小 结
在这一部分，本书梳理了国际社会对于美国在艾滋病问题上对外合作政策的反馈。可以看到，总体而言，对于美国强调艾滋病问题的重要性，并加强国际合作的举措，大多数国家是表示欢迎的。但是，在具体的合作措施上，还是存在批评和反对的声音。尤其是PEPFAR计划开展后，在预防资金分配以及药物购买两项议题上，小布什政府的政策以自我中心为导向，利用本国的资源优势将偏好强加于人，引起了许多国家的不满。而且，通过小布什政府针对批评意见所作的调整来看，其政策纠偏的程度是非常有限的。特殊利益集团的诉求，而非发展中国家的实际需要，依然指导着政府的决策。
因而，PEPFAR计划只是部分地实现了美国的国家安全目标。应当肯定的是，小布什政府的重视和投入在一定程度上改善了发展中国家的艾滋病问题，改善了美国在当地的国家形象。但是，具体政策上的偏差也削弱了项目的实际效用，并招致了批评。
为了真正解决全球范围艾滋病传播的问题，还需要包括美国在内的国际社会的长期努力，在这一过程中，注意新出现的问题，并增强发展中国家的内生性力量，将是尤为关键的。
【注释】
[1]联合国安全理事会：《第4087次会议逐字记录》。
[2]Catherine Boone and Jake Batsell，“Politics and AIDSin Africa：Research Agendas in Political Science and International Relations，”p.10.
[3]“Russia's HIV/AIDS Epidemic Poses National Security Threat，Officials Say，”http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/22071.php＃.
[4]《中国常驻联合国代表王光亚大使在安理会关于艾滋病问题公开通报会上的发言》，http://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/ceun/chn/zgylhg/jjalh/alhzh/t42771.htm。
[5]Duane Bratt，“Blue Condoms：The Use of International Peacekeepers in the Fight against AIDS，”p.78.
[6]Duane Bratt，“Blue Condoms：The Use of International Peacekeepers in the Fight against AIDS，”p.78.
[7]Sarin Radhika：“A New Security Threat：HIV/AIDS in the Military，”World Watch，Vol.16，Issue 2，2003，pp.16—23.
[8]Sarin Radhika：“A New Security Threat：HIV/AIDS in the Military，”World Watch，Vol.16，Issue 2，2003，pp.16—23.
[9]The Global Fund，“An International Meeting to Support the Global Fund，”http://www.theglobalfund.org/documents/events/france2003/summaryreporten.pdf.
[10]Rachel L.Swarns，“Drug Makers Drop South Africa Suit over AIDS Medicine，”New York Times，April 20，2001，p.A6.
[11]Phyllida Brown，“Cheaper AIDS drugs due for Third World，”Nature，Vol.405，No.6784，2000，p.263.
[12]Duane Bratt，“Blue Condoms：The Use of International Peacekeepers in the Fight against AIDS，”pp.77—78.
[13]UNAIDS，“Fact Sheet：HIV/AIDS and Peacekeeping，”http://data.unaids.org/Topics/Security/fs＿peacekeeping＿en.pdf？preview=true.
[14]Duane Bratt，“Blue Condoms：The Use of International Peacekeepers in the Fight against AIDS，”pp.78—79.
[15]Christopher S.Wren，“Era Waning，Holbrooke Takes Stock，”New York Times，January14，2001，p.A8.
[16]Moni Nag，“Affordable AIDS Drugs，”http://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/25/opinion/l-affordable-aids-drugs-007943.html.
[17]Rachel L.Swarns，“Drug Makers Drop South Africa Suit over AIDS Medicine，”New York Times，April 20，2001，p.A6.
[18]WHO，“Dr.Gro Harlem Brundtland：Affordable AIDS Drugs are within Reach，”http://who i.nt/inf-pr-2001/en/note2001-02.html.
[19]Eran Bendavid and Jayanta Bhattacharya，“The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief in Africa：An Evaluation of Outcomes，”Annals of Internal Medicine，Vol.150，No.10，2009，p.690.
[20]Institute of Medicine，PEPFAR Implementation：Progress and Promise，Washington D.C.：The National Academies Press，2007，p.161.
[21]George W.Bush，“Remarks by the President on Compassion and HIV/AIDS：People for People，”http://2001-2009.state.gov/s/gac/rl/rm/2004/33867.htm.http://2001-2009. state.gov/s/gac/rl/rm/2004/33867.htm.
[22]闻新芳：《希拉克在8国峰会宣布将法国艾滋病基金提高三倍》，http://news.sohu. com/14/53/news209705314.shtml。
[23]这种新型水泵一般建在社区学校附近，利用孩子玩耍旋转木马所产生的动力从地下40米抽出清洁的水贮存在储水水塔中，水塔的四面粘贴广告，广告费用用于补贴水泵和水井的维护费用。这一计划不仅能够提供清洁的饮用水，而且能够帮助那些以前要花几个小时去河边取水的女孩重返校园。参见《南非—PlayPumps》，http://www.naradafoundation.org/sys/html/lm＿211/2009-07-22/121531.htm。
[24]“PEPFAR：An Assessment of Progress and Challenges（Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Affairs，House of Representative），”Washington：U.S.G.P.O，2007，p.42.
[25]Peter Piot，“Written Testimony Provided by Dr.Peter Piot to the Senate Committee on Health，Education，Labor and Pensions，”December11，2007，p.5，http://data.unaids. org/pub/Speech/2007/20071211＿piot＿help＿testimony＿en.pdf.
[26]J.Stephen Morrison，“What Role for U.S.Assistance in the Fight against Global HIV/AIDS？”p.79.
[27]John W.Dietrich，“The Politics of PEPFAR：The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief，”p.285.
[28]PBS，“Global AIDS Fight，”http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/jan-june04/aids＿5-18.html.
[29]John W.Dietrich，“The Politics of PEPFAR：The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief，”p.285.
[30]WHO，“The WHO Prequalification Project，”http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs278/en/index.html.
[31]M.Asif Ismail，“Slow on Generics：Bush Policy Saves Lives，At a Premium，”Multinational Monitor，Vol.28，Issue 2，2007，pp.28—29.
[32]Ibid.，p.29.
[33]“Bush，AIDS，Big Pharma，”p.4.
[34]Ellen Nakashima and David Brown，“U.S.Rule on AIDS Drugs Criticized，”Washington Post，July14，2004，p.A12.
[35]“Botswana Report，”http://www.actions-traitements.org/spip.php？breve586.
[36]“Bush，AIDS，Big Pharma，”p.4.
[37]Donald G.Mc Neil Jr.，“Plan to Battle AIDS Worldwide is Falling Short，”New York Times，March 28，2004，p.1.
[38]Donald G.Mc Neil Jr.，“Plan to Battle AIDS Worldwide is Falling Short，”New York Times，March 28，2004，p.1.
[39]Jim Lobe，“AIDS Groups Protest U.S.Efforts to Block Generics，”http://ipsnews. net/interna.asp？idnews=23080.
[40]EPN，“A Statement of the Ecumenical Pharmaceutical Network（EPN）on the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief（PEPFAR），”http://www.healthgap.org/press＿releases/04/100704＿EPN＿PEPFAR＿statement.html.
[41]“HIV Prevention：How Effective is the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief （Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Security，Emerging Threats，and International Relations，”September 6，2006，http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi？dbname=109＿house＿hearings&docid=f：35621.wais.
[42]George W.Bush，“Proclamation 7850：World AIDS Day”.
[43]“HIV Prevention：How Effective is the President's Emergency Plan for AIDSRelief（Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Security，Emerging Threats，and International Relations”.
[44]“HIV Prevention：How Effective is the President's Emergency Plan for AIDSRelief（Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Security，Emerging Threats，and International Relations”.
[45]Lawrence K.Altman，“U.S.Blamed for Condom Shortage in Fighting AIDS in Uganda，”New York Times，August 30，2005，p.A4.
[46]“HIV Prevention：How Effective is the President's Emergency Plan for AIDSRelief（Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Security，Emerging Threats，and International Relations”.
[47]“HIV Prevention：How Effective is the President's Emergency Plan for AIDSRelief（Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Security，Emerging Threats，and International Relations”.(https://www.daowen.com)
[48]GAO，“Global Health：Spending Requirement Presents Challenges for Allocating Prevention Funding under the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief，”2006，http://www.gao.gov/new i.tems/d061089t.pdf.
[49]Erika Check，“Criticism Swells against AIDSProgram's Abstinence Policy，”Nature Medicine，Vol.13，No.5，2007，p.516.
[50]Erika Check，“Against Abstinence-only：Bill Clinton Joins the Opposition to the United States'Stance on AIDS Education，”http://www.nature.com/news/2006/060816/full/news060814-8.html；Peter Hamby，“Democrats'AIDS Plans Would Change Abstinence Rules，”http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/11/30/dems.aids.plans/.
[51]Robert Goldberg，“Activist against Africa，”Washington Times，April 8，2004，p.A19.
[52]James K.Glassman，“Bush Critics Imperil Africa's AIDS Victims，”http://lists.essential.org/pipermail/ip-health/2004-April/006252.html.
[53]Brook K.Baker，“Response：Bush Critics Imperil Africa's AIDS Victims，”http://lists.essential.org/pipermail/ip-health/2004-April/006256.html.
[54]Ellen Nakashima and David Brown，“U.S.Rule on AIDS Drugs Criticized，”Washington Post，July14，2004，p.A12.
[55]Steve Sternberg，“Bush Program Would Rush Low-cost AIDS Drugs to Africa，Caribbean，”USA Today，May17，2004，p.07d.
[56]“New Fast-Track Review Program Will Approve AIDS Drugs for PEPFAR：Drug Companies Collaborating to Produce FDCs，”http://www.thebody.com/content/art10148.html.
[57]Associate Press，“U.S.Plan Puts Generic AIDS Combinations on Fast Track，”Washington Post，May16，2004，p.A18.
[58]Steve Sternberg，“Bush Program Would Rush Low-cost AIDS Drugs to Africa，Caribbean，”p.07d.
[59]“U.S.Approves First Generic Drug for PEPFAR Use，”http://southafrica. usembassy.gov/press050126a.html.
[60]M.Asif Ismail，“Slow on Generics：Bush Policy Saves Lives，At a Premium，”p.31.
[61]“New Fast-Track Review Program Will Approve AIDS Drugs for PEPFAR：Drug Companies Collaborating to Produce FDCs”.
[62]M.Asif Ismail，“Slow on Generics：Bush Policy Saves Lives，At a Premium，”p.29.
[63]Bob Roehr，“IOM Gives PEPFAR Passing Grade，”http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/554514.
[64]Haider Rizvi，“World AIDS Day：Challenging the‘Luxury’of Abstinence，”http://www i.psnews.net/news.asp？idnews=35675.
[65]110th Congress，“H.R.1713：Protection Against Transmission of HIV for Women and Youth Act of 2007（Introduced in House），”http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z？c110：H.R.1713.
[66]“President Bush Delivers State of Union Address，”http://2006-2009.pepfar.gov/stateoftheunion/index.htm.
[67]David Brown，“Pact Would Give Global AIDS Fight Triple the Money，”Washington Post，February 28，2008，p.A01.
[68]David Brown，“Pact Would Give Global AIDS Fight Triple the Money，”Washington Post，February 28，2008，p.A01.
[69]Kaiser Daily HIV/AIDS Report，“House Foreign Affairs Committee Approves PEPFAR Reauthorization Bill，”http://www.kaisernetwork.org/Daily＿reports/rep＿index. cfm？DR＿ID=50652.
[70]“Tom Lantos and Henry J.Hyde United States Global Leadership against HIV/AIDS，Tuberculosis，and Malaria Reauthorization Act of 2008（House of Representatives），”April 2，2008，http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi？dbname=2008＿record&page=H1904&position=all.
[71]Kaiser Daily HIV/AIDS Report，“House Foreign Affairs Committee Approves PEPFAR Reauthorization Bill”.
[72]Tommy Thompson，“Bill-Signing Ceremony for the U.S.Leadership Against HIV/AIDS，Tuberculosis and Malaria Act of 2003，”http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/2003/20969.htm.
[73]The White House，“President Bush and President Mogae Remarks in Exchange of Toasts，”http://merln.ndu.edu/archivepdf/AF/WH/20030710-2.pdf.
[74]Charles Wendo，“Bush's visit to Uganda Raises Hopes and Sparks Controversy，”The Lancet，Vol.362，Issue.9379，2003，pp.216—217；“US-Africa-AIDS-Event：Bush Meets Uganda AIDS Victims，Praises Museveni for Stemming Disease，”http://www.aegis.com/news/afp/2003/AF030760.html.
[75]Martin Plaut，“Has Bush been Africa's Best Friend？”http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7831460.stm.
[76]“Botswana President Advocates for PEPFAR During Visit to United States，”http://www.cdc.gov/BOTUSA/News/1107/page＿07.html.
[77]Michael Steele，“Bush's Africa Legacy，”http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/mar/27/bushs-africa-legacy/.
[78]Clare Nullis，“AIDS Battle Burnishes Bush's Legacy in Africa，”http://www.aegis. com/news/ap/2009/AP090113.html.
[79]Sheryl Gay Stolberg，“In Global Battle on AIDS，Bush Creates Legacy，”New York Times，January 5，2008，p.A1.
[80]Andrew Natsios，“Bush's Enduring Legacy in Africa，”http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial＿opinion/oped/articles/2008/09/04/bushs＿enduring＿legacy＿in＿africa/.
[81]Nellie Bristol，“USSenate Passes New PEPFAR Bill，”The Lancet，Vol.372，Issue 9635，p.278.
[82]Sheryl Gay Stolberg，“In Global Battle on AIDS，Bush Creates Legacy，”p.A1.
[83]PBS，“Interview：Franklin Graham，”http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/graham.html.
[84]Clare Nullis，“AIDS Battle Burnishes Bush's Legacy in Africa”.
[85]Eran Bendavid，Jayanta Bhattacharya，“The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief in Africa：An Evaluation of Outcomes，”Annals of Internal Medicine，Vol.150，No.10，2009，p.690.
[86]Erika Check，“Against Abstinence-only：Bill Clinton Joins the Opposition to the United States'Stance on AIDS Education”.
[87]Andrew Quinn，“U.S.Abstinence Drive Hurts AIDS Fight—UN Official，”http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/223523/us＿abstinence＿drive＿hurts＿aids＿fightun＿official/.
[88]“HIV Prevention Policy Needs an Urgent Cure，”The Lancet，Vol.367，Issue.9518，2006，p.1213.
[89]“Ideology Only，”New York Times，May13，2006，p.A16.
[90]“PEPFAR Drug Prices，”http://aidsmatters.org/archives/76-PEPFAR-Drug-Prices. html.
[91]Keith Alcorn，“Is PEPFAR Tackling HIV Drug Supply in Wrong Way？”http://www.thebody.com/content/art12243.html＃.
[92]Donald G.McNeil Jr.，“Plan to Battle AIDS Worldwide is Falling Short，”New York Times，March 28，2004，p.A1.
[93]见http://www.pepfar.gov/countries/index.htm。
[94]J.Stephen Morrison，“What Role for U.S.Assistance in the Fight against Global HIV/AIDS？”p.72.
[95]世界卫生组织：《2000年世界卫生报告》，北京：人民卫生出版社，2000年版，第xvii页。
[96]Council on Foreign Relations and Milbank Memorial Fund，“Addressing the HIV/AIDS Pandemi：A U.S.Global AIDS Strategy for the Long Term，”p.3，http://www. milbank.org/reports/HIVAIDS0405/HIVAIDS0405.pdf.
[97]弗朗西斯·福山：《美国处于十字路口——民主、权力与新保守主义的遗产》，周琪译，北京：中国社会科学文献出版社，2008年版，第2页。