主题索引

主题索引

Adler,Friedrich,45

Advertising,151

curriculum,166

fear appeals in,99-100

Agenda-setting,12-13,20(n2),144

Annenberg School for Communication,54,174,178-179(n13)

Army,U.S.,Hovland’s film analysis

for,91-95,96-99

Arnheim,Rudolf,55,63

Audience studies:

deviant cases,58-59

Hovland’s work on,91-

95,96-100

Lazarsfeld’s radio,17-18,20(n7),

51-52,55-56,65(n20-21,24)

Schramm’swork on,138

war bond telethon,56-59

See also Public opinion

Baird,John,6

Bandura,Albert,101

Bavelas,Alex,8l,82,84

Behavioral science,communication

studies as,114-115,132,150-151,167-168,178(n5),179 (n26),180(n28)

Berelson,Bernard,58,59,60,63,109

Berlo,David K.,163-164

Bettinghaus,Erwin,163,164

Bleyer,Willard G.,137,141,163 Boas,Franz,14

Broadcasting:

curriculum for,158

See also Radio;Television

Bühler,Charlotte,46,49

Bullet theory,111-112

Bureau of Applied Social Research

(Columbia):

inception of,52,65(n21)

Lazarsfeld’s research,52,54-56,57

-59,62,65(n22,24-25),160 Merton at,56-57,59

Bush,Chilton R.(Chick),125,141,

143,153(n19-21),157

Cantor,Joanne,169

Cantril,Hadley,51-52,65(n21)

Cappella,Joseph,168-169

Casey,Ralph,134,137

CBS,55,61

Censorship,of news,7-8

Chaffee,Steven H.,161,167

Child psychology,78,79-80

See also Violence

Chinese,early comrnunication advances by,5,6,7

Clevenger,Theodore,168,179(n26-

27)

Columbia Office of Radio Research.See Bureau of Applied Social Research (Columbia)

Columbia University,160,176 Lazarsfeld at,49,52,56-57,62,65

(n22)

See also Bureau of Applied Social

Research(Columbia)

Communication,historical development

of,4-6,7-8

Communication in Modern Society

(Schramm),139-140

Communication Research(journal),174 Communication Research(Lazarsfeld&

Stanton),57-59,65(n25)

Communication studies:

as behavioral science,114-115,

132,150-151,167-168,178

(n5),179(n26),180(n28) complexities of,111-120 future of,176-177

graduate degrees in,110,121(n3),136-138,156,158-160,164,166-167,178(n9,1l-12),179 (n20)

growth of,156,178(n3-4)

Hovland’s contributions to,91-93,

95-104

inception of scholarly,9-16,18-

19,27-28,53-54,107-109 international,140-141,147-148,

149-152,172

lack of institutional pattern in,

157-160,169-170,178(n7-8) Lasswell’s contributions to,32-36,

39,112,135,146,152(n8),153 (n22)

Lazarsfeld’s contributions to,62-63 Lewin’s contributions to,83-85 relationship withmassmedia,17- 19,109,113-114,155-156,158-159

scholarly journals for,170-175 Schramm as founder of,125,

127-129,136,137-141,152 (n10,15-16),156-157,163,173,178(n1)

social sciences vs.,110-111,140,

152(n15),155-156,176-177 textbooks for,139-140,164 World WarⅡcontributions

to,134-135

See also Journalism;specific

universities;Speech curriculum Communication Theory(journal),174 Computer simulation,103-104

Content analysis,Lasswell’s contributions to,33-34,41(n22-23)

Cooley,Charles Horton,career of,9-

11,107-108

Correlation,as function of

communication,35-36

Culture,communication as study of,115

Danielson,Wayne,142-143

de Sola Pool,Ithiel,28,29,31,41(n23-24)

Deutschmann,Paul,143,163

Dewey,John,11,26,107-108 Dichter,Ernst,56

Dulles,Foster,35,42(n28)

East-West Institute for Communication,148-152,175

Effects of Mass Communication,The

(Klapper),61

Elections.See Voting

Elites:

as opinionmakers,60

Lasswell’s studies on,38-39 Merton’s studies on,59 use ofmedia by,115

Ellis,Havelock,26,40(n5)

Experimental research,vs.survey

investigations,95-96,98,101 Experiments on Mass Communication

(Hovland,Lumsdaine,&Sheffield),93,98

Festinger,Leon,78,82,84,85(n11),

103,143

Field theory,lifespace and,76-78 Films,Hovland’s research on Army

training,91-95,96-99

French,John,81-82

Freud,Sigmund: influence on Hovland,90,104(n2) influence on Lasswell,27,28,40

(n11)

influence on Lazarsfeld,46

Fry,Luther,49,64(n11)

Funt,Allen,75

Future options,Lasswell’swork with,29,30(table),38

Gallup,George,138

Garrison state,38

Gerbner,George,174,180(n38)

Gestalt psychology,71,76

Goldsen,Rose,50-51,65(n19)

Greeks,early communication advances

by,5-6

Group dynamics:

Hovland’s work on,101,102

Lewin’s work on,80-83,83-84,

85(n16),100

Haberman,Frederick W.,165,167,168 Harvard University,Schramm at,131 Herzog,Herta(Mrs.Paul Lazarsfeld),55,63

Hilgard,Ernest R.(Jack),134,

141,143

Hoover Institute(Stanford),Lasswell

at,31,41(n17)

Hovland,Carl:

character of,87-89

computer simulation,103-104 early career,89-91,104(n2) group dynamics,101,102 Lewin’s influence on,84 propaganda research,92-95,96-

100,101-103,105(n10)

wartime communications research,91

-95,96-99 writings,90,91,92-93,98,100,104 Yale research institute,89,95,98-

100,101-103,104(n1),160

Hull,Clark,90

Human Communication Research

(journal),174

ICA(International Communication

Association),171,172-175

Illinois Institute of Communications

Research,139,152(n14),160,170,175

Immigrant Press and Its Control,The (Park),12

Influentials.See Elites Information age: communication studies in,118-120 from massmedia,7

Information theory,140,153(n18) Inkeles,Alex,59

Introduction to the Science of Sociology (Park&Burgess),12

Iowa State University,Lazarsfeld radio survey,17-18,20(n7)

IowaWriters’Workshop,130,133

Jahoda,Marie(Mrs.Paul LazarsfeId),47-48,55

James,William,11 Janis,Irving,92,95,104(n4)

Johnson,Wendell,131,172

Journalism:

graduate degrees in,110,136-138,156,158-159,162-163,166-167,178(n3,9,11,15)

inception of professional schools for,

14,18-19,108

Michigan State University,162,163 Stanford University school of,

141-142,157,175,178(n6) University of Iowa school

of,136-139

University ofWisconsin school of,

137,165-167,179(n22-25) Journal of Communication,171-174

Katz,Elihu,55,60,63

Kelley,Harold,100

Kendall,Patricia(Mrs.Paul Lazarsfeld),55,58-59 Klapper,J.T.,61,63,113

Kline,F.Gerald,174

Koffka,Kurt,71

Khler,Wolfgang,71

Korean war,140

Kumata,Hideya,163,164 Language.See Linguistics Lasswell,Harold:

character of,21-25

communication studies contributions,

32-36,39,41(n22-25),112,

135,146,152(n8),153(n22) early career,25-29,40(n5,12) later career,31-32,41(n15-17) Library of Congress work,31,41

(n16,24)

propaganda research,31,34-35,38,

41(n16,25-27)

Rosten’s impressions of,21-23,24,

30-31 Schramm’s impressions of,24-25 social science contributions,36-39 symbols analysis,29,30(table),31,

33-35,38

writings,25,28,29-31,30(table),

32,35-36,40-41(n14-15,

19),42(n29)

Lazarsfeld,Paul:

Bureau of Applied Social Research,52,54-56,57-59,62,65(n22,24-25),160

character of,43-45

communication studies contributions,

62-63 early American career,49-51 leaves field of communication,

62,109

market research contributions,44-

45,46-48,50-51,54-

56,57-59 radio audience surveys,17-18,20 (n7),51-52,55-56,65(n20-21,24)

unemployment studies,49-50,64

(n9)

University of Newark,50-52,

64-65(n15-18) Viennese career,45-48,63(n2,4) writings of,55-56,57-59,59-60,

65(n24-26)

Lerner,Daniel,29,31,146

Lewin,Kurt:

character of,67,69-70

communication studies contributions,

83-85

early German career,70-72,85

(n4)

food experiments,80-81,85

(n14-15)

group dynamics work,80-83,83-

84,85(n16),100

immigration to America,74-76

lifespace and field theory of,76-78 psychology contributions,76-78,79

-80,82-83

teaching style,72-74,83,132

Library of Congress,U.S.,Lasswell's

work at,31,41(n16,24)

Lifespace,and field theory,76-78

Linguistics,Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,16,

20(n5)

Lippitt-White study,79-80

Lippmann,Walter,8,110

Lowenthal,Leo,56,63

Lumsdaine,Arthur A.,92,95,104(n4) Lynd,Robert,49,50,56,65(n21)

Maccoby,Nathan,92,104(n4),173 MacLean,Malcolm S.,Jr.,163,

167,173

MacLeish,Archibald,133

Magazines,156

market research for,59

Man Farthest Down,The

(Washington),11

Market research,Lazarsfeld’s

contributions to,44-45,46-48,50-51,54-56,57-59

Marshall,John,135

Marx,Karl,influence on Lasswell,26,27,28,40(n5)

Mass Communication and National

Development(Schramm),150

Mass conununication.See

Communication studies; massmedia

Mass Communications(Schramm),140 Massmedia:

capitalistic uses of,116-118 historical development of,7-9

impacts on society of,101,105(n9),

115-116,146-147

inception of professional schools for,

17-19

minimal effects hypothesis,59-61,

101,112-114,121(n6)

relationship with communication

studies,17-19,109,113-114,155-156,158-159 See also Audience studies; Journalism;Newspapers; Radio;Television

Mass Persuasion:The Social Psychology of a War Bond Drive(Merton),56-57

Mathematical Theory of Communication,The(Shannon),140,153(n18)

Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote

Learning(Hull,Hovland,Ross,Hall,Donald,&Fitch),90

McCombs,Maxwell,142,143-144

Mead,George Herbert,24,26,40

(n3),134

Mcad,Margaret,80

Media.See Massmedia

Merriam,Charles,26

Merton,Robert K.,56-57,59,63

Michigan State University,

communication studies,161-164,179(n17-18)

Miller,Gerald R.,163-164,174

Minimal effects hypothesis,59-61,

101,112-114,121(n6)

MIT,Lewin at,76,82-83,85(n16)

Nafziger,Ralph O.,133-134,137,165-167,179(n24)

National Society for the Study of

Communication(NSSC),170-172 National Training Laboratories(NTL),

81-82

Natural sciences,social sciences vs.,37“Nature of News,The”(Schramm),20 (n3)

Neurath,Paul,46

Newark Research Center,50-52

News:

agenda-setting function of,12-13,

20(n2),144 censorship of,7-8

diffusion of,13,143,144 See also Journalism

Newspapers:

development of,7-8

endowments from,156,158-159

freedom of the press,7-8,140-141

research on readership,58

See also Journalism

NSSC(National Society for the Study of Communication),170-172

NTL(National Training Laboratories),

81-82

Office of Facts and Figures(OFF),Schramm’s work for,133-135

On Liberty(Mill),8

Osgood,Charles,166

Park,Robert Ezra,career of,11-14,20 (n3),108

Peatman,John Gray,56

People’s Choice,The(Lazarsfeld,

Berelson,&Gaudet),59,60

Personal Influence(Katz&Lazarsfeld),60,65(n26)

Persuasion.See Propaganda

Policy Sciences,The(Lasswell&

Lerner),32,41(n19)

Political science,Lasswell’s work in,27,28,34

Politics:Who GetsWhat,When,How

(Lasswell),28

Postindustrial society,communication

studies and,118-120

Press,freedom of,7-8

international comparisons,140-141 See also Journalism

Princeton Radio Research Project,

51-52,65(n20-21)

Printing,development of,5,7-8

Process and Effects of Mass

Communication(Schramm),140,164

Process of Communication,The

(Berlo)164

Propaganda:

bullet theory,111,112

Hovland’s work on,92-95,96-

100,101-103,105(n10)

Lasswell’s work on,31,34-35,38,

41(n16,25-27)

massmedia and government,61,135 World WarⅠand,8,28

Propaganda,Communication,and Public Opinion(Lasswell,Casey&Smith),32

Psychological Corporation,49-50,64

(n12)

Psychology:

Hovland’s contributions to,90,104 Lasswell’s interest in,26-27 Lazarsfeld’s interest in,46 Lewin on,67

Lewin’s contributions to,76-78,79

-80,82-83

Lewin’s German education

in,70-7l

Public opinion:

importance of,8-9

quantitative study of,11,53-54 relationship to news,12-13,137 Schramm’s Korean survey,140 See also Audience studies

Public Opinion(Lippmann),8,110

Public Opinion Quarterly,32,41(n20) Publishing:

censorship and,7-8

endowments from,156,158-159

See also Journalism;Newspapcrs

Radio:

Lazarsfeld’s research on,17-18,20 (n7),5l-52,55-56,65 (n20-21,24)

war bond telethon research,56-59 Welles’s“Man From Mars”

program,61

Radio Research(Lazarsfeld&Stanton),55-56,65(n24)

Radio Research Project(Princeton),51

-52,65(n20-21)

RADIR(Revolution and the Development of International Relations),41(n17,19,24)

Redfield,Robert,26,40(n6)

Reick,Theodore,26,40(n9-10)

Research Center on Group Dynamics

(MIT),76,82-83,85(n16)

Research institutes:

Columbia Bureau of Applied Social

Research,52,54-56,57-59,62,

65(n22,24-25),160

fate of,175-177

Illinois Institute of Communications Research,139,152(n14),160,170,175 inception of,18-19,25,52-54 MITResearch Center on Group

Dynamics,76,82-83,85(n16) Newark Research Center,50-52

Princeton Radio Research Project,51

-52,65(n20-21)

Stanford Institute for Communication

Research,142,157,175,178(n6) University of Iowa,138,152

(n13),175

Yale Communication and Attitude

Change Program,89,95,98-100,101-103,104(n1),160

Researchmethods:

critical researchers,116-1l8

criticism of behaviorism,114-115 survey investigations vs.experimental

research,95-96,98,101

Research universities,159,178(n10)

See also specific universities

Responsibility in Mass Communication

(Schramm),146-147

Rhetoric,6,158

Rockefeller Communication Seminar,

135,137,152(n9)

Rockefeller Foundation:

Hovland funding,89,104(n1)

Lazarsfeld funding,17,20(n7),

49,51

Schramm funding,139

Rogers,EverettM.,161,164

Romans,early communication advances by,6,7

Rosten,Leo,21-23,24,39(n1)

Russell,Bertrand,26,84-85

SAA(Speech Association of America),171-172,173

Sapir,Edward,career of,14-16,

91,108

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,16

Schramm,Wilbur:

as founder of communication studies,125,127-129,136,137-141,152(n10,15-16),156-157,163,173,178(n1)

character of,125,128,145-146 early career,130-133 East-West Center for

Communication,148-152,175 Stanford career,127,141-148,153

(n20-21),157

University of Illinois career,127,139

-141,152(n10,14-16) University of Iowa career,127,

131-133,135-139,152(n13) World WarⅡwork,133-135

writings,20(n3),130-133,139-

140,145,146-147,149,150,164 Science.See Natural sciences;

Social sciences

Seashore,Carl E.,131-132 Shannon,Claude E.,140,153(n18) Sheffield,Fred D.,92,95,104(n4) Siebert,Fred,139,163

Sleeper effect,93-94,98-99

Smith,M.Brewster,92,95,104(n4) Socialization,as function of

communication,35-36,42(n29) Social Organization(Cooley),9-10 Social sciences:

communication studies vs.,110-111,140,152(n15),155-156,176-177

development of,27-28,53-54

Lasswell’s contributions to,36-39 natural sciences vs.,37 See also specific types

Sociology:

communications studies as,115-116 developing science of,27 Park’s textbook for,12

Speech,freedom of,7-8

Speech Association of America(SAA),171-172,173

Speech curriculum,110 communication studies vs.,158,169

-170,171,180(n34)

Michigan State University,162,179

(n17) University of Iowa,160 University ofWisconsin,

165,167-169 Stanford University,175,178(n6) Lasswell at,24-25,31,41(n17) Lewin at,69,74

Schramm at,127,141-148,153(n20

-21),157

Stanton,Frank,51-52,55,61

Statistics,Lewin’s disinterest in,78,85

(n11)

Stoddard,George,132,134,139,141 Stouffer,Samuel,91,92,95,134,165,179(n21)

“Structure and Function of

Communication in Society”(Lasswell),35-36,42(n29)

Stumpf,Wilhelm,71

Surveillance,as function of

communication,35-36

Survey investigations,vs.experimental

research,95-96,98,101

Symbols,Lasswell’s work with,29,30

(table),31,33-35,38

Systems theory,26

Tannenbaum,Percy H.,166-167,

168,179(n23),179(n27) Tarde,Gabriel,9

Television:

development of,6

effects on violence by,101,105

(n9),145

research projects on,128,145,

147,151

Television in the Lives of Our Children

(Schramm,Lyle&Parker),145 Textbooks:

communication studies,139-

140,164 sociology,12

Theory of Cognitive Dissonance,A

(Festinger),84,103

Topology,Lewin’s use of,78

Travis,Lee Edward,131

Two-step flow hypothesis,60-61

Unemployment,Lazarsfeld’s studies

on,49-50,64(n9)

United States Information Agency,

135,140

University of Berlin,Lewin at,70-72,

73-74,85(n4)

University of Chicago:

Lasswell at,26,28-29,40(n10,13) Park’s career at,12 Sapir’s career at,15

University of Hawaii,Schramm at,148-152,175

University of Illinois,160,170,175 Schramm at,127,139-141,152

(n10,14-16)

University of Iowa,160,175 Lewin at,72-73,75-76,79-

80,132 Schramm at,127,131-133,135-

139,152(n13)

University of Michigan,Cooley at,10 University of Missouri,school of

journalism,108

University of Newark,Lazarsfeld at,50-52,64-65(n15-18)

University of Texas,communication

studies,143

University ofWisconsin,communication studies,137,165-169,179(n22-25)

Violence,effects of television,101,105

(n9),145

Voting:

analyzing patterns of,34

studies ofmedia effects on,59-61,

112-113,144

Voting(Berelson,Lazarsfeld,&

McPhee),59-60

Washington,Booker T.,11

Weaver,Andrew,167

Weber,Max,9

Welles,Orson,61

Wertheimer,Max,71“What‘Missing the Newspaper’

Means”(Berelson),58

White,George R.,7

Whitehead,Alfred North,24,26,131

Whiting,Gordon,168

Whorf,Benjamin Lee,Career of,15-16

Williams,Frederick,168

Wolf,Katherine,58

World Politics and Personal Insecurity

(Lasswell),28

World WarⅡ:

Hovland’s research during,91-95,

96-99

Lasswell’s propaganda work during,

31,41(n16)

Lewin’s food experiments during,80

-81,85(n14-15)

Schramm’s work during,133-135

Yale University,160,176

Hovland at,89-91,95,98-100,

101-103,104(n1) Lasswell at,29,31-32 Sapir’s career at,15

Zeigarnik,Bluma,74