Abbreviations and Transcription Notations
1. Abbreviations
T: Advice-giver (teacher)
S: PhD student
O: Other participants besides the speaker
Ex.: Example
2. Transcription Notations
The transcription notations used in this study were adapted from Holger Limberg (2010, pp. XII-XIII), with some modifications to meet the objectives of this study.
[…] Square brackets indicate speech overlap. The left bracket marks the beginning and the right bracket the end of the overlap.
= Equals signs refer to contiguous utterances; i.e.,those utterances which are immediately latched to each other without any interval between them. The utterances can be produced either by different speakers or by the same speaker.
： A colon indicates an extension of the sound or syllable it follows. If more than one colon is used, it indicates a prolonged of the stretch of talk.
(1.0) A number in bracket indicates the length of an interval in the stream of talk during which no talk is produced. For instance, (1.0) means that the length of an interval is one second. This pause can occur either within or between turns.
(…..) Several ‘.’ in brackets denote a stretch of talk which could not be transcribed due to background noise or inarticulateness.
→ An arrow pointing to the right is used to draw attention to a turn or turn constructional unit that is discussed in an excerpt.
(( )) Notes made by the transcriber.
。 A period in Chinese.
， A comma in Chinese.
…… Ellipsis
X, XX, XXX The names of people, places or institutions.