完形填空专项练习及最新真题解析

四、完形填空专项练习及最新真题解析

历年真题精

2013年真题

Video game players may get an unexpected benefit from blowing away bad guys— better vision.Playing“action”video games improves a visual ability 51 tasks like reading and driving at night，a new study says.

The ability，called contrast sensitivity function，allows people to discern even subtle changes 52 gray against a uniformly colored backdrop.It’s also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age.

That’s 53 a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power，according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester.

Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills，such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and 54 attention to a series of fast-moving events，Bavelier said.

“A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced， 55 one，”she said. The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments，which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses.

“ 56 you’ve had eye surgery or get corrective lenses，exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better，you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better，crisper information that’s coming in 57 a result of your improved eyesight，”Bavelier said.

Expert action gamers in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2.A group of experienced nonaction gamers played The Sims 2，a “life simulation”video game.The players of nonaction video games didn’t see the same vision 58 ，the study says.

Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games 59 seem to sharpen visual skill.It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous，strength-building workout for the eyes，she said.

Another possible 60 is that the unpredictable，fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly.Finally，Bavelier said，the games’rich payoff may also play a role.

“It’s pleasing to be successful in your mission，”she said.“When you combine rewards with these other“factors”，then you get much more learning.”

51.A.ascribe to B.key for C.inclined to D.crucial for

52.A.in light of B.in shades of C.in terms of D.in guidance of

53.A.why B.how C.what D.as

54.A.drawing B.having C.paying D.giving

55.A.not just B.no only C.no just D.not almost

56.A.Unless B.Although C.Once D.Since

57.A.for B.as C.in D.from

58.A.shortcomings B.benefits C.drawbacks D.advantages

59.A.in fact B.in effect C.in particular D.in vain

60.A.result B.reason C.fact D.guess

答案及解析

51.【答案】D

【解析】本题考查形容词充当后置定语。原文的主题句为首段第一句：游戏玩家可能会因为打跑坏蛋得到意料之外的好处——视力变得更好。空格前说到玩动作游戏需要一种视觉能力，这种能力对阅读或者夜间驾驶是非常重要的。因此本题选D（至关重要的），key也表示“重要的，关键的”，但常跟的介词搭配为to。因此本题正确答案为D。

52.【答案】B

【解析】本题考查介词词组。第一句在解释这是一种什么能力（对比敏感度——contrast sensitivity function），以及这种能力的功能是什么。既然与contrast相关，那么往往会牵涉对比底色和对比内容，因此本题选用in shades of，意思是“……的底色”。

53.【答案】A

【解析】本题考查逻辑关系词。空格处需要填入一个表示逻辑关系的表语从句引导词。That指代上一段的内容，空格后从句的意思是“有规律的动作游戏的训练能提供长期有力的视觉能力”，这是上一段“对比敏感度也是第一种会随着年龄衰退的能力（aptitude）”的结果。因此why能体现因果关系，是正确答案。

54.【答案】C

【解析】本题考查固定搭配。pay attention to的意思是“关注，注意”，本题正确答案为C。

55.【答案】A

【解析】本题考查语义。该句的意思是“视觉系统的很多方面都在得到提高，而不是唯一一个。”not just的意思是“不是只有，不仅仅”，是正确答案。not almost的意思是“几乎不是”，与上文语义不符合。

56.【答案】C

【解析】本题考查逻辑关系。unless意为“除非”，although意为“尽管”，表示转折，once意为“一旦”，表示条件，since意为“因为”，表示因果。原文的意思是“如果你做了眼睛手术或者戴了纠正视力的镜片，多接触这样的游戏可以让光学系统更快更好地恢复。”很明显，主从句是条件关系。故本题答案为C。

57.【答案】B

【解析】本题考查固定搭配。as a result of的意思是“结果是，作为……的结果”。因此正确答案为B。

58.【答案】B

【解析】本题考查上下文呼应。原句的意思是：非动作游戏玩家并没有同样的视力。

本题可以追溯到全文的中心句，即第一句：动作游戏可以带来意料之外的收益。反之，非动作游戏的玩家则没有同样的“收益”，即benefits。故本题答案为B。

59.【答案】C

【解析】本题考查固定搭配和上下文语义。该句的意思是：Bavelier和其他人正在研究为什么偏偏是动作游戏能让我们的视觉技巧更敏捷（sharpen），能表示“偏偏，尤其”含义的只有in particular。in fact的意思是“事实上”，in effect意为“效果”，in vain意为“徒劳无功的”。故本题选C。

60.【答案】

【解析】本题考查名词和上下文语义。该句中的another证明上文还提到一个。到上文的最后一句可以得知“或许（maybe）定位敌人和精确地瞄准是强有力的铸造能力的过程”，可知这是第一个回答why的原因，由此可推断another后的也应该是原因，即reason。

2012年真题

Dear Dr.Benjamin，

Congratulations on your nomination as United States Surgeon General.Based on your extraordinary career and your commitment to 51 health disparities among underserved populations，no doubt your tenure will be marked by great progress toward the goal of improved health for all Americans.

Each United States Surgeon General has the unique opportunity to create his or her own lasting legacy.Dr.Koop focused on smoking prevention.Dr.Satcher，one of 52 mentors，released the first comprehensive report on mental health.We encourage you to build your own legacy 53 concept of prevention through healthy lifestyles—a legacy that is both sustainable and cost-effective.This also is an important issue for Members of Congress，many of whom believe that 54 prevention and wellness initiatives will bring down costs and help people lead healthier lives.The American College of Sports Medicine （ACSM）would be honored to partner with you on such an initiative.

ACSM，the largest sports medicine and exercise science organization in the world， 55 ready to work with you to increase healthy behaviors—especially physical activity—throughout the life span.During this crucial period of health system reform，we’ve been advocating for strategies that support preventive medicine not just through diagnostic testing， 56 promoting healthy，active behaviors that all Americans can achieve at little or no cost.

In fact，ACSM already has a working agreement with the Surgeon General’s office， focused on a series of healthy-lifestyle public service announcements for our Exercise Is Medicine^TM program，a program that 57 calls on doctors to encourage their patients to incorporate physical activity and exercise into their daily routine.As you are 58 aware， physical activity can prevent and treat a host of chronic conditions—such as heart disease，type Ⅱ.diabetes，and obesity—that currently plague our country.Your example as 59 whose family has suffered from preventable disease and who demonstrates healthy lifestyles can be powerful indeed.

Anytime either before or after your appointment is confirmed，we would 60 the opportunity to meet with you and your staff to discuss how we，along with other leading health organizations，can enhance the prevention paradigm through physical activity.

Again，Dr，Benjamin，I extend our deepest congratulations and best wishes.Sincerely，

James Pivarnik，Ph.D.，FACSM

President，American College of Sports Medicine

51.A.handle B.eliminate C.achieving D.addressing

52.A.his own B.our own C.your own D.her own

53.A.around B.above C.at D.across

54.A.promoted B.promoting

C.having been promoting D.having been promoted

55.A.put B.got C.sits D.stands

56.A.but for B.but that C.but by D.but also

57.A.arguably B.excessively C.specifically D.exceptionally

58.A.well B.better C.the very D.the most

59.A.those B.one C.this D.it

60.A.greet B.welcome C.deserve D.celebrate

短文概要

本文借对恭贺Benjamin被提名为美国外科手术协会秘书长，其实介绍FASCM。

答案及解析

51.【答案】D

【解析】本题考查上下文语义和词汇。该句的意思是“基于您出色的职业成就和致力于解决医疗服务的不平等”，此处address表示“解决……的问题”。符合上下文含义，是正确答案。address还有“地址、致辞”等含义。

52.【答案】C

【解析】本题考查代词。空格后的句子讲到“我们鼓励你们建立你们自己的遗产”，因此空格处可推测是“你们自己的导师”。故本题选C。

53.【答案】A

【解析】本题考查介词。此处表示“基于……基础上；围绕……的观点”，around是最合适的介词。故选A。

54.【答案】B

【解析】本题考查语法。空格前后的意思是“提倡防治和健康意识能降低成本，并帮助人们过上更健康的生活”。此处believe后的从句需要主语，而主语又表示一种动作或行动，因此直接使用promote的动名词形式即可。故本题选B。

55.【答案】D

【解析】本题考查固定搭配。stand ready to的含义是“准备好”，是正确答案。

56.【答案】C

【解析】本题考查并列结构的固定搭配。not justbut表示“不仅仅是，而是”，同时but by与not just through是并列关系。故本题选C。

57.【答案】C

【解析】本题考查词汇和上下文语义。空格前后的意思是“（那是）一个特意呼吁医生鼓励病人将体力活动和锻炼与日常生活结合起来的项目”。arguably“有争议性地”；excessively“额外地”；specifically“特别地，具体地”；exceptionally“排外地，特别地”。故本题选C。

58.【答案】A

【解析】此题考查固定搭配。be well aware意思是“很清楚地认识到”，此处well为程度副词，修饰aware。故本题答案为A。

59.【答案】B

【解析】本题考查代词做先行词。定语从句中whose family has suffered的先行词只能用单数代词，同时要指代人，因此只有one能有合二为一的功能。故本题正确答案为B。

60.【答案】B

【解析】本题测试上下文含义。greet“打招呼”；welcome“欢迎”；deserve“值得”；celebrate“庆祝”。此处表示“欢迎、期待与您见面的机会”，故本题正确答案为B。

2011年真题

Whenever people go and live in another country they have new experiences and new feelings.They experience culture shock.Many people have a（n） 51 about culture shock.They think that it’s just a feeling of sadness and homesickness when a person is in a new country.But this isn’t really true.Culture shock is a completely natural 52 ，and everybody goes 53 it in a new culture.

There are four stages，or steps，in culture shock.When people first arrive in a new country，they’re usually excited and 54 .Everything is interesting.They notice that a lot of things are 55 their own culture and this surprises them and makes them happy.This is Stage One.

In Stage Two people notice how different the new culture is from their own culture.They become confused It seems difficult to do even very simple things.They feel 56 .They spend a lot of time 57 or with other people from their own country.They think：“My problems are all because I’m living in this country.”

Then in Stage Three they begin to understand the new culture better.They begin to like some new customs.They 58 some people in the new country.They’re 59 comfortable and relaxed.

In Stage Four they feel very comfortable.They have good friends in the new culture.They understand the new customs.Some customs are similar to their culture and some are different but that’s OK.They can 60 it.

51.A.account B.reflection C.verification D.misconception

52.A.transition B.exchange C.immigration D.selection

53.A.for B.through C.after D.about

54.A.frightened B.confused C.uneasy D.happy

55.A.representative of B.different from

C.peculiar to D.similar to

56.A.intoxicated B.depressed C.amazed D.thrilled

57.A.lonely B.alone C.lone D.only

58.A.make friends with B.make transactions with

C.hold hostility to D.shut the door to

59.A.hardly B.more C.very D.less

60.A.live with B.do without

C.hold up with D.make a success of

短文概要

本文介绍文化冲击的四个阶段。

答案及解析

51.【答案】D

【解析】此题考点为上下文信息推断，尤其是转折关系。本句话告诉我们，人们认为文化冲击指的是一个人在陌生国度里伤心和想家的情绪。紧接着转折结构否认了该观点。本段最后一句话揭示文化冲击是一个很自然的过渡，处于陌生文化中的每个人都会经历。通过转折结构前后对比，可以得知转折前的观点是误解，因而选项D正确。

52.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点为上下文信息推断，详见51题。

53.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点为固定搭配，go through的含义是“经历”。go for指“争取，拥护，外出（进行活动）”；go after的含义是“追赶，力争”；go about的含义是“着手做，从事”。

54.【答案】D

【解析】此题考点为上下文信息推断。根据并列结构，空白处需要选择与excited近义的词汇，因而答案为D。

55.【答案】D

【解析】此题考点为上下文信息推断。根据第二段可得知在文化冲击第一阶段，身处陌生国度的人们很快乐。根据第三段的首句可得知在第二阶段人们发觉陌生文化和本国文化的差异。据此我们可以推断在文化冲击第一阶段，身边有很多与本国文化很相似的事情使得人们很惊奇并且很快乐。所以选项D正确。A项representative of的含义是“代表……的”；C项peculiar to的含义是“特有的”。

56.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点为上下文信息推断。根据第三段的首句可以得知在文化冲击的第二阶段，人们注意到文化差异，并由此感到困惑不解，甚至做一些很简单的事情都很困难，因而感到沮丧。所以答案为B。A项intoxicated的含义是“醉酒的，兴奋的”；D项thrilled的含义是“激动的，毛骨悚然的”。

57.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点为形近词辨析。根据上下文信息可得知感到沮丧的人们会和来自本国的人在一起或者独处。A项lonely指的是“孤独感”；B项alone的含义是“独处的”，既是形容词又是副词；C项lone的含义是“孤单的”，通常用作形容词。

根据句子结构空白处需要一个副词，表示“独处”，因而答案为B。

58.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点为上下文信息推断。第四段提到文化冲击的第四阶段人们开始更好地了解新文化，开始喜欢新的风俗，也开始和新国家的人交朋友。因而答案为A。B项make transactions with的含义是“做交易”；C项hold hostility to的含义是“对……有敌意”；D项shut the door to的含义是“把……拒之门外”。

59.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点为上下文信息推断。根据第58题解析可知人们开始熟悉并喜欢新的国家和新的文化，由此人们的情感也应该从沮丧开始向好的方面转化，因而选项B更为贴切，即人们更舒适、放松。

60.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点为上下文信息推断。最后一段提到文化冲击的第四个阶段人们已经熟悉新文化的一切，文化习俗相似或是存在差异都没影响了，因而人们便开始接受了。A项live with的含义为“接受”；B项do without的含义是“没有……也行”；C项hold up with的含义是“向……看齐”；D项make a success of的含义是“取得成功”。因而答案为A。

2010年真题

Experts say about 1%of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today.They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.

These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat.They 1 starve themselves so they weigh at 15%less than their normal weight.

The National Institute of Mental Health says one 2 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems.These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young women to 3 themselves.For example，former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22.She weighed only 61 pounds.

A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems.There is a lack of iron in the blood. 4 the sickness progresses，a young woman’s breathing，heartbeat，and blood pressure rates slow down.The important substance calcium is 5 from the bones，something causing bones to break.Sometimes the brain gets smaller，causing changes in 6 a person thinks and acts.Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems.They have 7 opinions about themselves.They feel helpless.Their attempts to become extremely thin may 8 efforts to take control of their lives.They may become dependent on illegal drugs.Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a（n） 9 .For example，they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.

Anorexia is a serious eating 10 .If it is not treated on time，it can be fatal.

1.A.specifically B.purposely C.particularly D.passionately

2.A.from B.of C.at D.in

3.A.kill B.starve C.abuse D.worsen

4.A.When B.While C.As D.Since

5.A.lost B.derived C.generated D.synthesized

6.A.what B.why C.how D.which

7.A.good B.high C.lower D.poor

8.A.represent B.make C.present D.exert

9.A.medication B.illusion C.motion D.action

10.A.habit B.behavior C.disorder D.pattern

短文概要

本文讲述在美国，有些年轻女性患上了厌食症，并详细描述了症状。

答案及解析

1.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点为上下文。A项specifically“特定地，明确地”；B项purposely“有目的地”；C项particularly“尤其地”；D项passionately“有热情地”。句意是这些年轻女性（患厌食症的女性）很不正常地害怕长胖，他们刻意地饿着自己，所以他们比正常体重低了15%。所以选项B符合句意。

2.【答案】D

【解析】此题考点为固定搭配。此句含义是10个严重厌食症中有1例导致严重的身体疾病。表示“十分之一”的固定搭配，介词可用in或者out of，选项D为答案。

3.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点为上下文。此题解题有效信息在于or连接两个并列结构，前者为die from，后者也应与die from对称，另外这些厌食症的后果是有国家心理健康研究所公布的，因而选项A，表示的含义是“自杀”，更能符合句意。句意是“这些病人可能死于心脏衰竭或者这个病能导致年轻女性自杀”。

4.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点为语法。此段开始介绍患厌食症的症状。患有厌食症的人起初出现关节和肌肉的病症。是因为血液中缺铁。随着病情加剧，年轻女性出现呼吸、心跳、血压都减慢的症状。根据句子间的逻辑关系，选项C更符合句意。

5.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点为固定搭配。lose from从……流失；derive from源于；generate from由……生成；synthesize合成。根据上下文可知由于钙的流失，导致骨折。所以选项A符合句意。

6.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点为上下文。从句意得知：有时大脑变得小了，这可以引起人思维和行动方

式的变化。根据句意，符合的选项是C，即在人如何思维和行动方面发生变化。

7.【答案】D

【解析】此题考点为上下文。根据下文具体的描述，病人开始出现情感或精神方面的问题，感到无助等等。这些具体描述说明厌食症的人对自己没有正确的认识，因而选项D符合句意。

8.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点为上下文。此题混淆项是B和D，这两个词都可以搭配effort，表示做出努力，但根据上下文句意可知：他们想极度变瘦的尝试是他们想控制自己的一种表现，而不是想极度变瘦的尝试为控制自己做出努力，因而选项A represent为正确答案。

9.【答案】D

【解析】此题考点为上下文。根据下文可知，一些患厌食症的病人可能不停地洗手，尽管他们的手很干净。从这句话中我们可以推断，这些病人会不停地重复某个动作，所以选项D正确。A项medication“药物治疗”；B项illusion“幻觉”；C项motion“手势，提议”等。

10.【答案】C

【解析】最后一段是全文的总结，厌食症是一种严重的饮食紊乱，故选项C正确。

2009年真题

Every day，over a million people log onto different Internet-based games.There is truly something for everyone in the gaming world.Games provide a quick escape from 1 .Game developers are the new breed of storytellers，creating alternative 2 .Games represent the ultimate interactive movie，allowing the user to control the direction of the plot.

And now the newest technologies allow you to play games no matter where you are.At home，we have PC or video game consoles. 3 ，a desktop or laptop computer can be loaded with OS-bundled games or Web-based freebies.Even while traveling，there are many wireless computers，portable devices，wireless phones and PDAs 4 .

Games are now pushing back all the 5 once placed upon them by technology，category，realism，location and time.These advances are helping to push games into the 6 of virtual reality.Thus，the stuff of science fiction novels is gradually emerging，the graphic aspects of the game quickly 7 .Initially，electronic games involved 8 moving blocks across a TV or computer screen. 9 the vast increases in processing power，games are quickly approaching three-dimensional realism.This power allows a developer to create a 10 world where a garner can look around in full 360-degree vision.

1.A.society B.reality C.dream D.illusion

2.A.approaches B.characters C.worlds D.mazes

3.A.In general B.At present C.In reality D.At work

4.A.to choose from B.to choose

C.choosing from D.chosen

5.A.defects B.drawbacks C.limitations D.disadvantages

6.A.room B.realm C.range D.boundary

7.A.evolves B.evolving C.evolved D.evolve

8.A.simply B.readily C.exceptionally D.simultaneously

9.A.Aiding by B.To aid by C.Aided by D.To be aided by

10.A.human B.original C.realistic D.microscopic

短文概要

本文认为，计算机技术的发展推进网络游戏的进展。

答案及解析

1.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点为上下文。短文一开始提到“每天有上百万的人登录网上游戏。在游戏世界里，游戏可以使人们快速逃离……”。根据这两句话的含义，我们可以推断，游戏世界是虚拟的，可以帮助人们能从现实中逃离开。所以选项B为正确答案。选项D illusion的含义是“幻觉，错觉”。

2.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点为上下文。此句的基本含义是“游戏开发者就是新型的讲故事的人，他们创造了可供选择的……”。后面一个句子的含义是“游戏象征着终极交互式电影，允许游戏人能控制故事情节的走向”。通过上下文语义的理解，可以得知空白处的含义应该是“（创造游戏里的非真实的世界）”，选项C为正确答案。

3.【答案】D

【解析】此题考点为上下文。第2段第1句话的大意是：现在一项最新技术使得人们不论身在何处都能玩游戏。第2句话的大意是：在家里，我们有电脑和视频游戏的平台。空白处所在句子的基本含义是：台式或笔记本电脑可以装载OS-bundled的游戏或者网上的游戏。A项in general“总的来说”；B项at present“现在”。根据上下文没有出现和现在对比的过去，所以不是答案。C项in reality“现实中”。上下文也没出现和它对比的内容，不是答案；D项at work“在工作中”。根据上下文，上文有家里（at home）和工作场所进行对比，因而是正确答案。选项D符合上下文逻辑关系。

4.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点为语法。空白处所在语句的含义是“甚至在旅游途中，也有许多无线电脑，可携带设备，无线电话和掌上电脑共选择”。根据含义我们需要一个不定式作定语修饰上述设备，所以选项A为正确答案。

5.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点是近义词辨析。A项defect“缺点”；B项drawbacks“缺点”；C项

limitation“限制”；D项disadvantage“弊端”。空白处所在句中，push back的含义是“把……推回去”；place upon的含义是“放……之上”，这个词组在句中作空白处名词的定语。这句话的大致含义是：游戏正在击退以前由于技术、类别、现实主义、地点以及时间所导致的所有的制约。根据含义可得知选项C正确。

6.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点是近义词辨析。A项room“空间”；B项realm“王国，领域”；C项range“范围”；D项boundary“边界”。此句的基本含义是“这些进步有助于讲游戏推进一个虚拟现实的领域”。选项B为正确答案。

7.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点为语法。此题根据上半句和空白处半句的关系，可以判定空白处为非谓语动词，故排除A和D。再根据两个半句的逻辑关系以及句意，我们可以得知科幻小说这类东西逐渐出现，因而游戏的画面也迅速发展，故选项B正确。

8.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点为上下文。A项simply“简单地”；B项readily“迅速地”；C项exceptionally“例外地，异常地”；D项simultaneously“同步地”。此题解题需结合下一句。这两句话的大致含义是起初，电子游戏仅仅是涉及电视或电脑屏幕上移动障碍，随着程序编程的日益强大，游戏现在可以快速进入三维现实空间。句意中所呈现的快速发展，以及句首的initially可以判定选项A为正确答案。

9.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点为语法。此句的含义是“在数据处理日益强大的帮助下……”。根据句意可知，句子主语games是“在……的帮助下”，所以空白处应为过去分词，选项C为正确答案。

10.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点为上下文。选项B original“最初的”；选项C realistic“真实的”；D项microscopic“微观的”。纵观全句，计算机数据处理的强大能力使得游戏开发者能创造出一个真实的世界，在其中游戏者可以360°全视角浏览周围。故选项C最符合句意。

仿真模拟练习

Practice One

Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep，characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming，and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood，but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain.

The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 .The new experiments，such as those 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in

Minneapolis，suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep.For example，it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats，yet， 7 examination of the dead bodies，the animals look completely normal.A researcher has now 8 the mystery of why the animal die.The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood， 10 their immune systems—the self protecting mechanism against disease—had crashed.

1.A.Either B.Neither C.Each D.Any

2.A.intended B.required C.assumed D.inferred

3.A.subtle B.obvious C.mysterious D.doubtful

4.A.maintained B.described C.settled D.afforded

5.A.in the light B.by virtue

C.with the exception D.for the purpose

6.A.reduction B.destruction C.deprivation D.restriction

7.A.upon B.by C.through D.with

8.A.paid attention to B.caught sight of

C.laid emphasis on D.cast light on

9.A.develop B.produce C.stimulate D.induce

10.A.if B.as if C.only if D.if only

短文概要

本文首先介绍两种睡眠，即REM sleep和non-REM sleep，随后讲述有关non-REM sleep的实验。

答案及解析

1.【答案】B

【解析】文章开始就提到睡眠分为两类：REM sleep和non-REM sleep。根据这一点，我们可以排除C项和D项，因为这两个选项不是指代两者。在此句中at all通常用于否定句，即not at all表示“一点都不”，所以我们可以判断此题空白处为否定，选B。此句含义：我们对于这两种睡眠并不是很了解。

2.【答案】C

【解析】根据上下文信息，人们设想REM sleep具有有助于大脑恢复的功能。人们不能要求这种睡眠具有此功能，而是主观上认为它具备这功能，因而排除A项和B项。assume的含义为“假定，假想”；D项的infer表示“根据事实的推测、推断”，常接从句。因而选择C，并且C项也符合句中的句型，assume sth./sb.to do。

3.【答案】C

【解析】A项subtle微妙的，精细的；B项obvious显而易见的；C项mysterious神秘的；D项doubtful可疑的。根据上文提到人们对两种睡眠知之甚少，因而符合逻辑关系的形容词为C。

4.【答案】B

【解析】此题空白处需要一个过去分词修饰those，those指代new experiments。A项maintain“主张”；B项describe“描述”；C项settle“解决”；D项afford“提供，供应得起”。此句含义：在大会上，新的研究应该是被介绍给参会人。故B项为答案。

5.【答案】D

【解析】A项in the light of“按照，根据”，例如：He changed his plan in the light of the weather.他根据天气状况改变了他的计划。B项by virtue of“由于”，例如：He claimed a pension in virtue of his long illness.由于长期生病，他申请救助金。C项with the exception，根据exception可知含义为“除……之外”。D项for the purpose of“为了……目的”。与此句信息一致的为D，相当于give explanations for。

6.【答案】C

【解析】A项reduction“削减”；B项destruction“摧毁”；C项deprivation“剥夺”；D项restriction“限制”。此句含义：多年来，人们一直认为完全剥夺老鼠的睡眠对于老鼠来说是致命的。只有C项符合句意。

7.【答案】A

【解析】根据上下文我们可以了解句子的大意：通过研究老鼠的尸体，人们发现这些动物看上去完全正常。此题可用排除法排除B、C、D，因为这三个介词表示“借助”的含义时，通常主语为人。

8.【答案】D

【解析】此句大意为：现在一个研究者揭示了动物死亡的秘密。A项pay attention to“注意”；B项catch sight of“瞥见”；C项lay emphasis on“强调”，D项cast/throw light on“解释，使……明白”。故D项符合句意。

9.【答案】A

【解析】A项develop“（主语常为人）发展，形成，开始生（病）”；B项produce“生产”；C项stimulate“刺激”；D项induce“（主语常为物）引诱，诱导”，例如：Overwork induced his heart attack.过劳诱发心脏病。此句含义为：老鼠血液里细菌感染。

10.【答案】B

【解析】四个备选选项均可以引导从句，A项if表示“如果”。B项as if表示“好像……”，从句通常用虚拟语气。C项only if表示“只有在……条件下”，例如：You can ask for leaves only if you finish your work.只有你完成了工作才能请假。D项if only表示“要是……就好了”，例如：If only I took his advice.此句含义：就好像免疫系统完全崩溃了一样。所以选择B。

Practice Two

How does water scarcity affect people？First of all，it 1 their health.It is not that they will die of thirst；rather，the poor quality of the water 2 for cooking and drinking may make them ill.

3 our bodies require water to treat waste products，plentiful water is required for proper sanitation（卫生）—water that for much of mankind is simply not available. 4 people without adequate sanitation rose from 2.6 billion in 1990 to 2.9 billion in 1999.And sanitation is literally a matter of life and death.In a 5 statement，United Nations officials warned：“When children lack water that is fit for drinking and sanitation，virtually every aspect of their health and development is 6 .”

Food production is dependent on water.Many crops，of course，are watered by rain，but in recent times irrigation has become the key 7 the world’s booming population.Today 36 percent of the world’s harvest depends on irrigation.

If plentiful water flows out of every tap in our home and if we have a clean toilet that conveniently washes out waste，it may be 8 to believe that the world is running out of an adequate supply of water.We should remember，however，that only 20 percent of mankind enjoy such 9 .In Africa many women spend as much as six hours a day 10 water.

1.A.hurts B.harms C.injuries D.destroys

2.A.valuable B.desirable C.capable D.available

3.A.As for B.As well as C.Just as D.Such as

4.A.The number of B.A number of C.Numbers of D.Numerous

5.A.joining B.joined C.join D.joint

6.A.at a loss B.at all costs C.at worst D.at risk

7.A.to feed B.to feeding C.for feed D.for feeding

8.A.hard B.easy C.sure D.usual

9.A.decorations B.luxuries C.wastes D.recreations

10.A.bringing B.taking C.fetching D.carrying

短文概要

本文讨论了缺水对人们生活的影响。

答案及解析

1.【答案】B

【解析】句意：缺水如何影响人们呢？首先危害人体健康。A项hurt通常表示“受伤，尤其是心灵、情感受伤”；C项injury表示“由于意外身体受伤”；D项destroy不符合句意。B项harm表示“危害，危及”，为正确答案。

2.【答案】D

【解析】A项valuable“有价值的”；B项desirable“渴望的”；C项capable“能够的”；D项available“可利用的”，可以放在它所修饰的名词后面。此句含义：他们不是因渴而死，而是因为用来做饭、饮用的水的低质量使他们患病。

3.【答案】C

【解析】A项as for等同于in terms of，意思是“就……而言”，不能引导从句，例如：As for me，I think he is an outstanding athlete.就我个人而言，我认为他是一位杰出的运动员。B项as well as表示“也”，连接两个并列成分。C项just as表示“正如……”，例如：Just as what he said，he came to help us.正如他说的那样，他来帮忙我们了。D项such as“例如”。此句含义：正如我们的身体需要水来处理废物一样，我们也需要大量的水来保持卫生。只有C项符合句意和语法。

4.【答案】A

【解析】A项the number of表示“……的数量”；B项a number of表示“许多”；C项numbers of表示“一些，若干”；D项numerous表示“数量大”。此句含义：没有足够卫生设施的人数从1992年的26亿，上升到1999年的29亿。因此可知，主语应该为数量、数字，故A为答案。

5.【答案】D

【解析】此题考点为固定搭配，a joint statement表示“联合声明”，故答案为D。

6.【答案】D

【解析】A项at a loss困惑，不知所措，例如：He is always at a loss what to say in front of strangers.他在陌生人面前总是不知要说什么。B项at all costs不惜一切代价，例如：The bridge is required to be repaired within three days at all costs.这座桥要不惜一切代价在三天内修复。C项at worst“在最坏的情况下”，例如：At worst we’ll sell the house to settle the debts.最后实在不行我们把房子卖掉，还清债务。D项at risk“处于危险中”。此句含义：卫生就是生死攸关的事情。在一份联合声明中，联合国官员警告说：“当儿童缺乏可以饮用和卫生洁净的水时，他们的健康和成长的方方面面都会处于危险之中。”故D项符合句意。

7.【答案】B

【解析】此题解题的关键在于固定搭配the key to sth.，to为介词，意为“是……的关键”。因而to后面的动词应该为-ing形式，故答案为B。此句含义：食物产品有赖于水。当然，许多农作物靠雨水浇灌，但近些年来，灌溉成为养活日益增长的世界人口的关键。

8.【答案】A

【解析】此题需要靠上下文信息寻找解题关键。此句含义：如果打开我们家中的水龙头，每个龙头都流出充足的水，如果我们有干净的抽水马桶很方便地冲水，也许人们很难相信这个世界水资源在逐渐枯竭。run out of表示“用完，用尽”。

故答案为A。

9.【答案】B

【解析】decoration装饰物；luxury奢侈；waste废物；recreation娱乐。此句含义：然而，我们应该记住只有20%的人类享有这样的奢侈。在此句中，luxury指的是“随意浪费水”。故答案为B。

10.【答案】C

【解析】A项bring“带来”；B项take“拿走”；C项fetch“取回”；D项carry“携带”。此句含义：在非洲，许多妇女要花费6小时打水。根据句意，指的是一去一回，故选择C。

Practice Three

Women appear to be more vulnerable than men 1 many 2 consequences of alcohol use.A recent NIAAA Alcohol Alert reports that women achieve higher concentrations of alcohol in the blood and become more 3 than men after drinking equivalent amounts of alcohol.They are more 4 than men to alcohol-related organ damage and to trauma resulting 5 traffic crashes and interpersonal violence.This Alcohol Alert examines gender differences in alcohol’s effects and considers some factors that may place women at risk for alcohol-related problems.

Women’s drinking is most common between ages 26 and 34 and among women who are 6 or separated.Binge drinking（i.e.，consumption of five or more drinks per occasion on 5 or more days in the past month）is most common among women ages 18 to 25.Among racial groups，women’s drinking is more prevalent among whites，although black women are more likely to drink heavily.

Household surveys indicate that alcohol use is more 7 among men than women in the United States.In one survey，34 percent of women reported 8 at least 12 standard drinks during the previous year compared with 56 percent of men.Among drinkers surveyed，10 percent of women and 22 percent of men consumed two or more drinks per day on average.Men are also more likely than women to become alcohol 9 .Men have greater rates of alcohol-use disorders than women.A new study of emotional and alcohol- 10 responses to stress has found that when men become upset，they are more likely than women to want alcohol.

1.A.for B.in C.to D.at

2.A.positive B.adverse C.side D.significant

3.A.sober B.drunk C.robust D.impaired

4.A.susceptible B.adaptable C.accustomed D.related

5.A.in B.from C.of D.as

6.A.unmarried B.housebound C.divorced D.hospitable

7.A.prevalent B.unpopular C.ordinary D.preferable

8.A.digested B.digesting C.consumed D.consuming

9.A.dependent B.independent C.predominant D.disorders

10.A.sensitive B.insensitive C.craving D.crazy

短文概要

本文论述男女饮酒后的影响差异。

答案及解析

1.【答案】C

【解析】此题解题的关键在于动词+介词搭配。be vulnerable to sth.表示“更易受……影响”。故答案为C。

2.【答案】B

【解析】此题解题的关键在于上下文信息。A项positive积极的；B项adverse相反的，不利的；C项side旁边的，side effect副作用；D项significant重要的。根据下文内容提到喝酒的不利结果，本段逻辑关系为总分，例证关系。此句含义：女性看上去要比男性更容易受饮酒不利结果的影响。因而答案为B。

3.【答案】D

【解析】A项sober清醒的；B项drunk“喝醉”；C项robust“强有力的”；D项impair“削弱”。仅参考此句不能解题，下文提到女性容易患上器官损伤等疾病，因而此处与上下文逻辑关系最吻合的就是D。此句含义：据报告称，与男性相比，饮用同等量酒后，女性血液中的酒精浓度更高，身体更加衰弱。

4.【答案】A

【解析】题解题关键在于固定搭配。A项be susceptible to sth.“对……敏感”，与be vulnerable to同义；B项be adaptable to“使适应”；C项be accustomed to“习惯于”；D项be related to“和……有关”。根据介词to后面的名词可知，此处含义为“患病”，因而A项为答案。

5.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点为“动词+介词搭配”。result in含义为“导致……发生”，例如：Carelessness resulted in the accident.粗心导致这个事故的发生。result from意为“由于”，表原因，例如：The accident resulted form his carelessness.事故的发生是因为他的粗心。此处表原因，因而为from，选B。

6.【答案】C

【解析】此题解题的关键在于和空白处并列的separated，因而空白处应该为separated的近义词，故答案为C。

7.【答案】A

【解析】根据空白处下一句的数据可以判断此题空白处的词义，故答案为prevalent，意为“普遍的，流行的”。D项preferable表示“更适合，更可取”，与介词to连用，例如：Anything is preferable to the tense atmosphere at home.什么都比家里气氛紧张要好。

8.【答案】D

【解析】根据句意此处含义应该为“饮酒”，故A、B可以排除，digest的含义为“消化、吸收”。根据语法知识，report为谓语动词，故consume应该是表主动的非谓语动词，答案即为D。此句含义：在一项调查中，与56%的男士相比，有34%的女士报告说在去年至少饮用了12标准杯的酒。

9.【答案】A

【解析】根据下文的含义，男士在遇到情感问题或压力的时候，要比女性更想饮酒。所以此空白处的含义应该为“对酒精的依赖”，答案为A。B项independent独立的；C项predominant处于主导地位的；D项disorders为名词，指的是“紊乱、失调”。

10.【答案】C

【解析】根据句意可以得出答案，句意参考第9题。A项sensitive敏感的；B项insensitive不敏感的；C项craving渴望的；D项crazy疯狂的。

Practice Four

Elderly people respond best to a calm and 1 environment.This is not always easy to provide as their behaviour can sometimes be 2 .If they get excited or upset they may become more confused and more difficult to look after.Although sometimes it can be extremely difficult，it is best to be patient and not get upset yourself.You should always encourage old people to do as much as possible for themselves but be ready to 3 a helping hand when necessary.

4 memory makes it difficult for the person to recall all the basic kinds of information we take for granted.The obvious way to help in this situation is to supply the information that is missing and help them 5 what is going on.You must use every opportunity to provide information but remember to keep it simple and 6 .“Good morning Mum.This is Fiona，your daughter.It is eight o’clock，so if you get up now，we can have breakfast downstairs.”

When the elderly person makes confused statements，such as，about going out to his or her old employment or visiting a dead relative，correct in a 7 matter of fact fashion：“You don’t work in the office any more.You are retired now.Will you come and help me with the dishes？”

We rely heavily on the information provided by signposts，clocks，calendars and newspapers.These assist us to organise and direct our behavior. 8 old people need these aids 9 to 10 their poor memory.Encourage them to use reminder boards or diaries for important coming events and label the contents of different cupboards and drawers.Many other aids such as information cards，old photos，scrap books，addresses or shopping lists could help in individual case.

1.A.excited B.hasty C.unhurried D.nervous

2.A.ridiculous B.childlike C.unacceptable D.irritating

3.A.carry B.offer C.lend D.provide

4.A.Implicit B.Failing C.Sensory D.Semantic

5.A.make sense of B.make sense

C.see sense D.knock some sense into

6.A.complicated B.implicit C.straightforwardD.ambiguous

7.A.calm B.impatient C.fussy D.furious

8.A.Excited B.Irritated C.Disappointed D.Confused

9.A.all the time B.at times C.in no time D.at a time

10.A.remind of B.compensate for C.prevent from D.derive from

短文概要

本文讨论如何照料老人，尤其是该如何帮助记忆力不好的老年人。

答案及解析

1.【答案】C

【解析】A项excited“兴奋的”；B项hasty“匆忙的”；C项unhurried“不慌不忙的，从容的”；D项nervous“紧张的”。此题解题关键在于calm，空白处应该为calm的近义词。故答案为C

2.【答案】D

【解析】此题解题的关键在于后面具体的表述。我们可以得知如果老年人很激动或者紧张不安，他们就会变得很困惑，也很难照料。因而空白处所在句子的含义为：由于他们的行为有时候很恼人，所以这并不容易。A项ridiculous“荒谬可笑的”；B项childlike“幼稚的”；C项unacceptable“不可接受的”；D项irritating“恼人的”。

3.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点为固定搭配be ready to lend a helping hand，表示乐于助人。

4.【答案】B

【解析】A项implicit“暗示的”；B项failing“失败的”；C项sensory“感官的”，sensory memory表示“感官记忆”；D项semantic“语义的”，semantic memory表示“语义记忆”。此句含义：对于一个记忆力下降的人来说，要想回想起我们认为理所当然的基本信息是很困难的。根据句意，B项正确。

5.【答案】C

【解析】A项make sense of理解，弄懂，例如：I can’t make sense of the novel.我读不懂这本小说。B项make sense的含义有：①有道理，有意义，例如：Your explanation doesn’t make sense.你的解释不通。②明智的，例如：It make sense to buy the most up-to-date version.买最新版本是明智的。C项see sense指“开始明白事理”。D项knock some sense into sb.强使某人理智行事。此句含义：在这种状况下最直接的办法就是提供已经消失的信息并且帮助他们明白正在发生的事情。

6.【答案】C

【解析】A项complicated“复杂的”；B项implicit“暗示的”；C项straightforward“直截了当的”；D项ambiguous“模棱两可的”。根据此句中的simple可以推断空白处为simple的近义词，故C项为答案。此句含义：你一定要利用每一个机会提供信息，但是记得让信息简单且直白。

7.【答案】

【解析】根据后面引语里面的话，可以推断：更正的方式应该是温和且实事求是的。A项calm“冷静”，为答案；B项impatient“不耐心的”；C项fussy“急躁的”；D项furious“发怒的”。此句含义：当老年人出现困惑的时候（因为记忆不好了），要用温和、实事求是的方式纠正他们。

8.【答案】D

【解析】四个备选单词的含义比较简单，关键看语境含义了。“我们通常很依赖路标、时钟、日历和报纸提供给我们的信息。这些帮助我们安排、指导我们的行为。”根据这句话的含义我们知道这些都是提醒的作用。那么对于老人来说，尤其是记忆力不好的老人来说他们尤其需要这些帮助。根据推断，答案为confused，表示“困惑的”。

9.【答案】A

【解析】A项all the time“总是，一贯”；B项at times“有时，间或，一有机会”；C项in no time“立即”；D项at a time“每次，依次”。

10.【答案】B

【解析】remind sb.of使某人想起，例如：The picture reminds me of France.这张图片让我想起了法国。B项compensate for“弥补”；C项prevent from“防止”；D项derive from“从……获得”。此句含义：使用这些提示可以帮助老年人弥补他们很差的记忆。

Practice Five

Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency（crimes committed by young people）focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.Theories 1 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through 2 with others.Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in 3 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status or as a rejection of middle-class values.

Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families， 4 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes.The latter may commit crimes for lack of adequate parental control.All theories，however，are tentative and are 5 to criticism.

Changes in the social structure may indirectly 6 juvenile crime rates.For example，changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 7 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.The resulting discontent may in 8 lead more youths into criminal behavior.

Families have also experienced changes these years.More families consist of one parent households or two working parents.Consequently，children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family 9 .This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates.Other identifiable causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school，the increased availability of drugs and alcohol，and the growing 10 of child abuse and child neglect.All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act，although a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.

1.A.acting B.relying C.centering D.commenting

2.A.interactions B.assimilation C.cooperation D.consultation

3.A.return B.reply C.reference D.response

4.A.considering B.ignoring C.highlighting D.discarding

5.A.immune B.resistant C.sensitive D.subject

6.A.affect B.reduce C.chock D.reflect

7.A.in general B.on average C.by contrast D.at length

8.A.case B.short C.turn D.essence

9.A.system B.structure C.concept D.heritage

10.A.incidence B.awareness C.exposure D.popularity

短文概要

本文介绍与青少年犯罪相关的几个理论。

答案及解析

1.【答案】C

【解析】文中第一句的含义：许多有关青少年犯罪的理论要么把个人要么把社会作为主要成因。此处空白需要一个非谓语动词来修饰theories，表示侧重于，因而选项C centering为正确答案，同时center on为focus on的近义改写。A项act on“充当”；B项rely on“依靠，依赖”；D项comment on“评论”。此句含义：侧重于个体的理论认为儿童参与犯罪是因为他们没能从上一次犯罪中得到充分的惩罚，或者他们从和别人的交往中学会了犯罪。

2.【答案】A

【解析】此句中through表示学会犯罪的途径或手段。A项interactions“交往”；B项assimilation“同化”；C项cooperation“合作”；D项consultation“咨询，请教”。只有选项A在逻辑关系和句意上能与learn criminal behavior吻合，故答案为A。

3.【答案】D

【解析】A项in return与介词for连用，而不与介词to搭配（原文中介词为to），表示“对……的回报”，例如：Can I buy you lunch in return for your help？我能请你吃个饭吗？以表示感谢你的帮忙。B项in reply to表示“回答，回复”，例如：I wrote to you in reply to your letter.给你写信，以回复你的来信。C项in/with reference to表示“关于”，例如：In/With reference to the plan，I have to say something.就这个计划，我有话要说。D项in response to表示“对……的回应”，体现一种因果关系。例如：The shop improved its service in response to customers’demands.应顾客要求，这个商店改进了服务。此句含义：侧重社会角色的理论认为，青少年犯罪是对其社会经济地位提升的失败或者被中产阶级价值观所抛弃的一种回应。

4.【答案】B

【解析】A项considering“认为”；B项ignoring“忽视”；C项highlighting“强调，突出”；D项discarding“抛弃”。此题要依据上下文信息。下文提到The latter may commit crimes for lack of adequate parental control.the latter这里指的是children from wealthy homes有钱人家的孩子犯罪是因为缺乏父母足够的管教。此句含义：大多数青少年犯罪的理论侧重那些来自不富裕家庭的孩子，而忽略了富家子弟也同样犯罪。所以答案应该为B。

5.【答案】D

【解析】A项be immune to“不受……的影响”，例如：He was immune to all persuasion.他对所有的劝说都无动于衷。B项be resistant to“对……有抵抗力”，例如：These plants are resistant to cold weather.这些植物抗寒。C项be sensitive to“对……敏感”。D项be subject to“易受……的影响”。根据上文的信息可以了解，这些青少年犯罪的理论都存在缺陷，因而容易备受批评。所以答案为D。

6.【答案】A

【解析】A项affect“影响”；B项reduce“减少”；C项chock“用楔子塞住”；D项reflect“反映”。从本段首句就可以判断该段落要讲述社会对青少年犯罪的影响，因而选项A为正确答案。此句含义：社会结构的变化可能间接地影响青少年犯罪率。

7.【答案】A

【解析】A项in general“大体上，一般来说”；B项on average“平均”；C项by contrast“与……成对比”；D项at length“详尽地”。此句含义：例如，总的来说，经济上的变化导致年轻人的就业机会越来越少，失业率越来越高，找到一份有收入的工作越来越难。四个备选词组只有A符合此句语境。

8.【答案】C

【解析】A项in case“以免，以防”；B项in short“简而言之”；C项in turn的含义为：

①依次，轮流，例如：The children called out their names in turn.孩子们依次报姓名；②相应地，例如：Increased production will，in turn，lead to increased profits.增加生产会继而增加利润。D项in essence“本质上”，例如：The two arguments are in essence the same.这两个论点大致相同。C符合句子的逻辑关系。此句含义：这种不满可能导致更多的年轻人犯罪。

9.【答案】B

【解析】根据此句话的含义可以判断这个段落讲述的是家庭对青少年犯罪的影响。此句含义：家庭这些年来也发生了变化。更多的家庭是单亲家庭或者父母双方都是外出上班族。结果孩子很可能比传统家庭疏于管教。这说明家庭结构发生了变化，所以选择B。A项system“制度”；C项concept“理念”；D项heritage“传统”。

10.【答案】A

【解析】A项incidence影响范围，发生率；B项awareness“意识”；C项exposure“暴露”，常与介词to连用，例如：Much exposure to the strong sunlight will lead to skin damage.在强太阳光下晒太久会导致皮肤损伤。D项popularity“流行”。此句含义：缺少父母管教会影响青少年犯罪率。其他可以确定的犯罪原因有：在学校受到的挫折和失败，越来越容易得到毒品和酒，虐待和忽视孩子现象日益增多。故答案为A。

Practice Six

It is natural for young people to 1 their parents at times and to blame them for most of the misunderstandings between them.They have always complained，more or less justly，that their parents are out of touch with modern ways；that they are possessive and 2 that they do not trust their children to deal with crises；that they talk too much about certain problems and that they have no sense of humour，at least in parent-child relationships.

I think it is true that parents often 3 their teenage children and also forget how they themselves felt when young.Young people often 4 their parents with their choices in clothes and hairstyles，in entertainers and music.This is not their motive.They feel cut off from the adult world into which they have not yet been accepted.So they create a culture and society of their own.Then，if it turns out that their music or entertainers or vocabulary or clothes or hairstyles irritate their parents，this gives them additional 5 .They feel they are 6 ，at least in a small way，and that they are leaders in style and taste.Sometimes you are 7 ，and proud because you do not want your parents to approve of what you do，If they did approve，it looks as if you are 8 your own age group.But in that case，you are assuming that you are the underdog：you can’t win but at

least you can keep your honour.This is a passive way of looking at things.It is natural enough after long years of childhood，when you were completely under your parents’control.But it ignores the fact that you are now beginning to be responsible for yourself.If you plan to control your life，co-operation can be part of that plan.You can charm others，especially parents，into doing things the way you want.You can 9 others with your sense of responsibility and initiative，so that they will give you the 10 to do what you want to do.

1.A.comment on B.be critical of C.be indifferent to D.be content with

2.A.wordy B.righteous C.bounteous D.dominant

3.A.underestimate B.blame C.overrate D.criticize

4.A.are satisfied B.are content C.irritate D.inspire

5.A.puzzle B.enjoyment C.trouble D.criticism

6.A.superior B.inferior C.satisfied D.proud

7.A.confident B.resistant C.selfish D.indifferent

8.A.comforting B.deceiving C.pleasing D.betraying

9.A.impress B.charm C.cheer D.fascinate

10.A.specification B.authority C.priority D.instruction

短文概要

本文谈论父母对孩子生活得过多干涉可导致父母和孩子关系的紧张。

答案及解析

1.【答案】B

【解析】A项comment on“对……加以评论”；B项be critical of“不满，批评”，例如：Parents are always highly critical of the school.家长总是对学校不满，提出批评。C项be indifferent to“对……冷漠”；D项be content with“对……感到满意”。根据上下文我们可以知道：年轻人总是对他们的父母不满，对父母对他们因为误解的批评颇有微词。所以答案应改为B。

2.【答案】

【解析】A项wordy“唠叨的，话多的”；B项righteous“正直的”；C项bounteous“宽宏大量的”；D项dominant“处于支配地位的”。此题根据前面的单词possessive占有的，可以推断D为答案，此句含义：年轻人经常抱怨他们的父母与时尚脱节、占有欲强、总是想支配人等等。

3.【答案】A

【解析】这篇短文主要谈论父母对孩子的生活干涉过多导致孩子与父母之间互相不理解，甚至针锋相对的状况。本题这句话的含义是父母经常低估了他们。A项underestimate“低估”；B项blame“批评”；C项overrate“对……估计过高”；D项criticize“批评”。

4.【答案】C

【解析】根据上下文信息可以得知，父母和孩子在各方面存在代沟，无法互相理解，因而这句意思也一样，孩子们和父母在衣服的选择、发型、娱乐明星和音乐方面有代沟。四个备选项表示“双方观点不一致”的就只有C项irritate with“对……恼怒”。并且在下面的原文信息当中答案复现：Then，if it turns out that their music or entertainers or vocabulary or clothes or hairstyles irritate their parents

5.【答案】B

【解析】此句含义：如果因为上述方面与父母看法不同而惹恼了父母，对于孩子来说会是一种额外的快乐。符合句意的只有B。下一句信息证实了这个答案。

6.【答案】A

【解析】此句含义：他们就感到至少在一定程度上他们高人一等，他们是时尚和品味的潮流人士。联系第5题，可以得出正确答案。A项superior“高人一等”；B项inferior“自卑”；C项satisfied“满足”；D项proud“自豪”。

7.【答案】B

【解析】根据原因状语从句的内容：因为你不想让你父母同意你所做的。因而结果就是有时你很反叛，很自负。与语境符合的备选单词就是resistant。

8.【答案】D

【解析】此句含义：如果他们同意了，这就好像你脱离了你的年龄群。与这个语句含义推断相近的选项为D项betray“背叛”。

9.【答案】A

【解析】此句含义：你可以给别人留下很负责任、很主动的印象。此题考点为固定搭配，impress sb.With“给……留下印象”。

10.【答案】B

【解析】此句含义：如果你给别人上述印象，别人就会让你去做自己想做的事情。A项specification“规格”；B项authority“权利，职权”；C项priority“优先权”；D项instruction“指导”。

Practice Seven

Fear is often a 1 emotion.When you become frightened，many physical changes occur within your body.Your heartbeat and 2 quicken；your pupils expand to admit more light；large quantities of energy-producing adrenaline（肾上激素）are poured into your bloodstream. 3 a fire or accident，fear can 4 life-saving flight.Similarly，when a danger is psychological rather than physical，fear can force you to take self-protective measures.It is only when fear is disproportional to the danger 5 that it becomes a problem.

Some people are simply more vulnerable 6 fear than others.A visit to the newborn nursery of any large hospital will demonstrate that，from the moment of their births，a few fortunate respond calmly to sudden fear-producing situations such as a loudly slammed door.Yet a neighbour in the next bed may cry out with profound fright.From birth，he or she is more 7 learn fearful responses because he or she has inherited a tendency to be more 8 .

Further，psychologists know that our early experiences and relationships strongly 9

and determine our later fears.A young man named Bill，for example，grew up with a father who regarded each adversity as a 10 obstacle to be overcome with imagination and courage.Using his father as a model，Bill came to welcome adventure and to trust his own ability to solve problem.

1.A.useful B.unbeneficial C.strong D.mixed

2.A.steps B.pace C.responses D.breath

3.A.Suffering from B.Confronted with

C.In relation to D.In the face of

4.A.avoid B.hinder C.delay D.fuel

5.A.at hand B.in hand C.to hand D.by hand

6.A.in B.to C.at D.on

7.A.tend to B.attendant upon C.prone to D.subjected to

8.A.sensory B.sensible C.sensational D.sensitive

9.A.affect B.hinder C.avoid D.shape

10.A.temporary B.permanent C.unconquered D.formidable

短文概要

本文讨论恐惧的好处以及早期经历对人之后恐惧心理的影响。

答案及解析

1.【答案】A

【解析】解此题需要参看下面的信息来确定哪个形容词适合在这里形容恐惧。当你害怕的时候，出现许多身体变化。后面的内容就要具体看出现哪些变化，且这些变化是积极的还是消极的。因而这道题需要解决所有其他题目之后再决定。此句属于主题句。整个段落都在讲述恐惧的好处，故答案为A。

2.【答案】C

【解析】根据具体的身体变化可以推断空白处的答案。“你的心跳加快，瞳孔放大以接受更多的光，大量用来产生能量的肾上腺激素进入血流。”如果仅仅看本句，可以排除A和B。这时需要继续往下看相关信息。“当遇到火灾或事故的时候，恐惧有助于逃命。”看到这里就可以判断此题C项response反应加快要比breath呼吸加快更恰当。

3.【答案】B

【解析】在做出正确选项前，可以推断此处的含义为“遇到火灾或事故”。可以排除C项in relation to“和……有关”。A项suffer from“遭受”，D项in the face of“面对”；二者虽然含义与此句吻合，但是这两个词组的主语通常为人，因而在这里不合语法。故答案为B

4.【答案】D

【解析】此题解题的关键在于similarly，意为“同样”，即用后面的已知信息推知前面的含义。“同样，当危险是心理上的而不是身体上的，恐惧可以迫使你启用自我保护的措施。”因而可以推断前面的未知信息是有助于或者促进逃命的含义。答案为fuel，原意为“提供燃料”。

5.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点为形近词组辨析。A项at hand意为“在手边，在附近，即将到来”；B项in hand“在手头，在进行中”；C项to hand“在手边，随时可以得到”，例如：I’m afraid I don’t have the latest figures to hand.恐怕我手头没有最新的数据。D项by hand“手工的，专人送递的”。此句为强调句，含义为：只有当恐惧与即将到来的危险不成比例的时候，它才成为一个问题。

6.【答案】B

【解析】此题为固定搭配，be vulnerable to“易受……影响”，此句含义：一些人比其他人更容易受恐惧的影响。

7.【答案】C

【解析】本段举例新生儿。A项tend to“倾向于”，意思吻合但不合语法，这个词组为动词短语，不与be动词连用。B项be attendant upon“随之而来的”，例如：We had all the usual problems attendant upon starting a new business.我们遇到了创业时通常会出现的所有问题。C项be prone to“易于遭受，有做……的倾向”，例如：Working without a break makes you are prone to error.连续工作不停歇使你更容易出错。D项be subjected to“使服从”。此句含义：从出生开始，他或她就更容易开始学习恐惧的反应，因为他或她与生俱来有一种对事物更敏感的趋势。故答案为C。

8.【答案】D

【解析】此题考点为形近词辨析。A项sensory“感官的”；B项sensible“明智的”；C项sensational“轰动性的，极好的”；D项sensitive“敏感的”。句意参看第7题。

9.【答案】D

【解析】此题解题关键在于后面的例子，例子的含义可以推出主题句的大意。D项shape表示“形成”，与determine近义，故D为答案。

10.【答案】A

【解析】事例告诉我们这个叫Bill的年轻人由他父亲抚养长大，他的父亲把每一个挫折视为暂时的困难，并且相信智慧和勇气可以战胜困难。根据这句话的含义，他父亲坚定地认为困难不是不可战胜的。A项temporary“暂时的”；B项permanent“永久的”；C项unconquered“不可战胜的”；D项formidable“令人可怕的”。只有A符合他父亲对困难的态度。

Practice Eight

Statuses are marvelous human 1 that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we“fit”in society.As we 2 our everyday lives，we mentally attempt to place people 3 their statuses.For example，we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian，whether the telephone caller is a friend or a salesman，whether the unfamiliar person on our property is a thief or a meter reader，and so on.

The statuses we 4 often vary with the people we encounter，and change throughout life.Most of us can，at very high speed，assume the statuses that various situations require.Much of social interaction consists of 5 and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in relation to us.This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a 6 mental process of 7 and interpretation.Although some of us find the task more difficult than others，most of us perform it rather 8 .

A status has been compared to ready-made clothes.Within certain limits，the buyer can choose style and fabric.But an American is not free to choose the costume（服装）of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince.We must choose from among the clothing presented by our society.Furthermore，our choice is limited to a size that will fit，as well as by our pocketbook（钱包）.Having made a choice within these limits we can have certain 9 made，but 10 minor adjustments，we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks.Statuses too come ready made，and the range of choice among them is limited.

1.A.discoveries B.inventions C.creations D.innovation

2.A.go about B.go by C.go down D.go through

3.A.in relation to B.in line with C.in the light of D.on account of

4.A.resume B.assume C.consume D.distinguish

5.A.recognizing B.realizing C.identifying D.interpreting

6.A.instant B.temporary C.permanent D.constant

7.A.trials B.praise C.appraisal D.consideration

8.A.effortlessly B.unendurably C.knottily D.smoothly

9.A.alternations B.alterations C.alternatives D.decisions

10.A.far from B.in terms of C.apart from D.in view of

短文概要

本文就人类的身份进行讨论。

答案及解析

1.【答案】B

【解析】A项discovery“发现”，常表示“原来存在，后来被发现的事物”；B项invention发明；C项creation“创作”；D项innovation作为不可数名词，含义为“创新，改革”。作为可数名词含义为“新思想，新方法”。此句含义：身份地位是人类的发明创造，它使我们能够彼此相处，并且决定了我们在社会中适合的位置。故B为答案。

2.【答案】A

【解析】此题为形近词组辨析。A项go about着手做某事，例如：How can I go about a part-time job？我怎样才能找到一份兼职呢？B项go by①（时间）逝去，过去，例如：Things will get easier as time goes by.随着时间的推移，事情会越来越简单。②遵循（某事物），例如：That is the rule you have to go by.这个规则你必须遵守。C项go down下沉，下跌，例如：The price of oil is going down.油价正在下跌。D项go through①仔细察看，例如：I used to start the day by going through e-mails.过去我常常是从查看邮件开始我新的一天。②经历，遭受，例如：He went through a tough period during the war.战争期间他经历了很困难的时期。③用完，耗尽，例如：The child went through the whole loaf of bread after school.放学后这个孩子吃光了整条面包。此句含义：当我们开始一天的生活时，我们会试图从情感上根据地位将人们划分归类。故答案为A。

3.【答案】C

【解析】A项in relation to“和……有关”；B项in line with符合；C项in the light of“根据，依照”；D项on account of“由于，因为”，例如：She retired earlier on account of poor health.她因为身体不好提早退休了。原句含义参见第2题。

4.【答案】B

【解析】A项resume“恢复”；B项assume“假定”；C项consume“消费”；D项distinguish“分辨”。根据原文大意：我们假定的身份地位因我们遇到的人而有所不同，并且在一生中都会发生变化。

5.【答案】C

【解析】A项recognize“认出某人”；B项realize“认识到……”；C项identify“鉴别，确定”；D项interpret“解释，说明”。此句含义：社会交往包含在适合的身份地位中确定、选择并且允许其他的人认定他们和我们有关的身份地位。C项符合句意。

6.【答案】D

【解析】此题较难。A项instant“立即的，快速的”；B项temporary“临时的”；C项permanent“永久的”；D项constant“持续的”。此句含义：这就意味着我们要根据时刻进行的解释和评价使我们的行为符合其他人的行为。这一过程不是一朝一夕，应该是持久的。这也符合本段第1句话告诉我们的：变化调整要伴随一生。（The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter，and change throughout life.）

7.【答案】C

【解析】A项trial“试验”；B项praise“表扬”；C项appraisal“评价，评估”；D项consideration“考虑”。只有C符合本句含义。原文含义参看第6题。

8.【答案】A

【解析】此题解题关键在于although这个连词，这就告诉我们空白处应该为difficult的反义词。A项effortlessly“不费力气地”；B项unendurably“无法忍受地，不能持久地”；C项knottily“棘手地，困难多地”；D项smoothly“平稳地”。

9.【答案】B

【解析】此段落用一个比喻做进一步的阐述。A项alternation“交替，轮流”；B项alteration“改变”；C项alternative“选择”；D项decision“决定”。此题关键在于but后面的minor adjustments微调。因而答案为B。

10.【答案】C

【解析】A项far from“远离，远非”；B项in terms of“根据，按照”；C项apart from“除……之外”；D项in view of“考虑到，由于”。此句含义：除了做一点微调，我们总是局限于货架上现有的货品。只有C项符合此句的逻辑关系。

Practice Nine

Most children with healthy appetites are ready to eat almost anything that is offered them and a child rarely dislikes food 1 it is badly cooked.The 2 a meal is cooked and served is most important and an 3 served meal will often improve a child’s appetite.Never ask a child whether he likes or dislikes a food and never 4 likes and dislikes in front of him or allow anybody else to do so.If the father says he hates fat meat or the mother 5 vegetables in the child’s hearing he is 6 to copy this procedure.Take it for granted that he likes everything and he probably will.Nothing healthful should be 7 from the meal because of a 8 dislike.At meal time it is a good idea to give a child a small 9 and let him come back for a second helping rather than give him as much as he is likely to eat all at once.Do not talk too much to the child during meal time，but let him get on with his food；and do not allow him to leave the table immediately after a meal or he will soon learn to swallow his food so he can hurry back to his toys.Under 10 circumstances must a child be coaxed or forced to eat.

1.A.if B.until C.that D.unless

2.A.procedure B.process C.way D.method

3.A.adequately B.attractively C.urgently D.eagerly

4.A.remark B.tell C.discuss D.argue

5.A.opposes B.denies C.refuses D.offends

6.A.willing B.possible C.obliged D.likely

7.A.omitted B.allowed C.served D.prevented

8.A.supposed B.proved C.considered D.related

9.A.part B.portion C.section D.quotient

10.A.some B.any C.such D.no

短文概要

本文讲述如何促进孩子食欲以及一些教育方面的禁忌。

答案及解析

1.【答案】D

【解析】解此题的关键在于此句的含义及逻辑关系。“许多胃口好的孩子总是能够把食物几乎都吃掉。他们几乎不会讨厌食物，除非食物做得太难吃了。”根据句意和逻辑关系，只有unless这个含有否定含义的连词最合适。2.【答案】C

【解析】A项procedure“程序，手续”；B项process过程；C项way“方式”；D项method“方法”。此句含义：烹饪方式和色泽很关键，菜色很好的食物会促进孩子的食欲。根据这个含义，此题空白处应该为C，意为“做菜和上菜的方式”。

3.【答案】B

【解析】A项adequately“充足地”；B项attractively“诱人地，吸引人地”；C项urgently“迫切地”；D项eagerly“热心地”。根据第2题的大概含义，应该是菜色好的饭菜会促进孩子的食欲。可知attractive符合句意。

4.【答案】C

【解析】A项remark“评论”，与介词on或者upon连用，例如：remark on the subject对于题目的评论。D项argue“争论”，与介词for或者against连用。此句含义：永远不要问孩子是否喜欢还是不喜欢某种食物，也不要在孩子面前讨论喜欢吃的和不喜欢吃的，也不要别人这样做。只有C项既符合句意又符合语法。

5.【答案】C

【解析】A项oppose“反对，对抗”，例如：oppose war and violence反对战争、暴力；B项deny“否认”；D项offend“冒犯，违反”。此题空白处单词应该是hate的近义词，本句大概含义为：如果孩子听到父亲说他不喜欢吃肥肉或者母亲不吃蔬菜，他也可能会这样。C项refuse为答案。

6.【答案】D

【解析】此题表示还有也有可能像父母那样。表可能性的说法只有D项be likely to do sth.。A项be willing to do自愿做某事；B项possible，句型为it is possible for sb.to do sth.。C项be obliged to do sth.“不得不，必须做”，例如：I felt obliged to leave after such an unpleasant quarrel.发生了这样不愉快的争吵之后，我觉得有必要离开。

7.【答案】A

【解析】此题解题的关键在于主语nothing healthful。根据对文章主旨含义的掌握可以判断，有营养的食物绝对不应该因为认为不喜欢就不去吃，主语为否定词，因而A为正确答案。

8.【答案】A

【解析】参照此句的大意：有营养的食物不应该因为认为不喜欢就不去吃。只有A符合句意。

9.【答案】B

【解析】此句大意：就餐时，给孩子一小份比较好，让他能再要一次（食物），而不是一次就给他他可能吃完的量。根据句中的as much as he is likely to eat all以及come back for a second helping可以推断前面为一小份。A项part“部分”，部件；B项portion“（食物）一份”；C项section“部门”；D项quotient“份额”。故B为答案。

10.【答案】D

【解析】此句话为倒装句。根据全文对于孩子吃饭的观念，可以判断这里的含义大概为：不要哄骗或者强迫孩子吃饭。因而空白处应该为否定词，under no circumstance这里的含义就是“在任何情况下都不要……”。

Practice Ten

In 1 children，every parent watches eagerly the child’s 2 of each new skill—the first spoken words，the first independent steps，or the beginning of reading and writing.It is often 3 to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate，but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child.This might happen at any stage.A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early，a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads.On the other hand，though，if a child is left alone too much，or without any learning opportunities，he loses his natural 4 for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.

Patents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children.Some may be especially strict in money matters.Others sever over time of coming home at night or punctuality for meals. 5 ，the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child’s own happiness.

As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child， 6 is very important in 7 teaching.To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality.Also，parents should realize that“example is better than 8 ”.If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach（说教），their children may grow 9 ，and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves，and realize they have been to some extent fooled.

A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents’ 10 and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment.

1.A.bringing about B.bringing up C.bringing down D.bringing in

2.A.acquisition B.attainment C.achievement D.performance

3.A.forcing B.persuading C.allowing D.tempting

4.A.potential B.talent C.enthusiasm D.capability

5.A.First of all B.In detail C.Above all D.In general

6.A.patience B.consistency C.consideration D.strictness

7.A.maternal B.paternal C.parental D.school

8.A.blame B.precept C.action D.revile

9.A.timid B.naughty C.confused D.disappointed

10.A.principles B.principals C.morale D.instructions

短文概要

本文论述父母应该如何教育孩子，以及在教育过程中父母的一些错误行为。

答案及解析

1.【答案】B

【解析】A项bring about“引起，导致”，例如：What brought about his change in his attitude？什么使得他改变了态度？B项bring up“抚养，提出（讨论等），呕吐”；C项bring down“减少，打败”；D项bring in“提出（新法案等）”。

这句话是指在抚养孩子过程中，因而答案为B。

2.【答案】A

【解析】A项acquisition“（知识、技能等）获得，得到”；B项attainment“成就，造诣，达到，获得（success in achieving sth.）”；C项achievement“成就”；D项performance“表演，表现”。此句含义：父母们总是很热切地观察自己的孩子学会每一个新技能。所以答案为A。

3.【答案】D

【解析】此句解题的关键在于上下文的逻辑关系。根据第2题可以知道在抚养孩子的过程中，父母们都急切地观察孩子学会每一个新技能。此题所在句子继续告诉我们：这也就使得家长急切地希望孩子能超越自然学习的频率而超前学习，但是这就导致孩子心理上危险的失败感和担忧。能与上下文父母急切的心情和做法一致的选项就只有tempt to do sth.，表示“诱使，对做什么事情动了心”。

4.【答案】C

【解析】前文提到由于父母急切的心情，使得孩子会超前学习的情况。on the other hand表示“另一方面”。“如果一个孩子不被关注，或者没有学习机会，他就失去了为自己学习新知识的愿望。”此空白处应该为desire的近义词。A项potential潜能；B项talent“才能，天赋”；C项enthusiasm“热情”；D项capability“能力”。只有C项表示一种愿望和想法，因而为正确答案。

5.【答案】D

【解析】A与C选项为近义词组，表示“首先，首要的是”；B项in detail“详尽地”；D项in general表示总结性，意思是“概括地说，总的来说”。此句话是基于上述父母对孩子的限制和严格管教做出的总结性论述，因而D为答案。

6.【答案】B

【解析】as regards“关于，至于”。此句含义：就儿童成长过程中道德标准的形成而言，某事是至关重要的。此题解题的关键在于下面的具体论述。下一句话提到：不要一天禁止一件事，而第二天就原谅了，毫无道德基础。这也就说明：在教育孩子的时候，要前后保持一致。四个备选单词中只有B项consistency表示“一致性，连贯性”，为正确选项。

7.【答案】C

【解析】通篇在讲述父母应该如何教育孩子。A项maternal“母亲的”；B项paternal“父亲的”；C项parental“父母的”。文章没有提到学校教育该如何进行，因而D项与文章无关。

8.【答案】B

【解析】此题解题的关键也在于下一句话。题目这句话大意为榜样比某某更好。下一句提到如果父母不真诚，并不按照他们说教的去做，他们的孩子……。从这句话可以判断题目真正的含义为“身教胜于言教”。B项precept为“规则”，与“言教”近义，是正确选项。D项revile为“辱骂，斥责”。

9.【答案】C

【解析】前言中提到父母要注意“身教胜于言教”。如果父母不这样去做，说一套做一套，孩子就会……。从字里行间可以推断孩子可能会不知所措，很困惑。A项timid胆小，怯懦；B项naughty“淘气的”；C项confused“困惑不解的”；D项disappointed“失望的”。故答案为C。

10.【答案】A

【解析】此题解题的关键在于后面的单词morals（道德标准），空白处需要一个与之近义的单词。Principle含义为“原则”；principal为名词时，含义为“校长”，为形容词时，含义为“主要的”；morale含义为“士气”；instruction含义为“指示，指导”。A项与morals近义。

Practice Eleven

With 950 million people，India ranks second to China among the most populous countries.But since China 1 a family planning program in 1971，India has been 2 the gap.Indians have reduced their birth rate but not nearly as much as the Chinese have.If current growth rates continue，India’s population will 3 China’s around the year 2028 at about 1.7 billion.Should that happen，it won’t be the 4 of the enlightened women of Kerala，a state in southern India. 5 India as a whole adds almost 20 million people a year，Kerala’s population is virtually stable.The reason is no mystery：nearly two-thirds of Kerala women practice birth control，compared with about 40%in the entire nation.

The difference 6 the emphasis put on health programs，including birth control，by the state authorities，which in 1957 became India’s first elected Communist government.And an educational tradition and matrilineal（母系的）customs in parts of Kerala help girls and boys get equally good schooling.While one in three Indian women is 7 ，90%of those in Kerala can read and write.

Higher literacy rates 8 Family planning.“Unlike our Parents，we know that we can do more for our children if we have fewer of them，”says Laila Cherian，33，who lives in the Village of Kudamaloor.She has Limited herself to three children—one below the national 9 of four.That kind of restraint will keep Kerala from putting added 10 on world food supplies.

1.A.discover B.circulated C.launched D.transmitted

2.A.closing B.widening C.getting D.bridging

3.A.shake B.pass C.rocket D.impress

4.A.force B.fight C.false D.fault

5.A.As B.When C.While D.Since

6.A.lies in B.shows off C.results in D.departs from

7.A.cultural B.literate C.native D.responsible

8.A.foster B.hamper C.reform D.advocate

9.A.statistics B.average C.tendency D.category

10.A.increase B.challenge C.pressure D.complaint

短文概要

本文讲述了印度人口增长的状况，以及通过印度的一个城市人口控制的成功说明计划生育的实施与受教育程度的关系。

答案及解析

1.【答案】C

【解析】文章首句提到世界上人口最众多国家中，印度人口9.5亿，仅次于中国。rank second to含义为“排名……之后”。family planning“计划生育”。A项discover“发现”；B项circulate“使流通，使运行”；C项launch“（计划等）发动，发起”；D项transmit“传输，传播”。

2.【答案】A

【解析】由于中国在1971年实行了计划生育，因而印度缩小了差距。（由于实行计划生育，中国人口数下降或增长缓慢，而印度人口发展趋势不减，所以两国之间的差距在缩小。）正确答案为A，相当于narrow；B项widen含义为“扩大”；D项bridge作为动词，表示“弥补差距”或“消除隔阂”。

3.【答案】B

【解析】此句话上下文的含义为：印度的出生率已经下降，但下降的不及中国。如果现有这样的增长继续，到了2028年印度人口将会超过中国，达到17亿。根据上下文含义推测，只有B符合句意，表示“超过”。C项rocket“飞速上升”；D项impress“给……留下印象”。

4.【答案】D

【解析】此句为省略If的虚拟条件句。“如果这一切真的发生，这不是位于印度南部的Kerala这个地区的开明女性的错误。”此空白处需要一个名词表示“错误”，因而选项D为正确答案。

5.【答案】C

【解析】此句含义：印度每年整体人口增长大约为2000万，Kerala地区人口增长很稳定。此句话的逻辑关系为对比，因而选项C为正确选项。as a whole“总体上”，stable“稳定的”。

6.【答案】A

【解析】此句含义：这一差异在于对医疗项目的重视，包括对计划生育的重视。lie in表示“（问题、差异）在于……”，例如：The key to teaching lies in patience.教学的关键在于耐心。B项show off“卖弄，炫耀”；C项result in“导致”；D项depart from“离开”。

7.【答案】B

【解析】while表示对比，此句含义：三分之一的印度妇女能够……，在Kerala地区的90%妇女可以读写。数量上的对比，因而空白处应该是read and write的近义词。B项literate的含义为“有文化的，能读写的”，为正确选项。并且，在下面一句话也再次出现正确答案，literacy为literate的名词，意为“读写能力，识字”。

8.【答案】A

【解析】解此题的关键在于后面的具体论述。根据对具体论述的理解可知，Kerala地区人口增长平稳的原因就在于这个地区的妇女文化水平较高。因而此题的大概含义就是高文化水平推动了计划生育。A项foster“培养，鼓励”；B项hamper“妨碍，牵制”；C项reform“改革”；D项advocate“鼓吹”。与句意最接近的选项为A。

9.【答案】B

【解析】举例说明这个地区人口平稳的原因。Laila这个妇女由于有文化，因而认识到如果孩子少一些的话她可以为孩子做更多的事情。因而她只有3个孩子，这要比印度平均数低。所以答案为average。

10.【答案】C

【解析】此句含义：这样的抑制（人口控制）使得该地区远离日益严重的全球粮食供应的压力。故答案为C。

Practice Twelve

Reading involves looking at graphic symbols and formulating mentally the sounds and ideas they represent.Concepts of reading have changed 1 over the centuries.During the 1950’s and 1960’s especially，increased attention has been devoted to defining and describing the reading process.Although specialists agree that reading involves a complex organization of higher mental functions，they disagree on the exact nature of the process.Some experts，who regard language primarily as a code using symbols to represent sounds，view reading as simply the decoding of symbols into the sounds they stand 2 .

These authorities 3 that meaning，being concerned with thinking，must be taught independently of the decoding process.Others maintain that reading is 4 related to thinking，and that a child who pronounces sounds without 5 their meaning is not truly reading.The reader，according to some，is not just a person with a theoretical ability to read but one who actually reads.

Many adults，although they have the ability to read，have never read a book in its entirety.By some expert they would not be 6 as readers.Clearly，the philosophy，objectives，methods and materials of reading will depend on the definition one use.By the most 7 and satisfactory definition，reading is the ability to 8 the sound-symbols code of the language，to interpret meaning for various 9 ，at various rates，and at various levels of difficulty，and to do so widely and enthusiastically. 10 reading is the interpretation of ideas through the use of symbols representing sounds and ideas.

1.A.substantively B.substantially C.substitutively D.subjectively

2.A.by B.to C.off D.for

3.A.content B.contend C.contempt D.contact

4.A.inexplicably B.inexpressibly C.inextricably D.inexpediently

5.A.interpreting B.saying C.explaining D.reading

6.A.regarded B.granted C.classified D.graded

7.A.inclusive B.inclinable C.conclusive D.complicated

8.A.break up B.elaborate C.define D.unlock

9.A.purposes B.degrees C.stages D.steps

10.A.By the way B.In short

C.So far D.On the other hand

短文概要

本文讨论阅读的含义。

答案及解析

1.【答案】B

【解析】文章首句提出此短文的话题：阅读包括看图解符号以及明确地叙述它们所呈现的声音和观点。A项substantively“实质上”；B项substantially“非常地，大大地”；C项substitutively“替代地”；D项subjectively“主观地”。此空白处需要一个程度副词修饰动词change，因而B为正确选项。

2.【答案】D

【解析】A项stand by袖手旁观，例如：How could you stand by and do nothing for the poor girl？你怎么能袖手旁观，不为这个可怜的小女孩做点儿什么呢？B和C选项的词组不存在。stand for“代表”，例如：WTO stands for World Trade Organization.WTO代表世界贸易组织。此句含义：一些专家把语言看做是用符号代表声音的编码，这些人把阅读简单地看成是把符号解码成它们所代表的声音。

3.【答案】B

【解析】A项content“内容，满意”；B项contend“主张”；C项contempt“轻蔑”；D项contact“接触，联系”。此处的含义为“这些权威们认为……”。因而B项为正确选项。并且下面一句话中，others与these authorities相对应，而maintain（主张）则与contend对应，为答案复现。

4.【答案】A

【解析】A项inexplicably“费解地，无法解释地”；B项inexpressibly“不能表达地”；C项inextricably“无法分开地”；D项inexpediently“不适宜地”。此句含义：另一些专家认为，阅读和思维有着一种无法解释的关系。

5.【答案】A

【解析】此句含义：（那些专家）还认为一个发音但没有解释含义的孩子没有在真正地阅读。interpret的含义为“用语言解释、说明”。

6.【答案】C

【解析】此段落首句告诉我们：尽管许多成年人有能力阅读，但他们从不完整地阅读。A项be regarded as被看做是……。B项granted，固定搭配通常为take sth.for granted“认为……理所应当”；C项be classified as“被划分、被界定为……”。D项be graded as“划分等级”。此句的含义为：根据某类专家的观点，他们不能界定为阅读者。并且下一句中的definition也给予此题解题的关键词。

7.【答案】C

【解析】解此题的关键在于satisfactory，意为“令人满意的”，空白处应该为satisfactory的近义词。此句含义：根据最确实的、最满意的定义，阅读……。A项inclusive“包含的，包括的”；B项inclinable“倾向于……”；C项conclusive“最后的，确实的”；D项complicated“复杂的”。

8.【答案】D

【解析】此句为阅读的定义：阅读就是为了解释说明各种目的的含义，解开语言声音符号密码的能力。A项break up“破裂，中断”；B项elaborate“精心制作、详尽阐述”；C项define“下定义”；D项unlock“解开”。故D项符合句意。

9.【答案】A

【解析】此句含义参看第8题，为了各种目的。正确选项为A。

10.【答案】B

【解析】根据此句话可以推断出这句话为总结性的语句。A项by the way“顺便说一下”；B项in short“简而言之”；C项so far“迄今为止”；D项on the other hand“另一方面”。只有B项为总结性的短语。

Practice Thirteen

Culture shock might be called a（n） 1 disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad.Like most ailments，it has its own symptoms cure.

Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and 2 of social intercourse.Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we 3 ourselves to the situation of daily life：when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people，when and how to give tips，how to 4 purchases，when to accept and when to refuse invitations，when to take statements seriously and when not.These cues，which may be words，gestures，facial expressions，customs，or norms，are 5 by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept.All of us depend on our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues，most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.

Now when an individual enters a strange culture，all or most of these familiar cues are 6 .He or she is like a fish out of water.No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be，a series of props have been knocked from under you，followed by feeling of frustration and 7 .People react to the frustration in much the same way.First they 8 the environment which causes the discomfort.“The ways of the 9 country are bad because they make us feel bad.”When foreigners in a strange land get together to 10 about the host country and its people，you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.

1.A.acute B.chronic C.infectious D.occupational

2.A.symbols B.signals C.indications D.clues

3.A.familiarize B.orient C.convert D.contribute

4.A.do B.accomplish C.complete D.make

5.A.required B.inquired C.acquired D.acknowledged

6.A.adjusted B.modified C.rejected D.removed

7.A.nervousness B.anxiety C.excitement D.grief

8.A.remove B.refuse C.reject D.leave

9.A.guest B.target C.host D.master

10.A.grouse B.appraise C.comment D.unsatisfied

短文概要

本文简述文化冲击的成因以及表现。

答案及解析

1.【答案】D

【解析】空白处需要一个形容词修饰disease疾病。A项acute disease“急性病”；B项chronic disease“慢性病”；C项infectious disease“传染性疾病”；D项occupational“职业病”。正确选项由后面的定语从句界定：文化冲突可以称作是一种职业病，突然移居国外的人常患此病。根据句意，正确选项为D。

2.【答案】A

【解析】解此题的关键在于前面的单词signs，空白处应该为这个单词的近义词。symbol“符号，标志”；signal“信号”；indication“指示”；clue“线索”。此句含义：文化冲突是由于在社会交往中，我们所有熟悉的标志和符号的消失引起的。

3.【答案】B

【解析】此题解题的关键在于后面的介词搭配to。A项familiarize oneself/sb.with sth.“使熟悉，了解”，例如：I need time to familiarize yourself with our office procedures.我需要时间熟悉办公程序。B项orient sb.to/towards to sth.“使适应，确定方向”，例如：New students should orient themselves to everything in the new school soon.新生应该尽快适应新学校的一切。C项convert sth. （from sth.）into sth.“使转变”，例如：The hotel is going to be converted into a nursing home.这家饭店将要变成一所养老院。D项contribute to“为……做贡献”。此句含义：那些符号包括一千零一种使我们适应日常生活各种状况的方式。根据句意，正确选项为B。

4.【答案】D

【解析】此题考点为固定搭配，含义为“买东西”，只有D项make可以与purchases搭配。

5.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点为形近词辨析。require“要求”；inquire“询问”；acquire“获得”；acknowledge“承认”。此句含义：这些暗示，也许是文字、手势、面部表情、习俗或者规则，都是在成长的过程中获得的。C项acquire吻合句意。in the course of“在……过程中”。

6.【答案】D

【解析】此题解题需要了解本句和下一句的含义。“当一个人进入到一个陌生的文化中，所有或者大多数的熟悉的暗示不见了。他或她就像是离开水的鱼。”A项adjust“调整”；B项modify“更改”；C项reject“拒绝，抛弃”；D项remove“移动，消除”。D项符合句意。

7.【答案】B

【解析】此题解题的关键在于frustration沮丧，空白处应该为这个词的近义词。原文大意是：无论心胸多么宽阔，多么善意，你都可能遇到一系列的问题，随之而来的就是沮丧和不安。

8.【答案】C

【解析】根据原文大意，首先人们会排斥让他们感到不适的环境。因而空白处的含义为“拒绝接受、排斥”。只有C项符合此意。

9.【答案】C

【解析】此题为答案复现，在最后一句话中出现了答案host。这里host country的含义为“外国人身处的国家”。

10.【答案】A

【解析】此题解题的关键在于“动词+介词搭配”，grouse about“埋怨，发牢骚”；appraise“评价，评估”；comment与介词on或者upon连用，含义为“表达意见”；unsatisfied为形容词，固定搭配为be unsatisfied with，意为“对……不满意”。

Practice Fourteen

One aspect of American culture is a great belief in independence and 1 .Children are encouraged to be independent.Many children are given 2 Americans call a“weekly allowance”and are 3 to have part-time jobs at young age：for boys，newspaper routes，and for girls，baby-sitting.Parents often encourage their children to open bank accounts，and some high school and college students have their own credit cards.

Although American families stress independence，America is also a youth-oriented nation in America，a great deal of public attention is paid to children.In many American families，husband and wife will 4 up their own plans to go to a vacation 5 in order to please their children by choosing amusement parks like Disney World and Disneyland.The toy industry in America is large and 6 rapidly.Americans buy expensive toys for their children.For an American family，Christmas，Easter，and a child’s birthday are 7 events.All of these holidays 8 on the children.Many American couples form friendships based upon their children’s friendships.For instance，two couples often become friends because their children are friends.Television shows on Saturday morning are 9 to children，and a lot of advertising is aimed 10 children.

1.A.self-respect B.self-defence C.self-discipline D.self-reliance

2.A.what B.which C.that D.when

3.A.forced B.inspired C.considered D.forbidden

4.A.keep B.turn C.give D.put

5.A.spot B.district C.zone D.park

6.A.enlarging B.increasing C.growing D.enhancing

7.A.major B.critical C.familiar D.domestic

8.A.depend B.fall C.concentrate D.center

9.A.turned B.devoted C.adapted D.adjust

10.A.to B.for C.at D.on

短文概要

本文讲述美国文化中的独立特性以及父母对孩子的重视。

答案及解析

1.【答案】D

【解析】此题解题的关键在于independence的近义词。self-respect自尊；self-defence自我防卫；self-discipline自律；self-reliance依靠自己。

2.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点为语法知识中的名词从句。从句中缺少宾语因而正确选项为A。weekly allowance指的是“零花钱”。

3.【答案】B

【解析】根据上文含义，美国父母希望自己的孩子独立。因而这里应该是父母鼓励孩子在小时候就做兼职。与“鼓励”近义的选项为inspire，意为“激励，鼓励”。

4.【答案】C

【解析】此段首句告诉我们美国家庭重视独立，但是美国同时也是一个关注孩子的国家。因而此句话应该是父母为了取悦孩子放弃自己的度假计划，答案为give up，意为“放弃”。keep up跟上，保持；turn up出现；put up表现，推荐，提升。

5.【答案】A

【解析】此题为固定搭配，vacation spot旅游胜地。

6.【答案】C

【解析】此句含义：由于美国家庭十分重视孩子，因而美国的玩具业也很庞大，发展迅速。只有C项表示“发展”。enlarge扩大；enhance提高，增强。

7.【答案】A

【解析】此句含义：对于美国家庭来说，圣诞节、复活节和孩子的生日都是重大活动。

critical关键的；domestic国内的。

8.【答案】D

【解析】depend on依靠，依赖；concentrate on集中于；center on以……为中心。

9.【答案】B

【解析】此句含义：电视节目和大量广告都是以孩子为目标。turn to转向；be devoted to致力于；adapt to使适合于；adjust to调整以适合于。

10.【答案】C

【解析】aim at表示“以……为目标”，是固定搭配。

Practice Fifteen

In the last fifty years，modern medical research has made a number of important 1 in heart surgery.For example，in 1954，Henry Swan，an American，established cryosurgery—surgery in which the tissue to be cut up is frozen—as a standard procedure.In that landmark operation，Swan 2 the patient’s body temperature and slowed down the patient’s circulation.This 3 the surgeon to perform the operation in a dry area.This technique was successful ever since.

Another major advance was the development of open heart surgery.C.Walter Lillehie first accomplished this in 1954.Although open heart surgery is still a 4 operation，recently surgeons perform it 5 greater and greater success.A discovery that 6 to the success of heart surgery was the use in 1963 of an artificial heart to circulate blood during the operation.This gave the patient greater safety and the doctor，Michael De Baker，more working time.Perhaps the most famous and most promising action in heart surgery was made in 1967 by Christian Barnard，a South African.He attempted to 7 healthy human heart into a person who had a 8 heart.Although the patient only lived for a short while after the operation，Barnard continued his transplants in other patients 9 he hoped to perfect the transplanting operation.We all hope that this important advance in heart surgery can be 10 in the future.

1.A.moves B.changes C.advances D.programs

2.A.maintained B.leveled C.measured D.lowered

3.A.encouraged B.acquired C.required D.urged

4.A.fatal B.dangerous C.rare D.pilot

5.A.with B.by C.for D.in

6.A.contributed B.attributed C.distributed D.committed

7.A.transmit B.employ C.transform D.transplant

8.A.faulty B.defective C.weak D.fragile

9.A.although B.even if C.because D.when

10.A.fostered B.perfected C.promised D.forwarded

短文概要

本文介绍在心脏手术方面的进展。

答案及解析

1.【答案】C

【解析】根据下文可知：近50年来，现代医学研究在心脏手术方面取得了许多重要的进步。advance为“进步”的含义。

2.【答案】D

【解析】根据前文可知，cryosurgery是一种在手术中被切开的细胞组织，是冷冻的。因而此题部分的含义就是病人的体温要降下来，使病人的血液循环缓慢。所以lower正确。

3.【答案】C

【解析】此句含义：这就要求外科医生要在比较干燥的环境下进行手术。require“要求做……”。

4.【答案】B

【解析】本句前文提到另一个开心手术的进步。根据此句话although所提示的逻辑关系，再加上后面的success，因而可以判断这样的手术风险大。A项fatal“致命的，致死的”；B项dangerous“危险的”。

5.【答案】A

【解析】此题为介词搭配。with success相当于successfully。

6.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点为固定搭配，contribute to含义为“贡献于”，此句含义：促成心脏手术的发现是1963年在手术中使用人造心脏形成血液循环。

7.【答案】D

【解析】根据上下文可以推断，这个医生试图将一个健康人的心脏移植到有心脏病的病人身上。符合这一含义的只有D项transplant“移植（器官）”。并且在下文出现答案选项，属于答案复现。

8.【答案】B

【解析】根据第7题得知空白处应该为有心脏病缺陷的病人。A项faulty“有错误的”；B项defective“有缺陷的，有毛病的”；C项weak“虚弱的”；D项fragile“易碎的，脆弱的”。故答案为B。

9.【答案】C

【解析】此题测试考生对原文语句逻辑关系的理解。“尽管那个进行心脏移植手术的病人术后只存活了一小会儿，但这个医生继续在其他病人身上进行移植，因为他希望能完善移植手术。”空白处应该为因果关系，故C为正确答案。

10.【答案】B

【解析】第9题提到这个医生的不懈努力，因而在这句话中“我们也希望心脏手术这一重大进步能在今后更加完善”。B符合句意。

Practice Sixteen

American and Chinese cultures are 1 in some ways.An American hostess， 2 for her culinary（烹饪）skill，is likely to say，“Oh，I’m so glad you liked it.I cooked it especially for you.”Not so a Chinese hostess，who will instead 3 for giving you nothing even slightly 4 and for not showing you enough honor 5 providing proper dishes.

The same rules hold true 6 children.American parents speak proudly of their children’s achievements，telling how Johnny made the school team or Jane made the honor roll.Not so Chinse parents，whose children，even if at the top of their class in school，are always so“naughty”，never studying，never listening to their elders，and so forth.

The Chinse take pride in“modesty”；Americans 7 “straightforwardness”.This modesty has left many a Chinese hungry at an American table，for Chinese 89 three refusals before one accepts an offer，and American hosts take a“no”to mean“no”，whether it’s the first，second，or third time.

Recently，a member of a delegation sent to China by a large American corporation complained to me about how the Chinese had asked them three times if they would be willing to change some proposal，and each time the Americans had said“no”clearly and 10 .My friend was angry that the Chinese had not taken his word the first time.I recognized the problem immediately and wondered why the Americans had not studied up on cultural difference before coming to China.It would have saved everyone a lot of perplexity and needless frustration in their negotiations.

1.A.similar B.familiar C.opposite D.adverse

2.A.complimented B.compiled C.complemented D.commented

3.A.praise B.apologize C.be disappointed D.be satisfied

4.A.eligible B.illegible C.suitable D.edible

5.A.for B.on C.by D.in

6.A.regard for B.with regard to C.regardless of D.regard as

7.A.in B.of C.for D.on

8.A.frankness B.cautions C.uprightness D.politeness

9.A.calls on B.calls for C.calls up D.calls in

10.A.ambiguously B.roughl C.definitely D.arbitrarily

短文概要

本文介绍中美两国餐桌文化的差异。

答案及解析

1.【答案】C

【解析】根据下文美国文化和中国文化的对比，可以得知文章首句的含义为“两国文化在某种程度上完全相反”。这样可以排除A项similar和B项familiar。D项adverse“敌对的，对立的”。

2.【答案】A

【解析】根据后面美国女主人的回答，可以知道此空白处的含义为“称赞”。compliment称赞；compile编纂；complement补充；comment评价。故答案为A。

3.【答案】B

【解析】此句话一开头就知道中国女主人不是这样的。根据对中国文化的背景知识再加上对此句句意的理解，此题应该为B。此句含义：中国女主人会因没有为客人准备什么而道歉。

4.【答案】D

【解析】此句含义上接第3题，指的是没什么可吃的。A项eligible“符合条件的”；B项illegible“字迹模糊的，难以辨认的”；C项suitable“适合的”；D项edible“可以食用的”。

5.【答案】C

【解析】此句含义：通过……方式表达对客人的尊敬。因而使用介词by。

6.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点为形近词词组辨析。A项regard for表示“对……的尊敬”，例如：He had a high regard for the professor.他非常敬重这位教授。B项with regard to“关于，至于”。C项regardless of“不顾及”；D项regard as“把……看做是……”。符合句意的只有B。

7.【答案】A

【解析】此题解题的关键在于前面的词组take pride in“为……感到自豪”。分号连接两个并列成分，因而此空白处相当于省略了take pride，介词应该为in。

8.【答案】D

【解析】此题与前面中国人对自己的modesty谦虚感到自豪有关，因而此处应该为politeness，意思是“中国人这种谦虚使得中国人在饭桌上会挨饿，因为他们的礼貌客气使他们在接受一次食物之前要拒绝三次。”A项frankness“坦率”；B项caution“谨小慎微”；C项uprightness“正直”；D项politeness“礼貌客气”，可知D与文中语境相吻合。

9.【答案】B

【解析】此题为形近词组辨析。call on号召，呼吁；call for需要；call up使想起；call in召集。句意参看第8题。

10.【答案】C

【解析】此空白处需要一个与clearly意思相近的副词。A项ambiguously“模棱两可地”；B项roughly“大概地”；C项definitely“明确地，一定地”；D项arbitrarily“武断地”。

Practice Seventeen

More surprising，perhaps，than the current difficulties of traditional marriage is the fact that marriage itself is alive and 1 .As Skolnick notes，Americans are a marrying people：relative to Europeans，more of us marry and we marry at a younger age.Moreover，after a 2 in the early 1970s，the rate of marriage in the United States is now increasing.Even the divorce rate needs to be taken in this pro-marriage context：some 80 percent of divorced individuals remarry.Thus，marriage remains，by far，the 3 way of life for the vast majority of people in our society.

What has changed more than marriage is the 4 family.Twenty-five years ago，the typical American family consisted 5 a husband，a wife，and two or three children.Now，there are many marriages 6 couples have decided not to have any children.And there are many marriages where at least some of the children are from the wife’s previous marriage，or the husband’s，or both.Sometimes these children spend all of their time with one parent from the former marriage；sometimes they are shared between the two former spouses.

7 one can find the very type of family 8 .There are marriages without children；marriages with children from only the present marriage；marriages with “full-time”children from the present marriage and“part-time”children from former marriages.There are stepfathers，stepmothers，half-brothers，and half-sisters.It is not all that 9 for a child to have four parents and eight grandparents！These are enormous changes from the traditional nuclear family.But even so，even in the midst of all this，there remains one 10 ：most Americans spend most of their adult lives married.

1.A.vigilant B.thriving C.surviving D.gloomy

2.A.decline B.incline C.ascent D.inflation

3.A.inevitable B.acceptable C.indomitable D.preferred

4.A.nuclear B.extended C.married D.divorced

5.A.in B.on C.of D.with

6.A.in which B./C.that D.what

7.A.However B.Thus C.Moreover D.In addition

8.A.scale B.range C.arrangement D.extent

9.A.unusual B.ordinary C.universal D.unique

10.A.impressive B.eternal C.indispensable D.constant

短文概要

本文称婚姻仍旧是大多数美国人选择的生活方式，并对因为婚姻所带来的家庭模式的变化作了介绍。

答案及解析

1.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点为上下文。A项vigilant的含义是“警惕的，警觉的”。B项thriving的含义是“兴旺的，繁荣的”。C项surviving的含义是“活着的，依然健在的”。D项gloomy的含义是“阴暗的，令人沮丧的”。解题关键在于并列结

构，and连接两个近义词。根据上下文可以得知目前在美国结婚率很高，即使离婚后再婚的人仍是大多数。因而空白处需要一个表示褒义的词。因而选项B最符合句意。

2.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点为上下文。A项decline“拒绝，下降”；B项incline“倾斜，斜面”；C项ascent“上升，提升”；D项inflation“膨胀，通货膨胀”。根据后句我们可以得知现在美国的结婚率在上升，这说明20世纪70年代早期结婚率是下降，故选项A为正确。

3.【答案】D

【解析】此题考点为上下文。A项inevitable“不可避免的”；B项acceptable“可接受的”；C项indomitable“不屈不挠的”；D项preferred“更喜欢的”。根据上下文的含义，美国现在的结婚率在上升，甚至80%离婚者会再婚。第1段最后一句是总结句，含义是：因而，婚姻仍是这个社会绝大多数人更喜欢的生活方式，故选项D符合句意。

4.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点是上下文。本段讲述家庭结构的变化，针对过去的夫妻二人和孩子的家庭结构，现在婚姻家庭中有的不要孩子，有的孩子可能是上段婚姻所带来的孩子等等。根据这些细节描述可知是指核心家庭结构的变化，故选项A正确。extended family指的是多代人同住屋檐下的情况。另外短文最后也提到核心家庭出现很多变化，此题属于原词再现。

5.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点为词组搭配。consist与介词of连用，表示“由……构成”，故选项C正确。

6.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点为语法结构。此句为定语从句，先行词是marriages，在从句中充当状语，即：couples have decided not to have any children in the marriages，故选项A正确。在下一句中有同样的结构，引导从句的关联词是where，从中可知选项A与where作用相同。

7.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点为上下文。通过理解第2段和第3段可知：第3段是根据第2段婚姻中的核心家庭孩子的变化而进一步阐述各种美国家庭结构，故从逻辑关系上看存在因果关系。选项B thus的含义是“因为这样”，故为正确答案。

8.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点为上下文。这一段阐述的具体内容是有关各种美国婚姻家庭结构，故

与家庭的规模、范围等都无关，family arrangement最符合阐述内容。

9.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点为上下文。前一句讲到由于婚姻家庭的变化，离婚后新组合的家庭使得家庭中出现继父继母，同母异父或同父异母的兄弟姐妹。所以一个孩子有四个父母、八个祖父母不足为奇。此句中已经出现否定词not，故需要一个反义形容词构成双否结构表肯定，选项A为答案。

10.【答案】D

【解析】此题考点为上下文。A项impressive“印象深刻的”；B项eternal“不朽的”；C项indispensable“必不可少的”；D项持久的。通过全文阐述都在说明婚姻是美国人生活的主要方式，无论离婚与否，婚姻仍旧是美国人更愿意选择的生活方式，故选项D符合短文含义。

Practice Eighteen

Visual impairment carries with 1 ability to travel through one’s physical and social environment until adequate orientation and mobility skills have been established.Because observational skills are more limited，self-control within the immediate surroundings is limited.The visually impaired person is less able to anticipate 2 situations or obstacles to avoid.

Orientation refers to the 3 map one has of one’s surroundings and to the relationship between self and that environment.It is best generated by moving through the environment and 4 together relationships，object by object，in an organized approach.With 5 visual feedback to reinforce this map，a visually impaired person must rely on memory for key landmarks and other clues，which enable visually impaired persons to 6 their position in Space.

Mobility is the ability to travel safely and efficiently from one point to another within one's physical and social environment.Good orientation skills are necessary to good mobility skills.Once visually impaired students learn to travel safely as pedestrians（行人）they also need to learn to use public transportation to become as 7 as possible.

To meet the 8 demands of the visually impaired person，there is a sequence of instruction that begins during the preschool years and may continue after high school.Many visually impaired children lack adequate concepts regarding time and space or objects and events in their environment.During the early years much attention is focused on the development of some fundamental 9 ，such as inside or outside，in front of or behind，fast or slow，which are essential to safe， 10 travel through familiar and unfamiliar settings.

1.A.complex B.vital C.restricted D.remarkable

2.A.varying B.difficult C.hazardous D.distressfu

3.A.mental B.visual C.graphic D.demographic

4.A.putting B.getting C.reinforcing D.piecing

5.A.few B.little C.much D.inadequate

6.A.testify B.affirm C.identify D.certify

7.A.flexible B.independent C.frequent D.skillful

8.A.expanding B.extending C.continual D.desperate

9.A.behaviors B.concepts C.awareness D.memory

10.A.comfortable B.effective C.efficient D.efficacious

短文概要

本文介绍了视觉障碍的两个关键因素——定位和移动，以及如何帮助视觉障碍的人群。

答案及解析

1.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点为上下文。第1句话是视觉障碍的定义，故应该是能力不足或有限，选项C正确。

2.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点为上下文。此题解题关键可以参考or所连接的并列名词obstacle。这句话的含义是：因为有视觉障碍的人的观察技能比较有限，所以他们在所处环境中的自控能力有限。因此不能预先估计危险状况或者应该避免的障碍。

3.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点是上下文。本段讲述定位，并且第1句话即为定义。根据本段的细节信息可知视觉障碍的人无法形成视觉图像，故只能依靠移动过程中对于所触及的物体或者地标进行记忆，形成大脑中的图像以保证确定自己的方位。故选项A最符合本段含义。graphic的含义是“图表”；demographic的含义是“人口统计学的”。

4.【答案】D

【解析】此题考点为上下文。在移动中，把物体之间的关系按照有序的方式结合起来，这样形成最好的心理地图。piece作为动词其含义是“把碎片结合起来”，故为正确答案。

5.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点为上下文。视觉障碍的人应该是没有视觉反馈的，因而选项B符合句意。本句含义：作为视觉障碍的人，他们不能对物体产生视觉反馈以加强心理地图，因而他们要靠记忆重要地标或线索，确定他们的方位。

6.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点为上下文，且需要形近词辨析。A项testify“证明，作证”；B项affirm“确定，断定”；C项identify“识别，鉴定”；D项certify“保证”。此处含义应该是“通过记忆中的主要地标或者线索确定自己在空间中的位置”，故选项B符合句意。

7.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点为上下文。这个段落介绍移动能力的定义以及对于视觉障碍的人来说移动能力的重要性。段落最后提到“视觉障碍的人既要学会安全行走又要学会使用公共交通，这样做的目的应该是使得他们能够在社会上独立”，故选项B符合语义。句意：一旦视觉障碍的学生学会如何作为行人在路上安全行走，他们也需要学会使用公共交通，以便能够尽可能地独立。

8.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点为固定搭配。A项expanding“扩展的，扩充的”；B项extending“伸展”；C项continual“不断的”；D项desperate“绝望的，不顾一切的”。根据句意可知应该是满足视觉障碍人更多的需求，所以选项A符合句意。

9.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点为原词再现。上一句提到：许多视觉障碍的孩子缺乏对时间、空间、物体或者环境中事件的概念。所以下一句提到在他们早期培训中，重点要集中在他们一些基本概念的建立。根据这一逻辑关系，选项B为答案。

10.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点为上下文。B项有效的，尤指能看得到效果和成效的；D项efficacious的含义是“灵验的，有效的”。最后一句提到这些基本的概念是他们在熟悉或不熟悉环境中安全行走的基础。除了安全以外，符合句意的形容词只有C。

Practice Nineteen

Earth’s creatures evolved on a planet with predictable and reassuring 24-hour 1 .Our biological clocks are set for this daily cycle.Simply，our bodies want to sleep at night and be 2 during the day.Most women and men need between eight and eight and a half hours of sleep a night to function properly throughout their lives.But 3 ，Americans sleep only about seven and a half hour per night. 4 ，nearly one third of all Americans get less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night.

Finding ways to get more and better sleep can be a challenge.Scientists have 5 more than 80 different sleep disorders，some of which are genetic.But many problems are caused by staying up late，by traveling frequently between time zones or by working nights.Sleep disorders are often diagnosed as other 6 .Some patients with possible chronic fatigue syndrome actually have treatable sleep disorders.

Sleep experts say that most people would benefit from a good look at their sleep patterns.“My motto（座右铭）is‘sleep defensively’，”says Mary Carskadon of Brown University.She says people need to 7 sufficient time to sleep，even if it means 8 other things.Sleep 9 -going to bed and getting up at the same time every day-are important.Pre-bedtime activities also make a difference.Those who used to suffered from sleeplessness if changing their lifestyles—avoiding stimulants and late meals，exercising hours before bedtime，relaxing with a hot bath， 10 better sleep.

1.A.duration B.paces C.rhythms D.intervals

2.A.wake B.awake C.waken D.waking

3.A.on average B.at length C.in effect D.in all

4.A.What’s more B.More surprisingly C.What’s worse D.No wonder

5.A.recognized B.identified C.diagnosed D.indicated

6.A.complications B.complaints C.ailments D.discomforts

7.A.carve out B.spare C.squeeze out D.invest

8.A.to give up B.giving up C.to give away D.giving away

9.A.timetable B.routines C.arrangements D.activities

10.A.yield B.generate C.concede D.facilitate

短文概要

本文讲述美国人睡眠不足的状况、成因以及专家建议。

答案及解析

1.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点为搭配。此句的含义是地球上的生物是按照可预测且可靠的24小时的节奏进化而来的。这里能和24小时搭配的只有rhythms。A项duration的含义是“持续时间”，D项interval的含义是“时间间隔”。

2.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点是语法结构。空白处需要一个表语形容词，故只有B是表语形容词。

3.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点为上下文。上一句的含义是大多数的男性和女性需要8～8.5小时的睡眠以保证身体功能正常运转。but转折提到美国人睡眠只有大约7.5小时，这个数字应该是美国人平均睡眠时间，故选项A为正确答案。B项at length详尽地，终于；C项in effect“实际上”；D项in all“总共，总计”。

4.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点为上下文。这句话说道大约三分之一的美国人上夜班睡眠不足6小时。通过这些数字的显示可知问题的严重性在加剧，故选项C可以体现这一情况。D项no wonder的含义是“不足为奇”。

5.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点为搭配。本段第1句是主题句，意思是：寻找睡眠更充足、更香甜的办法是个挑战。紧接着作者说道科学家已经辨认出80多个不同的睡眠紊乱，其中一些是遗传的。recognize承认；identify辨认；diagnose诊断；indicate表明。只有B最符合句意。

6.【答案】D

【解析】此题考点是词义。complication并发症；complaint控诉，疾病。ailment轻微的小病；discomfort不舒服，不适。通过上下文可以得知睡眠紊乱经常诊断为其他不适，这里应该是指身体上的症状，不舒服，而不是指疾病，故选项D正确。

7.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点为词组或单词含义。A项carve out的含义是“艰苦创业，奋斗取得”，例如：Against all odds，he succeeded in carving out a career in the media.他冲破层层障碍，终于在传媒业中干出了一番事业。B项spare和time连用含义是“空出时间”，例如：Could you spare me five minutes？I have a question to ask.可否给我5分钟？我要问个问题。C项squeeze out的含义是“挤出时间”；D项invest的含义是“投资时间，花费时间”。根据上下文可知人们需要创造出充足的时间睡觉，即使这样意味着放弃一些其他事情。故选项A最合适。

8.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点是语法结构，mean doing的含义是“意味着”，mean to do的含义是“打算做……”。give away的含义是“泄露，背叛”。

9.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点是上下文。根据破折号的内容可知睡觉、起床时间每天都很固定，这意味着空白处的含义是常规的事情，故选项B最符合句意。

10.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点是上下文。句子大意是那些以前失眠的人如果能改变生活方式，避免睡前吃刺激性食物、晚吃饭，睡前锻炼或者洗个热水澡放松，就能改善睡眠。A项yield“屈服，带来”；B项generate“引起，导致”；C项concede“承认失败，出让”；D项facilitate“促进，促使”。四个词比较后，最合适的应该是A。

Practice Twenty

A presentation has two important components：what you say and how you deliver it. The term delivery covers a wide 1 of features of speaking and eye contact is one of them.A speaker establishes friendly relationship with the audience mainly 2 eye contact，and good relationship is essential to the success of any speech.

The appropriate use of eye contact 3 from one culture to another.In some cultures，women are expected to lower their eyes in most communication 4 ；in others，younger people must keep their eyes lowered when 5 .older people. 6 ，in the United States，whether you are addressing an individual，a small group of people，or a larger audience，you are expected to look at them.You do not have to stare constantly and continuously； 7 ，it is appropriate when speaking to one person to look away 8 .In a small group you should look around at the different members of the group and when addressing a larger audience，you should try to make eye contact with different people around the room.It is important to look at the 9 audience，not just the people in the center of the room，so you will probably have to turn your head and/or your body in order to make proper eye contact with people 10 at the sides of the room.If you look at the floor or the ceiling，you will give the impression that you are not interested in your audience.

1.A.stretch B.expanse C.extent D.range

2.A.through B.upon C.by D.in

3.A.alters B.differentiates C.varies D.transmit

4.A.settings B.scopes C.domains D.environments

5.A.speaking B.addressing C.lecturing D.presenting

6.A.Otherwise B.Likewise C.However D.Moreover

7.A.in effect B.in theory C.at length D.in conclusion

8.A.constantly B.occasionally C.instantly D.spontaneously

9.A.total B.overall C.entire D.integral

10.A.seated B.being seated C.seat D.to seat

短文概要

本文介绍如何做演示，突出其中很重要的一个因素——眼神的交流。

答案及解析

1.【答案】D

【解析】此题考点是近义词辨析。本句的含义是表达术语涵盖了一系列的说话特性，眼神交流就是其中之一。根据句意，空白处应该表示“范畴”，根据wide这个修饰成分，可以判断选项D为正确答案，a wide range of表示的含义是各种各样的。

2.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点是上下文。句意：演讲者主要是依靠眼神交流和听众建立友好的关系。选项中upon表示依靠，故选项B正确。

3.【答案】C

【解析】此题考词组。vary fromto表示变化，全句意为：眼神的适当使用，在不同的文化背景下，各有不同。

4.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点是近义词辨析。根据句意这里是指交流的情境。environment的含义是指“环境，自然环境”；setting的含义是“某一情形的背景或环境”，故选项A为正确答案。Domain的含义是“版图，领土”。

5.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点为搭配。句意：在一些文化中，当和年长者说话时，年轻人应该眼神偏低。A项speak与to连用表示“和……说话”；B项address直接接人，表示“和……说话”；C项lecture作报告；D项present呈现。

6.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点是上下文。根据上下文可知，空白处需要一个表示转折的词，故选项C正确。likewise的含义是“此外”。

7.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点是词组辨析。根据上下文可知你不要一直盯着人看，事实上，当和别人说话时眼神偶尔离开是合适的。in effect事实上；in theory理论上；at length最终；in conclusion总的来说。

8.【答案】B

【解析】详见第7题。

9.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点是上下文。当面对很多人发表演讲的时候，你应该用眼神接触不同的人，看全体是很重要的。overall全部的，总的来说；integral构成整体所必需的。the entire audience指的是“全体听众”。

10.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点是语法。空白处需要一个词作people的后置定语，seat作为动词表示“落座”，即be seated，故选项A正确。

Practice Twenty-One

Despite the common belief that high stress can trigger a stroke，a new study finds no evidence that distressing life events 1 the risk of a particularly deadly type of stroke.

It’s common for people to attribute a 2 medical problem like stroke to stress，noted senior researcher Dr.Craig S.Anderson，of the George Institute of International Health and the University of Sydney in Australia.In the case of subarachnoid hemorrhage（蛛网膜下出血），he said it is possible for a sudden rise in blood pressure to cause a rupture in an aneurysm-a weakened area in an artery wall.And subarachnoid hemorrhage does sometimes follow a sudden exertion，during exercise or sex，for example.

However，whether life’s 3 experiences are associated with a higher risk of the strokes has been 4 .For their study，Anderson and his colleagues interviewed 388 subarachnoid-hemorrhage 5 about stressful life events they had experienced in the one month and one year 6 the stroke.Overall，the study found，most forms of stressful life events showed no relationship with the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

When it came to events 7 in the month before the subarachnoid hemorrhage，two types of stressors—financial or legal problems and the catch-all category of“other significant event”—were associated with an increased risk.Ten percent of survivors reported a financial or legal problem over that month，versus 4 percent of the control group.

However，the researchers report，when they 8 factors like high blood pressure，smoking and drinking，the links between those two 9 and subarachnoid hemorrhage were only“ 10 ”significant.

1.A.lower B.induce C.eliminate D.raise

2.A.chronic B.fatal C.sudden D.sticky

3.A.distressing B.disturbing C.distasteful D.disruptive

4.A.definite B.infinite C.ambiguous D.Uncertain

5.A.victims B.survivors C.sufferers D.casualties

6.A.exceeding B.preceding C.conceding D.proceeding

7.A.experiencing B.to be experienced

C.experienced D.having experienced

8.A.accounted for B.sought for C.cleared up D.showed up

9.A.stressors B.factors C.risks D.components

10.A.greatly B.marginally C.less D.increasingly

短文概要

本文指出高压力或者痛苦的经历对中风的影响不大。

答案及解析

1.【答案】D

【解析】此题考点是上下文。根据第1段这句话的逻辑关系，可以做出正确判断。本句含义：尽管普遍认为高压力可以引发中风，但一项新的研究发现，没有证据能够证明痛苦的生活事件会提高致命型中风的危险。

2.【答案】C

【解析】此题为原词再现。在本文第2段，可以根据线索找到本题答案。句意：人们通常把像中风这种突然性的疾病归因于压力。

3.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点为上下文。A项distressing“令人苦恼、痛苦的”；B项disturbing“令人不安的”；C项distasteful“令人反感的”；D项disruptive“捣乱的，破坏性的”。根据本段提到的具体信息stressful life experiences可知，这里应该是指令人痛苦的含义。

4.【答案】D

【解析】此题考点为上下文。根据本句第1个词however可以得知两者的相关性还不确定。A项definite“确定的”；B项infinite“无限的”；C项ambiguous“模棱两可的”。故选项D为答案。

5.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点为词语辨析。根据句意得知这位专家和同事访问了388名曾经患过蛛网膜下出血患者，以调查他们发病前所经历的压力生活事件是否和他们的中风

有关。这说明他们曾经有过这样的情况，但活下来了，故选项B最接近含义。

victim指的是“受害者”。D项casualty的含义是“伤亡者”。

6.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点是形近词辨析。A项exceeding“超过的”；B项preceding“之前的”；C项conceding“让步，承认”；D项proceeding“进行中的”。句意参考第5题。

7.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点是语法结构。空白处需要一个形容events的定语，表示“经历过的事件”，应该是被动结构，且已经发生过的，故选项C过去分词表示完成被动，是正确答案。

8.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点是词组含义。A项account for“解释，占……比例，查明”；B项seek for“寻求”；C项clear up“天气放晴，痊愈，清理，解决”；D项show up“出现，使人难堪”。这句话的含义：然而，研究者们报告说当他们查明例如高血压、吸烟、喝酒这些因素时……。故选项A为正确答案。

9.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点为原词再现。根据those two，可以在倒数第2段找到所指代的内容，在第1句话：two types of stressors。故选项A正确，指的是“经济和法律问题”。

10.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点为上下文。本文主旨是要通过实验揭示生活中的痛苦事件与中风发作关系不大，故选项B正确，含义是“微小的”。

Practice Twenty-Two

Does fish oil help you smart？ 1 studies have shown that people who eat more fish have better mental function，and are less likely to 2 dementia.But after studying 748 men and women 3 in their 70s，researchers from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine cast some 4 on this link.

“The problem with a lot of these studies of course is there are lots of reasons why people eat more fish，”Dangour pointed out but added that he didn’t 5 the possibility that taking fish oil for a longer period of time might have beneficial effects.

The study，published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition，6748 men and women in their 70s， 7 of whom had any dementia or other 8 of mental function.The participants took 200 milligrams of EPA plus 300 mg DHA every day for two years，both of which are the two main omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil.

Neither group showed any change in cognitive function over the 24-month trial， 9 measured by a battery of tests of mental function they took at the beginning and end of the study.The percentage of people who died or dropped out was similar in both groups.

“We can clearly say that after two years there’s no evidence for a 10 ”in terms of cognitive function，Dangour said.

1.A.Numerous B.Countable C.Numbered D.Few

2.A.generate B.cure C.develop D.avoid

3.A.aging B.aged C.having aged D.to age

4.A.evidence B.solutions C.doubt D.insights

5.A.take account of B.work out

C.rule out D.rule over

6.A.involving B.having involved C.involved D.being involved

7.A.none B.many C.some D.everyone

8.A.impairment B.complication C.discomfort D.deterioration

9.A.as B.after C.which D.as soon as

10.A.progress B.benefit C.relief D.decline

短文概要

本文指出吃鱼或者服用鱼油有利于大脑认知能力的改善。

答案及解析

1.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点是上下文。通过第1段的理解可知，作者想说明以前有关吃鱼可以改善大脑功能、减少患痴呆的可能的研究是错误的，故选项A可以表示过去有关这一认识的大量研究。

2.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点是搭配。根据含义以及less的含义，可知患痴呆症，故选项C为答案。

3.【答案】B

【解析】此题考点是语法结构。空白处需要一个定语修饰men and women表示年龄，故选项B aged正确。

4.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点为上下文。根据文章具体细节内容可知作者要反驳以前有关吃鱼油可以促进大脑功能的研究观点，故空白处应该为质疑或者反驳类的词语，选项C为正确选项。

5.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点是上下文。这位专家指出但又提到他没有……可能性。根据上下文可知这位专家指出这些研究的问题，转折结构表明他也不排除上述研究结果的可能性。A项take account of“考虑”；B项work out“解决”；C项rule out“排除”；D项rule over“统治，支配”。故选项C正确。

6.【答案】C

【解析】此题考点是语法。根据这句话的结构可以判定空白处应该是谓语动词，故选项C正确。

7.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点是语法结构。此段阐明科学家想通过这个实验证实吃鱼油是否有利于大脑功能的改善，故选择的参与人群应该是以前没有患过任何痴呆症的人。故选项A正确。

8.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点是上下文，解题有效信息是or连接的两个并列成分，故空白处应该也表示其他任何大脑功能的损伤。A项impairment“损伤”。B项complication“并发症”；C项discomfort“身体不适”；D项deterioration“恶化”。

9.【答案】A

【解析】此题考点是语法结构。此句含义：在一系列的大脑功能测试的最初和最后，两个组别都没有显示出在经过24个月的尝试后任何变化。这说明空白处的含义是“当……时候”。

10.【答案】B

【解析】根据全文含义可知本文目的是驳斥以前大量研究的结果，再加上no evidence，故空白处的含义应该是在大脑功能方面的好处，可排除C和D，A项progress是不可数名词，所以答案是B。