主题索引
Adler,Friedrich,45
Advertising,151
curriculum,166
fear appeals in,99-100
Agenda-setting,12-13,20(n2),144
Annenberg School for Communication,54,174,178-179(n13)
Army,U.S.,Hovland’s film analysis
for,91-95,96-99
Arnheim,Rudolf,55,63
Audience studies:
deviant cases,58-59
Hovland’s work on,91-
95,96-100
Lazarsfeld’s radio,17-18,20(n7),
51-52,55-56,65(n20-21,24)
Schramm’swork on,138
war bond telethon,56-59
See also Public opinion
Baird,John,6
Bandura,Albert,101
Bavelas,Alex,8l,82,84
Behavioral science,communication
studies as,114-115,132,150-151,167-168,178(n5),179 (n26),180(n28)
Berelson,Bernard,58,59,60,63,109
Berlo,David K.,163-164
Bettinghaus,Erwin,163,164
Bleyer,Willard G.,137,141,163 Boas,Franz,14
Broadcasting:
curriculum for,158
See also Radio;Television
Bühler,Charlotte,46,49
Bullet theory,111-112
Bureau of Applied Social Research
(Columbia):
inception of,52,65(n21)
Lazarsfeld’s research,52,54-56,57
-59,62,65(n22,24-25),160 Merton at,56-57,59
Bush,Chilton R.(Chick),125,141,
143,153(n19-21),157
Cantor,Joanne,169
Cantril,Hadley,51-52,65(n21)
Cappella,Joseph,168-169
Casey,Ralph,134,137
CBS,55,61
Censorship,of news,7-8
Chaffee,Steven H.,161,167
Child psychology,78,79-80
See also Violence
Chinese,early comrnunication advances by,5,6,7
Clevenger,Theodore,168,179(n26-
27)
Columbia Office of Radio Research.See Bureau of Applied Social Research (Columbia)
Columbia University,160,176 Lazarsfeld at,49,52,56-57,62,65
(n22)
See also Bureau of Applied Social
Research(Columbia)
Communication,historical development
of,4-6,7-8
Communication in Modern Society
(Schramm),139-140
Communication Research(journal),174 Communication Research(Lazarsfeld&
Stanton),57-59,65(n25)
Communication studies:
as behavioral science,114-115,
132,150-151,167-168,178
(n5),179(n26),180(n28) complexities of,111-120 future of,176-177
graduate degrees in,110,121(n3),136-138,156,158-160,164,166-167,178(n9,1l-12),179 (n20)
growth of,156,178(n3-4)
Hovland’s contributions to,91-93,
95-104
inception of scholarly,9-16,18-
19,27-28,53-54,107-109 international,140-141,147-148,
149-152,172
lack of institutional pattern in,
157-160,169-170,178(n7-8) Lasswell’s contributions to,32-36,
39,112,135,146,152(n8),153 (n22)
Lazarsfeld’s contributions to,62-63 Lewin’s contributions to,83-85 relationship withmassmedia,17- 19,109,113-114,155-156,158-159
scholarly journals for,170-175 Schramm as founder of,125,
127-129,136,137-141,152 (n10,15-16),156-157,163,173,178(n1)
social sciences vs.,110-111,140,
152(n15),155-156,176-177 textbooks for,139-140,164 World WarⅡcontributions
to,134-135
See also Journalism;specific
universities;Speech curriculum Communication Theory(journal),174 Computer simulation,103-104
Content analysis,Lasswell’s contributions to,33-34,41(n22-23)
Cooley,Charles Horton,career of,9-
11,107-108
Correlation,as function of
communication,35-36
Culture,communication as study of,115
Danielson,Wayne,142-143
de Sola Pool,Ithiel,28,29,31,41(n23-24)
Deutschmann,Paul,143,163
Dewey,John,11,26,107-108 Dichter,Ernst,56
Dulles,Foster,35,42(n28)
East-West Institute for Communication,148-152,175
Effects of Mass Communication,The
(Klapper),61
Elections.See Voting
Elites:
as opinionmakers,60
Lasswell’s studies on,38-39 Merton’s studies on,59 use ofmedia by,115
Ellis,Havelock,26,40(n5)
Experimental research,vs.survey
investigations,95-96,98,101 Experiments on Mass Communication
(Hovland,Lumsdaine,&Sheffield),93,98
Festinger,Leon,78,82,84,85(n11),
103,143
Field theory,lifespace and,76-78 Films,Hovland’s research on Army
training,91-95,96-99
French,John,81-82
Freud,Sigmund: influence on Hovland,90,104(n2) influence on Lasswell,27,28,40
(n11)
influence on Lazarsfeld,46
Fry,Luther,49,64(n11)
Funt,Allen,75
Future options,Lasswell’swork with,29,30(table),38
Gallup,George,138
Garrison state,38
Gerbner,George,174,180(n38)
Gestalt psychology,71,76
Goldsen,Rose,50-51,65(n19)
Greeks,early communication advances
by,5-6
Group dynamics:
Hovland’s work on,101,102
Lewin’s work on,80-83,83-84,
85(n16),100
Haberman,Frederick W.,165,167,168 Harvard University,Schramm at,131 Herzog,Herta(Mrs.Paul Lazarsfeld),55,63
Hilgard,Ernest R.(Jack),134,
141,143
Hoover Institute(Stanford),Lasswell
at,31,41(n17)
Hovland,Carl:
character of,87-89
computer simulation,103-104 early career,89-91,104(n2) group dynamics,101,102 Lewin’s influence on,84 propaganda research,92-95,96-
100,101-103,105(n10)
wartime communications research,91
-95,96-99 writings,90,91,92-93,98,100,104 Yale research institute,89,95,98-
100,101-103,104(n1),160
Hull,Clark,90
Human Communication Research
(journal),174
ICA(International Communication
Association),171,172-175
Illinois Institute of Communications
Research,139,152(n14),160,170,175
Immigrant Press and Its Control,The (Park),12
Influentials.See Elites Information age: communication studies in,118-120 from massmedia,7
Information theory,140,153(n18) Inkeles,Alex,59
Introduction to the Science of Sociology (Park&Burgess),12
Iowa State University,Lazarsfeld radio survey,17-18,20(n7)
IowaWriters’Workshop,130,133
Jahoda,Marie(Mrs.Paul LazarsfeId),47-48,55
James,William,11 Janis,Irving,92,95,104(n4)
Johnson,Wendell,131,172
Journalism:
graduate degrees in,110,136-138,156,158-159,162-163,166-167,178(n3,9,11,15)
inception of professional schools for,
14,18-19,108
Michigan State University,162,163 Stanford University school of,
141-142,157,175,178(n6) University of Iowa school
of,136-139
University ofWisconsin school of,
137,165-167,179(n22-25) Journal of Communication,171-174
Katz,Elihu,55,60,63
Kelley,Harold,100
Kendall,Patricia(Mrs.Paul Lazarsfeld),55,58-59 Klapper,J.T.,61,63,113
Kline,F.Gerald,174
Koffka,Kurt,71
Khler,Wolfgang,71
Korean war,140
Kumata,Hideya,163,164 Language.See Linguistics Lasswell,Harold:
character of,21-25
communication studies contributions,
32-36,39,41(n22-25),112,
135,146,152(n8),153(n22) early career,25-29,40(n5,12) later career,31-32,41(n15-17) Library of Congress work,31,41
(n16,24)
propaganda research,31,34-35,38,
41(n16,25-27)
Rosten’s impressions of,21-23,24,
30-31 Schramm’s impressions of,24-25 social science contributions,36-39 symbols analysis,29,30(table),31,
33-35,38
writings,25,28,29-31,30(table),
32,35-36,40-41(n14-15,
19),42(n29)
Lazarsfeld,Paul:
Bureau of Applied Social Research,52,54-56,57-59,62,65(n22,24-25),160
character of,43-45
communication studies contributions,
62-63 early American career,49-51 leaves field of communication,
62,109
market research contributions,44-
45,46-48,50-51,54-
56,57-59 radio audience surveys,17-18,20 (n7),51-52,55-56,65(n20-21,24)
unemployment studies,49-50,64
(n9)
University of Newark,50-52,
64-65(n15-18) Viennese career,45-48,63(n2,4) writings of,55-56,57-59,59-60,
65(n24-26)
Lerner,Daniel,29,31,146
Lewin,Kurt:
character of,67,69-70
communication studies contributions,
83-85
early German career,70-72,85
(n4)
food experiments,80-81,85
(n14-15)
group dynamics work,80-83,83-
84,85(n16),100
immigration to America,74-76
lifespace and field theory of,76-78 psychology contributions,76-78,79
-80,82-83
teaching style,72-74,83,132
Library of Congress,U.S.,Lasswell's
work at,31,41(n16,24)
Lifespace,and field theory,76-78
Linguistics,Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,16,
20(n5)
Lippitt-White study,79-80
Lippmann,Walter,8,110
Lowenthal,Leo,56,63
Lumsdaine,Arthur A.,92,95,104(n4) Lynd,Robert,49,50,56,65(n21)
Maccoby,Nathan,92,104(n4),173 MacLean,Malcolm S.,Jr.,163,
167,173
MacLeish,Archibald,133
Magazines,156
market research for,59
Man Farthest Down,The
(Washington),11
Market research,Lazarsfeld’s
contributions to,44-45,46-48,50-51,54-56,57-59
Marshall,John,135
Marx,Karl,influence on Lasswell,26,27,28,40(n5)
Mass Communication and National
Development(Schramm),150
Mass conununication.See
Communication studies; massmedia
Mass Communications(Schramm),140 Massmedia:
capitalistic uses of,116-118 historical development of,7-9
impacts on society of,101,105(n9),
115-116,146-147
inception of professional schools for,
17-19
minimal effects hypothesis,59-61,
101,112-114,121(n6)
relationship with communication
studies,17-19,109,113-114,155-156,158-159 See also Audience studies; Journalism;Newspapers; Radio;Television
Mass Persuasion:The Social Psychology of a War Bond Drive(Merton),56-57
Mathematical Theory of Communication,The(Shannon),140,153(n18)
Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote
Learning(Hull,Hovland,Ross,Hall,Donald,&Fitch),90
McCombs,Maxwell,142,143-144
Mead,George Herbert,24,26,40
(n3),134
Mcad,Margaret,80
Media.See Massmedia
Merriam,Charles,26
Merton,Robert K.,56-57,59,63
Michigan State University,
communication studies,161-164,179(n17-18)
Miller,Gerald R.,163-164,174
Minimal effects hypothesis,59-61,
101,112-114,121(n6)
MIT,Lewin at,76,82-83,85(n16)
Nafziger,Ralph O.,133-134,137,165-167,179(n24)
National Society for the Study of
Communication(NSSC),170-172 National Training Laboratories(NTL),
81-82
Natural sciences,social sciences vs.,37“Nature of News,The”(Schramm),20 (n3)
Neurath,Paul,46
Newark Research Center,50-52
News:
agenda-setting function of,12-13,
20(n2),144 censorship of,7-8
diffusion of,13,143,144 See also Journalism
Newspapers:
development of,7-8
endowments from,156,158-159
freedom of the press,7-8,140-141
research on readership,58
See also Journalism
NSSC(National Society for the Study of Communication),170-172
NTL(National Training Laboratories),
81-82
Office of Facts and Figures(OFF),Schramm’s work for,133-135
On Liberty(Mill),8
Osgood,Charles,166
Park,Robert Ezra,career of,11-14,20 (n3),108
Peatman,John Gray,56
People’s Choice,The(Lazarsfeld,
Berelson,&Gaudet),59,60
Personal Influence(Katz&Lazarsfeld),60,65(n26)
Persuasion.See Propaganda
Policy Sciences,The(Lasswell&
Lerner),32,41(n19)
Political science,Lasswell’s work in,27,28,34
Politics:Who GetsWhat,When,How
(Lasswell),28
Postindustrial society,communication
studies and,118-120
Press,freedom of,7-8
international comparisons,140-141 See also Journalism
Princeton Radio Research Project,
51-52,65(n20-21)
Printing,development of,5,7-8
Process and Effects of Mass
Communication(Schramm),140,164
Process of Communication,The
(Berlo)164
Propaganda:
bullet theory,111,112
Hovland’s work on,92-95,96-
100,101-103,105(n10)
Lasswell’s work on,31,34-35,38,
41(n16,25-27)
massmedia and government,61,135 World WarⅠand,8,28
Propaganda,Communication,and Public Opinion(Lasswell,Casey&Smith),32
Psychological Corporation,49-50,64
(n12)
Psychology:
Hovland’s contributions to,90,104 Lasswell’s interest in,26-27 Lazarsfeld’s interest in,46 Lewin on,67
Lewin’s contributions to,76-78,79
-80,82-83
Lewin’s German education
in,70-7l
Public opinion:
importance of,8-9
quantitative study of,11,53-54 relationship to news,12-13,137 Schramm’s Korean survey,140 See also Audience studies
Public Opinion(Lippmann),8,110
Public Opinion Quarterly,32,41(n20) Publishing:
censorship and,7-8
endowments from,156,158-159
See also Journalism;Newspapcrs
Radio:
Lazarsfeld’s research on,17-18,20 (n7),5l-52,55-56,65 (n20-21,24)
war bond telethon research,56-59 Welles’s“Man From Mars”
program,61
Radio Research(Lazarsfeld&Stanton),55-56,65(n24)
Radio Research Project(Princeton),51
-52,65(n20-21)
RADIR(Revolution and the Development of International Relations),41(n17,19,24)
Redfield,Robert,26,40(n6)
Reick,Theodore,26,40(n9-10)
Research Center on Group Dynamics
(MIT),76,82-83,85(n16)
Research institutes:
Columbia Bureau of Applied Social
Research,52,54-56,57-59,62,
65(n22,24-25),160
fate of,175-177
Illinois Institute of Communications Research,139,152(n14),160,170,175 inception of,18-19,25,52-54 MITResearch Center on Group
Dynamics,76,82-83,85(n16) Newark Research Center,50-52
Princeton Radio Research Project,51
-52,65(n20-21)
Stanford Institute for Communication
Research,142,157,175,178(n6) University of Iowa,138,152
(n13),175
Yale Communication and Attitude
Change Program,89,95,98-100,101-103,104(n1),160
Researchmethods:
critical researchers,116-1l8
criticism of behaviorism,114-115 survey investigations vs.experimental
research,95-96,98,101
Research universities,159,178(n10)
See also specific universities
Responsibility in Mass Communication
(Schramm),146-147
Rhetoric,6,158
Rockefeller Communication Seminar,
135,137,152(n9)
Rockefeller Foundation:
Hovland funding,89,104(n1)
Lazarsfeld funding,17,20(n7),
49,51
Schramm funding,139
Rogers,EverettM.,161,164
Romans,early communication advances by,6,7
Rosten,Leo,21-23,24,39(n1)
Russell,Bertrand,26,84-85
SAA(Speech Association of America),171-172,173
Sapir,Edward,career of,14-16,
91,108
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,16
Schramm,Wilbur:
as founder of communication studies,125,127-129,136,137-141,152(n10,15-16),156-157,163,173,178(n1)
character of,125,128,145-146 early career,130-133 East-West Center for
Communication,148-152,175 Stanford career,127,141-148,153
(n20-21),157
University of Illinois career,127,139
-141,152(n10,14-16) University of Iowa career,127,
131-133,135-139,152(n13) World WarⅡwork,133-135
writings,20(n3),130-133,139-
140,145,146-147,149,150,164 Science.See Natural sciences;
Social sciences
Seashore,Carl E.,131-132 Shannon,Claude E.,140,153(n18) Sheffield,Fred D.,92,95,104(n4) Siebert,Fred,139,163
Sleeper effect,93-94,98-99
Smith,M.Brewster,92,95,104(n4) Socialization,as function of
communication,35-36,42(n29) Social Organization(Cooley),9-10 Social sciences:
communication studies vs.,110-111,140,152(n15),155-156,176-177
development of,27-28,53-54
Lasswell’s contributions to,36-39 natural sciences vs.,37 See also specific types
Sociology:
communications studies as,115-116 developing science of,27 Park’s textbook for,12
Speech,freedom of,7-8
Speech Association of America(SAA),171-172,173
Speech curriculum,110 communication studies vs.,158,169
-170,171,180(n34)
Michigan State University,162,179
(n17) University of Iowa,160 University ofWisconsin,
165,167-169 Stanford University,175,178(n6) Lasswell at,24-25,31,41(n17) Lewin at,69,74
Schramm at,127,141-148,153(n20
-21),157
Stanton,Frank,51-52,55,61
Statistics,Lewin’s disinterest in,78,85
(n11)
Stoddard,George,132,134,139,141 Stouffer,Samuel,91,92,95,134,165,179(n21)
“Structure and Function of
Communication in Society”(Lasswell),35-36,42(n29)
Stumpf,Wilhelm,71
Surveillance,as function of
communication,35-36
Survey investigations,vs.experimental
research,95-96,98,101
Symbols,Lasswell’s work with,29,30
(table),31,33-35,38
Systems theory,26
Tannenbaum,Percy H.,166-167,
168,179(n23),179(n27) Tarde,Gabriel,9
Television:
development of,6
effects on violence by,101,105
(n9),145
research projects on,128,145,
147,151
Television in the Lives of Our Children
(Schramm,Lyle&Parker),145 Textbooks:
communication studies,139-
140,164 sociology,12
Theory of Cognitive Dissonance,A
(Festinger),84,103
Topology,Lewin’s use of,78
Travis,Lee Edward,131
Two-step flow hypothesis,60-61
Unemployment,Lazarsfeld’s studies
on,49-50,64(n9)
United States Information Agency,
135,140
University of Berlin,Lewin at,70-72,
73-74,85(n4)
University of Chicago:
Lasswell at,26,28-29,40(n10,13) Park’s career at,12 Sapir’s career at,15
University of Hawaii,Schramm at,148-152,175
University of Illinois,160,170,175 Schramm at,127,139-141,152
(n10,14-16)
University of Iowa,160,175 Lewin at,72-73,75-76,79-
80,132 Schramm at,127,131-133,135-
139,152(n13)
University of Michigan,Cooley at,10 University of Missouri,school of
journalism,108
University of Newark,Lazarsfeld at,50-52,64-65(n15-18)
University of Texas,communication
studies,143
University ofWisconsin,communication studies,137,165-169,179(n22-25)
Violence,effects of television,101,105
(n9),145
Voting:
analyzing patterns of,34
studies ofmedia effects on,59-61,
112-113,144
Voting(Berelson,Lazarsfeld,&
McPhee),59-60
Washington,Booker T.,11
Weaver,Andrew,167
Weber,Max,9
Welles,Orson,61
Wertheimer,Max,71“What‘Missing the Newspaper’
Means”(Berelson),58
White,George R.,7
Whitehead,Alfred North,24,26,131
Whiting,Gordon,168
Whorf,Benjamin Lee,Career of,15-16
Williams,Frederick,168
Wolf,Katherine,58
World Politics and Personal Insecurity
(Lasswell),28
World WarⅡ:
Hovland’s research during,91-95,
96-99
Lasswell’s propaganda work during,
31,41(n16)
Lewin’s food experiments during,80
-81,85(n14-15)
Schramm’s work during,133-135
Yale University,160,176
Hovland at,89-91,95,98-100,
101-103,104(n1) Lasswell at,29,31-32 Sapir’s career at,15
Zeigarnik,Bluma,74