6.2 CMCEs in EAPs Written by AEs and ANEs
In this section,the occurrences and frequencies of the CMCEs in L1 and L2 EAPs are summarized and analyzed.
Table 6.9 Occurrences and frequencies of CMCEs in EAPs written by AEs and ANEs
Table 6.9 displays the distribution of types of CMCEs in EAPs written by AEs and ANEs.Obviously,the frequencies of all types of CMs in AEs’papers are higher than those in ANEs’EAPs.The specific distribution of various types could also be presented in the form of Figure 6.2 below.
Figure 6.2 The specific distribution of types of CMCEs in EAPs written by AEs and ANEs
Based on the difference of cultural and linguistic backgrounds,AEs only need to communicate within one culture,so apparently they store more CMCEs.The cultural-linguistic differences is using specific CMCEs will be explained as follows.
Table 6.10 Occurrences and frequencies of adversative and negative additive CMs in EAPs used by AEs and ANEs
In Table 6.10,the most striking feature is the distribution of but in AEs’and ANE’s EAPs.The frequencies of but in AEs’EAPs(111.3)are nearly twice than those in ANE corpora(58.1).But functions to contrast different or even opposed propositions.
Table 6.11 Occurrences and frequencies of varying CMs in EAPs used by AEs and ANEs
Seen from Table 6.11,there is no obvious cross-cultural differences in the distribution of the eight varying CMs,except the use of besides.It only accounts for 2 in 312 varying CMs in AEs’EAPs.
Table 6.12 Comparison of varying CMs in EAPs used by AEs and ANEs
As to concessive CMs in Table 6.12,a high level of cross-cultural difference can be found that AEs use more than twice the frequencies of though(17.6 in AEs’EAPs vs 6.5 in ANEs’EAPs)and yet(17.5 in AEs’EAPs vs 8.8 in ANEs’EAPs)than ANEs do.Concessive CMs connect two conflict propositions in which there is commonness among them.For example,
(93)Although different proponents of allostasis have used the term slightly differently and the definition has been refined by various authors(McEwen and Wingfield,2003;McEwen and Wingfield,2010;Sterling,2012),in all cases,allostasis emphasizes the dynamic behavioural and physiological mechanisms that are used to anticipate or cope with environmental change to maintain organismal function.(AEs,H)
Although in Example(93)connects two conflictive conclusions,i.e.,the contrast between refined and cope with change,to emphasize the condition of allostasis.
Table 6.13 Comparison of negative comparative and conditional CMs in EAPs used by AEs and ANEs
续表:
Table 6.13 combines the occurrences and frequencies of negative comparative CMs and negative conditional CMs together.As to negative comparative CMs,the cross-cultural differences are so obvious that AEs explore more than six times than ANEs(4.7 by AEs vs 0.8 by ANEs)do.They function to compare different,even opposite propositions and to counter the expectations set in the previous clause so as to engage in a dialogue with the readers and align them to agree with the authors themselves.When referring to the negative conditional CMs,there is no obvious cross-cultural difference,although the AE corpora demonstrate more frequent use than ANE corpora.
In summary,the quantitative analysis shows that the similarities and differences in using CMCEs by AEs and ANEs are not so complex as in using CMFEs.All of the six types of CMCEs used by AEs are more frequently used than those by ANEs.This phenomenon proves that AEs favour the CMCEs when writing in their native language.