4.1.4 Positive additive CMs
As Halliday & Matthiessen(2004:405-408)mentions,addition is a kind of process which is simply adjoined to another,without any causal or temporal relationship between them.In this light,additional CMs could be divided into positive additional CMs such as and,moreover,in addition,negative additional CMs such as nor,and adversatives such as but,on the other hand.According to the parameter of expectation,positive additional CMs represent that the authors simply incline to add some more information to support what they have proposed before,aiming to make the propositions or opinions more easily to be accepted.In this sense they belong to CMFEs.Negative additions and adverdsatives will be illustrated in Section 4.2.
Example(53)indicates the weak ability of Kiribati tertiary students in English literacy competence.The proposition in the clause before the positive additive CM in addition shows the opinion of Pacific region while the clause after in addition adds the evidence of the University of the South Pacific.By using the positive additional CM in addition,the expectedness that the Kiribati students are inefficient in English is implicitly fulfilled.
(53)Pacific region wide South Pacific Board of Educational Assessment(SPBEA)monitoring of students in the last two years of secondary school between 2003 and 2007,indicate Kiribati students scoring 10% below the Pacific regional mean for English literacy competence(Republic of Kiribati,2008,p.9).In addition,the University of the South Pacific reports a high attrition rate among I-Kiribati tertiary students,mainly because of inadequate English skills,to successfully complete tertiary study(Republic of Kiribati,2008).(S,AEs)
Table 4.4 lists the occurrences and frequencies of all the six positive additive CMs in the corpora.
Table 4.4 Occurrences and frequencies of typical positive additive CMs
Seen from Table 4.4,it is noted that there is a great difference between the frequency of and(284.4)and other five additive CMs.And is“the simplest form of conjunction”(Halliday & Hasan,1976:233)and is particularly used as markers of cohesion(Halliday & Hasan,1976;Martin,1992).Gleitman(1965)claims that and may be used to join any clause.For example,
(54)The spatial pattern of mixed HTN-type and SEO-type endemic area was formed,and the relatively high epidemic area was located in Yimeng mountain areas in the southeastern Shandong Province and the whole landscape became a uniform ecological and epidemiological entirety.
(N,AEs)
In Example(54),the clause complex consists of three independent propositions.Generally speaking,there is no relationship of ordering or causality between the conjunct and.However,there is still the possibility to interpret a causal relation.Thus,and can realize various multiple semantic relations between clauses(Quirk et al.,1972)and different relations can be realized with the same form(Deng,2012).Section 4.3 will thoroughly explain various semantic relations realized by and.