Summary
The complexity of the concept of populism lies in that it originates from a variety of extensive and different phenomena，from examples and samples of different historical periods，different national characteristics and different social backgrounds.It is even used as a “label” sometimes.[44]
In view of the contextual and sematic diversity of populism，some scholars try to grasp the universal essence or universal characteristics of populism in order to construct a universal definition or universal theory of populism.However，attempts to generalize the concept of populism has been hovering between “comprehensiveness” and “clarity” of the concept，and it is difficult to form a satisfactory universal definition or theory.Margaret Canovan shifted the focus of her research from the universal theory of populism to type description of populism.This conceptualization strategy no longer explores the essential characteristics of populism，nor does it analyze the causes and conditions of populism.Instead，it classifies the phenomena known as “populism” in literature and history from the perspective of social typology to adapt to its diversity.However，this “type description” still has its own limitations.For example，the criteria for type classification lack internal consistency，and this classification artificially cuts off the diversity attribute of populist phenomena.
Based on a systematic analysis of these two strategies，this paper proposes a third strategy for conceptualizing populism，that is，to reconstruct the concept of populism from two levels，“values” and “empirical phenomena”： populism，as a set of values，is the antithesis of elitism，which takes civilians as its standard，extremely advocates civilians，and embodies the ultimate value concern for civilians；Populism，as empirical phenomena，covers many phenomena or examples such as populist political parties，populist politicians，populist strategies，etc.，which features wide variety.This conceptual reconstruction provides populism with a relatively clear and definite connotation at the “doctrine” level，and，at the same time，corelates the chaotic situation of populism at the“phenomena” level.
【注释】
[1]Paul Taggart，Populism ［In Chinese］，trans.Yuan Mingxu，Changchun: Jilin Publishing Group，2005，p.8.
[2]J.B.Allcock，“‘Populism’： A Brief Biography”，Sociology，Vol.5，No.3，1971.
[3]J.B.Allcock，“‘Populism’： A Brief Biography”，Sociology，Vol.5，No.3，1971.
[4]Bosbenov，The History of the Soviet Communist Party ［In Chinese］，trans.Peng Zhuowu，Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Press，1983，p.12.
[5]Chen Shirui，et al.，“A Probe into Populist and Its Generalization” ［In Chinese］，Russian Studies，Vol.2，2005.
[6]See Ma Longshan，et al.，Russian Populism and Its Cross-Century Influence［In Chinese］，Guilin:Guangxi Normal University Press，2013，pp.3-6.
[7]Liu Guohua，“Caudine Forks Issue and Its Inspiration for the Contemporary Times” ［In Chinese］，Theory Research，Vol.6，2009.
[8]J.B.Allcock，“‘Populism’： A Brief Biography”，Sociology，Vol.5，No.3，1971.
[9]See David Miller，et al: The Blackwell Encyclopaedia ［In Chinese］，trans.Deng Zhenglai，et al，Beijing: China University of Political Science and Law Press，2002，p.636.
[10]Dong Jingsheng，“Populist Doctrine in Latin American Researches: Evolution of the Concept”［In Chinese］，Journal of Historical Science，Vol.1，2004.
[11]See Dong Jingsheng： “Characteristics and Evolution of Latin American Populism” ［In Chinese］，Journal of Shandong Normal University （Social Sciences），Vol.3，2000.
[12]Kurt Weyland，“Clarifying a Contested Concept: Populism in the Study of Latin American Politics，” Comparative Politics，Vol.34，No.1，2001.
[13]Robt S.Jansen，“Populist Mobilization: A New Theoretica1 Approach to Populism，”Sociological Theory，Vol.29，No.2，2011.
[14]Daniele Albertazzi，Duncan McDonnell，eds.，Twenty-First Centuny Populism: The Spectre of Western European Democracy，Palgrave Macmillan，2008，p.2.
[15]Daniele Albertazzi，Duncan McDonnell，eds.，Twenty-First Century Populism: The Spectre of Western European Democracy，Palgrave Macmillan，2008，p.4.
[16]Marco Dramo，“Populism and New Oligarchy”，Foreign Theoretical Trends，Vol.9，2014.
[17]Ernesto Laclau，Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory，London: NLB，1977，p.144.
[18]Ernesto Laclau，“Towards a Theory of Populism”，Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory，London: NLB，1977.
[19]Jan-Wemer Müller，“The People Must be Extracted from within the People: Reflections on Populism，” Constellations，Vol.21，No.4，2014.
[20]J.B.Allcock，“‘Populism’： A Brief Biography”，Sociology，Vol.5，No.3，1971.
[21]Angus Stewart，“The Social Roots”，G.Ionescu and E.Gellner eds.，Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics，Weidenfeld and Nicolson，1969.
[22]Margaret Canovan，“Two Strategies for the Study of Populism”，Political Studies，Vol.30，No.4，1982.
[23]Peter Wiles，“A Syndrome，Not a Doctrine”，G.Ionescu and E.Gellner eds.，Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics，Weidenfeld and Nicolson，1969.
[24]Peter Wiles，“A Syndrome，Not a Doctrine”，G.Ionescu and E.Gellner eds.，Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics，Weidenfeld and Nicolson，1969.
[25]See Paul Taggart，Populism ［In Chinese］，translated by Yuan Mingxu，Changchun: Jilin Publishing Group，2005，pp.3-6.
[26]P.Worsley，“The Concept of Populism”，G.Ionescu and E.Gellner，eds.，Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics，Weidenfeld and Nicolson，1969，p.245.
[27]See Marco Dramo，“ Populism and New Oligarchy”，Foreign Theoretical Trends，Vol.9，2014.
[28]Margaret Canovan，“Two Strategies for the Study of Populism”，Political Studies，Vol.30，No.4，1982.
[29]Margaret Canovan，“Two Strategies for the Study of Populism”，Political Studies，Vol.30，No.4，1982.
[30]Margaret Canovan，“Two Strategies for the Study of Populism”，Political Studies，Vol.30，No.4，1982.
[31]See Margaret Canovan，“Two Strategies for the Study of Populism”，Political Studies，Vol.30，No.4，1982.In an earlier publication titled Populism （1981），Canovan called Farmers Radicalism，Peasant Populism and Revolutionary Intellectual Populism as “Agrarian Populism” collectively，and called Populist Dictatorship，Populist Democracy，Reactionary Populism and Politicians ’Populism as “Political Populism” collectively.See Margaret Canovan，Populism，Harcourt Brace Jovanovich，1981.
[32]Cas Mudde，“The Populist Zeitgeist，” Government and Opposition Vol.39，No.4，2004.
[33]Paul Taggart，Populism ［In Chinese］，trans.Yuan Mingxu，Changchun: Jilin Publishing Group，2005，p.5.
[34]Benjamin Moffitt，Simon Tormey，et al，“Rethinking Populism： Politics，Mediatisation and Political Style”，Foreign Theoretical Trends，Vol. 10，2016.
[35]See Ma Longshan，et al.，Russian Populism and Its Cross-Century Influence［In Chinese］，Guilin：Guangxi Normal University Press，2013，p.3.
[36]Marco Dramo，“Populism and New Oligarchy”，Foreign Theoretical Trends，Vol. 9，2014.
[37]Ernesto Laclau，Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory，London： NLB，1977，p.165.
[38]Giorgio Agarnben，Means without End: Notes on Politics，Regent of the University of Minnesota，1996，p.28.
[39]Giorgio Agarnben，Means without End: Notes on Politics，Regent of the University of Minnesota，1996，p.30.
[40]Cong Riyun，From Elite Democracy，Popular Democracy to Populist Democracy: On the Populist Trend of Western Democracy” ［In Chinese］，Exploration and Free Views，Vol.9，2017.
[41]Cas Mudde，“The Populist Zeitgeis”，Government and Opposition，Vol.39，No.4，2004.
[42]Paul Taggart，Populism ［In Chinese］，trans.Yuan Mingxu，Changchun: Jilin Publishing Group，2005，p.9.
[43]Lugwig Wittgenstein，Philosophical Investigation，Blackwell Publishing，1953.
[44]In some western democratic countries，the term “populist” has also become a “tag” of stigma used for mutual attacks along political elites and parties.