4.3 Polysemous And
Based on the interpretation of Sections 4.1 and 4.2,it is easy to find that there is no direct one-to-one correspondence between the semantic group of the CMs and the lexicogrammatical realizations.Some CMs could express various semantic meanings.And is the most typical CM which could indicate additive,temporal,causal,and adversative relations.This section will deal with the polysemous and.
Several steps should be taken to arrive at the classifications of the CM and in Table 4.15.First,all clauses or clause complexes signaled with and are picked out.Second,differences among instances of ands are detected depending on an understanding of the context.As a result,ands found in the data are labeled in the context as additive and,causal and,temporal and and adversative and manually.The occurrences and frequencies of these different senses of and are listed in Table 4.15.
Table 4.15 Occurrences and frequencies of and in terms of meaning
The results in Table 4.15 show that additive and is the most frequently used sense.This type has been explained in Section 4.1.4.The other three types will be illustrated below separately.Temporal and is used to show that the order in which the information is presented in the clause complex is just the order in which the events occur.The and constructions are iconic of real-world sequencing of events.That is to say,temporal ands are mainly external and are used to express various chronological interpretation.For example,
(70)Third,after the initial fibers freely rose from underwater to water surface and stayed for about 3 min in the tap-water,they were taken out of the water tank,and received,vertical stretching up to 2-5 times of the initial length in another water tank full of tap-water for about 40 min,and then the stretched fibers were achieved.(N,ANEs)
In Example(70),and connects various steps to achieve the stretched fibers.It is used to link“clause constituents”(Quirk et al.,1985:921)to see how their work is improving and get satisfying results.According to Deng(2012:103),causal and is usually signaled by expressions such as and it follows that,and that is why,or and there is no reason.For example,and in Example(71)is used with in consequence,indicating a result of self-ascribed expertise.
(71)Self-ascribed expertise could make one believe that he or she is superior to others and,in consequence,overestimate the effects of media on others,relative to the self.(H,ANEs)
Adversative and is found to be used in a way similar to but,as there appear to be some conflict indicating comments from authors.In Example(72),a sense of conflict can be derived from the contrast of re-estabished,upregulated,recharged and removed.
(72)Ion gradients are re-established(Kostál et al.,2007),heat shock proteins(HSPs)or other cytoskeletal components(Michaud and Denlinger,2004)are upregulated,depleted energy reserves(Cheng-Ping and Denlinger,1992)are recharged,and accumulated toxic metabolites are removed(Colinet et al.,2007).(N,AEs)
Based on the above explanation,it is found that and could be considered as either CEFM(additive,temporal and causal)or CECM(adversative).However,although it can express a variety of meaning,the use of and in EAPs focuses only on additive sense.