小 结
在安全框架下，美国对于全球艾滋病问题的定位，是与其整体的国家安全战略相契合的。因而，在“9·11”事件后，美国对于恐怖主义根源的特殊解读赋予了艾滋病问题新的安全含义。通过在海外应对艾滋病问题，美国希望达到消除恐怖主义滋生的基础以及彰显美国价值观念、培育当地人民对美国好感的目的。因而，艾滋病问题安全化的层次也由国际回落到国家。
在新的安全定位下，美国政策考虑的特点也发生了变化。首先，小布什政府对于艾滋病威胁的应对具有选择性的特点，主要重视那些在它看来可能成为恐怖主义滋生地的国家与地区。其次，小布什政府更加强调单独行动的重要性，认为本国有能力，也应当承担更大的责任。最后，它还开始怀疑国际组织对于本国目标实现的价值。此外，为了维护国家安全，美国调整了相关政策，改变了过去外交活动频繁但国内资源支持有限的特点，在国内广泛地寻求支持力量，以更大的力度投入与艾滋病的斗争。
出于上述几点理由，在这一阶段，美国更愿意通过双边合作的方式，选择性地应对艾滋病问题。通过PEPFAR计划，美国在15个重点关注国家中发起了全面的艾滋病防治计划，并取得一定的成效。与此同时，尽管全球基金成立不久，其决策机制还明显地有利于以美国为首的发达国家集团，但由于这一多边机制无法顾及美国的特殊国家安全利益，美国对其表现出了怀疑态度，不愿意通过这一渠道进行国际合作。
【注释】
[1]The White House，The National Security Strategy of the United States of America，2002，p.3，http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2002/.
[2]The White House，The National Security Strategy of the United States of America，2006，p.47，http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2006/.
[3]诺姆·乔姆斯基：《霸权还是生存：美国对全球统治的追求》，张鲲译，上海：上海译文出版社，2006年版，第248页。
[4]鲍勃·伍德沃德：《布什的战争》，上海美国研究所、上海市美国学会组译，上海：上海译文出版社，2003年版，第48页。
[5]The White House，National Strategy for Combating Terrorism，2003，p.1，https：//www.cia.gov/news-information/cia-the-war-on-terrorism/Counter＿Terrorism＿Strategy.pdf.
[6]The White House，The National Security Strategy of the United States of America，2006，pp.9—10；The White House，National Strategy for Combating Terrorism，p.5，pp.9—10.
[7]The White House，National Strategy for Combating Terrorism，p.6.
[8]在“9·11”恐怖袭击发生后的一段时间内，前一种观点在美国被刻意地打压。乔治亚州的一位国会议员提出，美国在巴以冲突中对以色列的偏袒可能是“9·11”的原因之一，立刻就招来激烈的批评。她被指责为“越过了底线”、“动摇人心”、“安慰敌人”、“为恐怖正名”。这位议员不久之后就丢了职位。纽约市长回绝了一位沙特阿拉伯王子为“9·11”事件遇难者提供的1 000万美元的支票，而原因仅仅是因为这位王子的一句话：“我认为美国政府应当重新审视其在中东的政策并在巴勒斯坦问题上采取更为平衡的立场”。包括美国的亲密盟友、英国首相布莱尔提出的类似建议，也为美国媒体作了低调处理，“把报道埋在内页里”。斯蒂芬·沃尔特评论说：“美国人认为这是个吸引人的结论，因为这就免除了我们对于别国担心、憎恶或者怨恨美国的所有责任”。见Ervand Abrahamian，“The US Media，Huntington and September11，”Third World Quarterly，Vol.24，No.3，2003，p.536；Jennifer Steinhauer，“Citing Comments on Attack，Giuliani Rejects Saudi's Gift，”http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/12/nyregion/12PRIN.html；斯蒂芬·M.沃尔特：《驯服美国权力：对美国首要地位的全球回应》，郭盛、王颖译，上海：上海人民出版社，2008年版，第66页。
[9]George W.Bush，“Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the United States Response to the Terrorist Attacks of September11，”http://www.presidency.ucsb. edu/ws/index.php？pid=64731&st=terrorism&st1=.
[10]NBC，“Meet the Press：Dick Cheney，”http://www.fromthewilderness.com/timeline/2001/meetthepress091601.html.
[11]Thomas L.Friedman，“Smoking or Non-Smoking，”New York Times，September14，2001，p.27.
[12]“Sixty Prominent U.S.Academics Say War on Terrorism Is Just，”http://usinfo.org/wf-archive/2002/020214/epf407.htm.
[13]National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States，“The 9/11 Commission Report，”2004，p.362，http://www.gpoaccess.gov/911/pdf/fullreport.pdf.
[14]阿里·弗莱舍：《白宫发言人：总统、媒体和我在白宫的日子》，王翔宇、王蓓译，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2007年版，第149页。
[15]阿里·弗莱舍：《白宫发言人：总统、媒体和我在白宫的日子》，王翔宇、王蓓译，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2007年版，第135页。
[16]The White House，National Strategy for Combating Terrorism，p.6.
[17]Condoleezza Rice，“Remarks by National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice at Town Hall Los Angeles Breakfast，”http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php？pid= 80412&st=war+of+ideas&st1=.
[18]James K.Glassman，“How to Win the War of Ideas，”Wall Street Journal，June 24，2008，p.A19.
[19]The White House，The National Security Strategy of the United States of America，2002，p.10.
[20]David P.Fidler，“Fight the Axis of Illness：HIV/AIDS，Human Rights，and U.S. Foreign Policy，”p.102.
[21]Princeton N.Lyman，“The Terrorist Threat in Africa（Testimony before the House Committee on International Relations，Subcommittee on Africa），”April1，2004，http://www.cfr.org/publication/6912/terrorist＿threat＿in＿africa.html.
[22]Laurie Garrett，HIV and National Security：Where are the Links？2005，p.22，http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/HIV＿National＿Security.pdf.
[23]Bill Frist，“Halting the Spread of HIV/AIDS：Future Efforts in the U.S.Bilateral and Multilateral Response（Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations），”February13 and14，2002，p.71，http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi？dbname=107＿senate＿hearings&docid=f：77846.pdf.
[24]Betty McCollum，“Fighting Terrorism in Africa（Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on International Relations，House of Representatives），”April1，2004，pp.19—20，http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/archives/108/92870.pdf.
[25]Congressional Record，“United States Leadership against HIV/AIDS，Tuberculosis，and Malaria Act of 2003：House of Representatives，”May1，2003，http://frwebgate. access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi？position=all&page=H3582&dbname=2003＿record.
[26]Congressional Record，“United States Leadership against HIV/AIDS，Tuberculosis，and Malaria Act of 2003：House of Representatives，”May1，2003，http://frwebgate. access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi？position=all&page=H3582&dbname=2003＿record.
[27]Congressional Record，“United States Leadership against HIV/AIDS，Tuberculosis，and Malaria Act of 2003：House of Representatives”.
[28]Colin L.Powell，“Presentation at HIV/AIDSPlenary，”http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/2003/24294.htm.
[29]George W.Bush，“Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union，”http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php？pid=29645&st=HIV%2FAIDS&st1=.
[30]George W.Bush，“President Bush Addresses United Nations General Assembly，”http://merln.ndu.edu/archivepdf/nss/WH/20080923-5.pdf.
[31]PBS，“Interview：Randall Tobias，”http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/tobias.html.
[32]George W.Bush，“President Speaks on Fighting Global and Domestic HIV/AIDS，”http://2001-2009.state.gov/g/oes/rls/rm/2003/17155.htm.
[33]Bill Frist，“Remarks to the 2003 National Conference of the Council on Forign Relations，”http://www.cfr.org/publication/6030/remarks＿by＿bill＿frist＿to＿the＿2003＿national＿conference＿of＿the＿council＿on＿foreign＿relations.html.
[34]The White House，The National Security Strategy of the United States of America，2002，p.7.
[35]Laurie Garrett，HIV and National Security：Where are the Links？pp.23—24.
[36]Congressional Record，“United States Leadership against HIV/AIDS，Tuberculosis，and Malaria Act of 2003：House of Representatives”.
[37]Hon.Eddie Bernice Johnson，“Global HIV/AIDS Pandemic：Extension of Remarks，”http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi？dbname=2003＿record&page= E1460&position=all.
[38]Hon.Todd Tiahrt，“Providing for Consideration of H.R.1298，United States Leadership against HIV/AIDS，Tuberculosis，and Malaria Act of 2003，”http://frwebgate.access. gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi？dbname=2003＿record&page=E886&position=all.
[39]The White House，The National Security Strategy of the United States of America，2002，p.23.
[40]The White House，The National Security Strategy of the United States of America，2006，p.48.
[41]Congressional Record，“United States Leadership against HIV/AIDS，Tuberculosis，and Malaria Act of 2003：House of Representatives”.
[42]“The Second Gore-Bush Presidential Debate”，http://www.debates.org/pages/trans2000b.html.
[43]George W.Bush，“Remarks to the AIDS Support Organization Center，”http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/af/rls/rm/22366.htm.
[44]Colin L.Powell，“Presentation at HIV/AIDSPlenary，”http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/2003/24294.htm.
[45]Betty McCollum，“Fighting Terrorism in Africa（Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on International Relations，House of Representatives），”p.1.
[46]劳伦斯·赖特：《巨塔杀机：基地组织与9/11之路》，张鲲、蒋莉译，上海：上海译文出版社，2009年版，第227页。
[47]Betty McCollum，“Fighting Terrorism in Africa（Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on International Relations，House of Representatives），”p.20.
[48]“The Age of AIDS，”http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/.
[49]Friends Committee on National Legislation，“Foreign Aid：Global Development vs.War on Terror？”http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Third＿World/Develop＿vs＿WarOnTerror.html.
[50]J.Stephen Morrison，“What Role for U.S.Assistance in the Fight against Global HIV/AIDS？”p.71.
[51]George W.Bush，“Remarks by the President on Global and Domestic HIV/AIDS，”http://2001-2009.state.gov/g/oes/rls/rm/2003/17155.htm.
[52]朱明权：《领导世界还是支配世界？——冷战后美国国家安全战略》，第306页。
[53]The White House，The National Security Strategy of the United States of America，2002，p.5.
[54]Ibid.，p.6.
[55]“9·11”独立调查委员会：《9/11委员会报告》，史禺等译，北京：世界知识出版社，2005年版，第515页。
[56]George W.Bush，“President Speaks on Fighting Global and Domestic HIV/AIDS”.
[57]George W.Bush，“Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union”.
[58]George W.Bush，“Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union”.
[59]George W.Bush，“Proclamation 7850：World AIDS Day，”http://www.presidency. ucsb.edu/ws/index.php？pid=62134&st=HIV%2FAIDS&st1=.
[60]George W.Bush，“Remarks in Philadelphia，Pennsylvania，”http://www.presidency. ucsb.edu/ws/index.php？pid=63875&st=HIV%2FAIDS&st1=.
[61]Congressional Record，“United States Leadership against HIV/AIDS，Tuberculosis，and Malaria Act of 2003：House of Representatives”.
[62]Congressional Record，“United States Leadership against HIV/AIDS，Tuberculosis，and Malaria Act of 2003：House of Representatives”.
[63]Bill Frist，“Remarks to the 2003 National Conference of the Council on Forign Relations，”http://www.cfr.org/publication/6030/remarks＿by＿bill＿frist＿to＿the＿2003＿national＿conference＿of＿the＿council＿on＿foreign＿relations.html.
[64]George W.Bush，“Remarks on the Global HIV/AIDS Initiative，”http://www. presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php？pid=431&st=HIV%2FAIDS&st1=.
[65]George W.Bush，“Remarks in Philadelphia，Pennsylvania”.
[66]The White House，The National Security Strategy of the United States of America，2002，p.11.
[67]The White House，The National Security Strategy of the United States of America，2006，p.48.
[68]“Halting the Spread of HIV/AIDS：Future Effortsin the U.S.Bilateral and Multilateral Response，”p.36.
[69]The White House，The National Security Strategy of the United States of America，2002，p.23.
[70]Congressional Record，“United States Leadership against HIV/AIDS，Tuberculosis，and Malaria Act of 2003：Senate，”May15，2003，http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi？dbname=2003＿record&page=S6420&position=all.
[71]“Halting the Spread of HIV/AIDS：Future Effortsin the U.S.Bilateral and Multilateral Response，”p.35.(https://www.daowen.com)
[72]“Is It Churlish to Criticise Bush over His Spending on AIDS？”The Lancet，Vol.364，Issue.9431，2004，p.303.
[73]Sanjay Gupta，“Bush's Thompson Booed at AIDS Conference，”http://archives. cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/07/09/thompson.aids.conference/index.html.
[74]J.Stephen Morrison，“What Role for U.S.Assistance in the Fight against Global HIV/AIDS？”pp.77—78.
[75]Randall L.Tobias，“AIDS and the Way Forward，”http://2001-2009.state.gov/s/gac/rl/rm/2004/39242.htm.
[76]Congressional Record，“United States Leadership against HIV/AIDS，Tuberculosis，and Malaria Act of 2003：House of Representatives”.
[77]John W.Dietrich，“The Politics of PEPFAR：The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief，”p.282.
[78]John Donnelly，“Disease-fighting Fund's Expenses Hit：Report Asserts Donations Used for Meals，Limos，”http://www.boston.com/yourlife/health/diseases/articles/2007/02/05/disease＿fighting＿funds＿expenses＿hit/？page=full.
[79]Global Fund，“The Global Fund Responds to the Boston Globe，”http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/announcements/？an=an＿070205.
[80]“Global AIDSFund Lacks Accountability，”http://www.traditionalvalues.org/modules.php？sid=3011.
[81]Congressional Record，“United States Leadership against HIV/AIDS，Tuberculosis，and Malaria Act of 2003：House of Representatives”.
[82]Esther Kaplan，“The Bush AIDS Machine，”The Nation，December 20，2004，p.29.
[83]Congressional Record，“United States Leadership against HIV/AIDS，Tuberculosis，and Malaria Act of 2003：House of Representatives”.
[84]Congressional Record，“United States Leadership against HIV/AIDS，Tuberculosis，and Malaria Act of 2003：Senate”.
[85]George W.Bush，“Remarks in Philadelphia，Pennsylvania”.
[86]George W.Bush，“President Speaks on Fighting Global and Domestic HIV/AIDS”.
[87]Congressional Record，“United States Leadership against HIV/AIDS，Tuberculosis，and Malaria Act of 2003：House of Representatives”.
[88]“Halting the Spread of HIV/AIDS：Future Effortsin the U.S.Bilateral and Multilateral Response，”p.36.
[89]PBS，“The Age of AIDS”.
[90]George W.Bush，“Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union”.
[91]George W.Bush，“Remarks in Philadelphia，Pennsylvania”.
[92]Steven Radelet，“Bush and Foreign Aid”，Foreign Affairs，Vol.82，Issue 5，2003，p.105.
[93]“Jesse Helms To Tackle AIDS：Says He Regrets Not Getting Into Fight Against AIDS Earlier，”http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/02/26/politics/main502106.shtml.
[94]PBS，“The Age of AIDS”.
[95]PBS，“The Age of AIDS”.
[96]J.Stephen Morrison，“What Role for U.S.Assistance in the Fight against Global HIV/AIDS？”p.73.
[97]Colin L.Powell，“Remarks at the Global Business Coalition on HIV/AIDS Annual Dinner，”http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/2003/21542.htm.
[98]George W.Bush，“Remarks by the President in Announcement of the New Coordinator of U.S.Government Activities to Combat HIV/AIDS Globally，”http://2001-2009. state.gov/g/oes/rls/rm/2003/22215.htm.
[99]PEPFAR，“Implementing Agencies，”http://www.pepfar.gov/agencies/index.htm.
[100]Erika Check Hayden，“Bush's legacy：An Unlikely Champion，”Nature，Vol.457，January15，2009，p.255.
[101]Congressional Record，“United States Leadership against HIV/AIDS，Tuberculosis，and Malaria Act of 2003：Senate”.
[102]PBS，“Interview：Randall Tobias”.
[103]Randall Tobias，“Testimony of Saving Lives：The Deadly Intersection of AIDSand Hunger（Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations，Senate），”May11，2004，http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi？dbname=108＿senate＿hearings&docid= f：95957.wais.
[104]“Interview with African Print Journalists，”http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php？pid=575&st=HIV%2FAIDS&st1=.
[105]“Fact Sheet：U.S.Actions at G8 Summit，Day one，”http://www.presidency.ucsb. edu/ws/index.php？pid=80392&st=HIV%2FAIDS&st1=.
[106]Office of the United States Global AIDS Coordinator，“Engendering Bold Leadership：The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief：First Annual Report to Congress，”2005，p.12，http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/43885.pdf.
[107]Randall Tobias，“Interview on the Jim Lehrer NewsHour，”http://2001-2009.state. gov/s/gac/rl/rm/2004/32606.htm.
[108]Raymond W.Copson，“CRS Report for Congress：HIV/AIDS International Programs，”2004，http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/34814.pdf.
[109]Gene M.Shelling eds.，AIDSPolicies and Programs，New York：Nova Science Publisher，2006，pp.125—126.
[110]Randall L.Tobias，“Fighting AIDSin Africa：A Progress Report（Testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee，Subcommittee on African Affairs）”，April 7，2004，http://2001-2009.state.gov/s/gac/rl/rm/2004/31291.htm.
[111]John Gerard Ruggie，“Reconstituting the Global Public Domain：Issues，Actors，and Practices”，p.510.
[112]PBS，“The Age of AIDS”.
[113]Nellie Bristol，“USSenate Passes New PEPFAR Bill，”The Lancet，Vol.372，Issue 9635，p.277.
[114]Office of the United States Global AIDS Coordinator，“Celebrating Life：The U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDSRelief：2009 Annual Report to Congress，”2009，p.45，http://www.pepfar.gov/documents/organization/113827.pdf.
[115]Office of the United States Global AIDSCoordinator，“The Power of Partnerships：The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief：Third Annual Report to Congress，”2007，p.56，http://www.pepfar.gov/documents/organization/81019.pdf.
[116]Ibid.，p.61.
[117]Office of the United States Global AIDS Coordinator，“Celebrating Life：The U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief：2009 Annual Report to Congress，”p.43.
[118]“The Deadly Intersection of AIDS and Hunger（Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations，Senate”.
[119]Julie L.Gerberding，“Meeting the Global Challenge of AIDS，Tuberculosis，and Malaria（Testimony Before the Committee on Health，Education，Labor，and Pensions，Senate，”December11，2007，p.5，http://help.senate.gov/Hearings/2007＿12＿11/2007＿12＿11.html.
[120]Office of the United States Global AIDS Coordinator，“Celebrating Life：The U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief：2009 Annual Report to Congress，”p.15.
[121]Ibid.，p.54.
[122]Mark Dybul，“Statement of the United States of America at the 2008 UN General Assembly High Level Meeting on HIV/AIDS，”http://2006-2009.pepfar.gov/press/105875. htm.
[123]George W.Bush，“Remarks by the President on Signing of H.R.1298，the U.S.Leadership Against HIV/AIDS，Tuberculosis and Malaria Act of 2003，”http://2001-2009.state. gov/g/oes/rls/rm/2003/20986.htm.
[124]George W.Bush，“President Bush Addresses United Nations General Assembly”.
[125]“President and Mrs.Bush Discuss Africa Policy，Trip to Africa，”http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/02/20080214.html.
[126]Joseph Biden，“Statement on Introduced Bills and Joint Resolution，”http://www. govtrack.us/congress/record.xpd？id=110-s20080307-38&bill=s110-2731.
[127]Randall L.Tobias，“AIDS and the Way Forward，”http://2001-2009.state.gov/s/gac/rl/rm/2004/39242.htm.
[128]“Halting the Spread of HIV/AIDS：Future Effortsin the U.S.Bilateral and Multilateral Response（Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relation），”p.18.
[129]PBS，“Interview：Kofi Annan，”http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/annan.html.
[130]108th Congress，“H.R.1298：United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS，Tuberculosis，and Malaria Act of 2003，”SEC.202（d），http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi？dbname=108＿cong＿bills&docid=f：h1298enr.txt.pdf.
[131]Office of the United States Global AIDS Coordinator，“Engendering Bold Leadership：The President's Emergency Plan for AIDSRelief：First Annual Report to Congress，”p.86.
[132]Global Fund，“Pledges and Contributions，”http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/pledges/.
[133]Roxanne Nelson，“Financing to Global Fund Slashed by the Bush Administration，”The Lancet，Vol.363，Issue.9407，2004，p.461.
[134]PBS，“Online Newshour：Global Fight，”http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/july-dec04/aids＿7-15.html.
[135]Esther Kaplan，“The Bush AIDS Machine，”p.29.
[136]“Bush，AIDS，Big Pharma，”The Nation，April 26，2004，p.4.
[137]BBC News，“Deadly Disease Fight‘Underfunded’，”http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4018629.stm.
[138]Marc Lacey，“U.S.Suggests AIDSFund Delay Grants，”New York Times，November17，2004，p.A3.
[139]Raymond W.Copson，“The Global Fund and PEPFAR in U.S.International AIDS Policy，”http://italy.usembassy.gov/pdf/other/RL33135.pdf.
[140]108th Congress，“H.R.1298：United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS，Tuberculosis，and Malaria Act of 2003，”SEC.202（e）.
[141]Office of the United States Global AIDS Coordinator，“Action Today，A Foundation for Tomorrow：Second Annual Report to Congress，”2006，p.126，http://www. state.gov/documents/organization/60950.pdf.
[142]Larry Rohter，“Prostitution Puts U.S.and Brazil at Odds on AIDS Policy，”New York Times，July 24，2005，p.A3.
[143]David Brown，“U.S.Backs Off Stipulation on AIDS Funds，”The Washington Post，May18，2005，p.A09.
[144]PBS，“Interview：Kofi Annan”.
[145]“Is It Churlish to Criticise Bush over His Spending on AIDS？”p.304.