和段末句的句意判断，答案应为D。
26.C。段首句中就出现了“预测”（predicting）和“困难”（difficult），所以被选项中C和E可能是答案选项，而E中的“卫星”在该段落中根本没有出现，所以C是正确答案。
27.C。题干：飓风有着男性和女性的名字是考虑到____。利用题干关键词可以定位到第一段的最后一句“In 1979，realizing the sexist（性别歧视的）nature of such names，the lists were expanded to include both men and women.”，故判断答案为C（性别平等）。
28.A。题干：使用天气卫星能保证飓风的____。利用题干关键词可以定位到第六段第二句：“With these，we can see the storms form and track them fully，from birth to death.”，所以答案为A。
29.E。题干：能源专家可能对飓风的____感兴趣。利用题干关键词可以定位到第四段最后两句，由该处提到飓风中包含的能量，可知答案为E。
30.F。题干：科学家们不能准确预测飓风的路线是因为____。利用题干关键词可以定位到第五段“Predicting the path of a hurricane is one of the most difficult tasks for forecasters. It moves at a typical speed of 15 mph.But not always.”，可知答案为F。