（二）长难句分析

（二）长难句分析

在正式医学博士英语统考中，很多考生虽然有很好的单词基础，但对于阅读理解，尤其是长难句感到无所适从，进而影响对篇章的理解以及正确解题。这是因为这类考生运用语法背景知识的综合能力欠佳。具备一定的语法知识，考生应付简单句或者单一型的复合句还有信心，但是当语句综合了多种语法现象后，考生就无能为力了。这部分就这一问题给予考生一些启示和帮助。

总的说来，长难句之所以又长又难，是因为在语句中综合运用了如下结构：并列平行结构、非谓语动词、复合句以及特殊句型。下面请考生运用上面所掌握的基本语法知识分析下面的长难句，并且进行翻译。

1.Sveiby’s answer is intangible assets，which he defines as employee competence，internal structures（systems，patents，etc.），and external structures（customer and supplier relationships and the organization’s image）.

____

【单词】intangibleasset无形资产；competence能力。

【结构分析】由which引导非限定性定语从句，在定语从句中，由and连接两个并列成分。

【参考译文】Sveiby的答案是无形资产，他将无形资产界定为员工能力、内部结构（制度、专利品等）以及外部结构（顾客和厂商的关系以及企业形象）。

2.Since knowledge is a key intangible asset，the ability to transfer knowledge from one employee to another，or from outside sources to employees，is a key business capacity，in Sveiby’s view.

【单词】capacity能力；transferfromto将……从……转移到……。

【结构分析】since引导一个原因状语从句，在主句中，由不定式修饰名词ability。在不定式中有一个由or连接的并列成分。

【参考译文】按照Sveiby的观点来看，既然知识是个关键的无形资产，将知识从一个员工传递给另一个员工，或者从外部资源传递给员工的能力就是企业的一个重要能力。

3.Like rush-hour drivers fuming when a single accident halts the evening commute，people surfing the Internet squirm if a Web page is slow to load or when access itself is not instantaneous.

【单词】fume发怒；halt停止；commute交通；squirm蠕动；instantaneous瞬间的。

【结构分析】fuming现在分词做定语修饰driver；when引导时间状语从句；surfing现在分词做定语修饰people；if引导的条件状语从句与when引导的时间状语从句并列。

【参考译文】就像因事故而被堵在晚间高峰路上发怒的司机一样，如果网页打开很慢或者当不能很快进入网页时，上网的人就会坐立不安。

4.Sucking，which is the infant’s means of gaining both food and emotional security，conditions the association of eating with well-being or with deprivation.

【单词】sucking吸吮；condition是动词，意为“决定，为……条件”；deprivation剥夺。

【结构分析】which引导非限制性定语从句修饰sucking。

【参考译文】作为婴儿获得食物和情感安全的一个手段，吸吮决定了吃东西与健康之间的联系或者与剥夺之间的联系。5.If the child is breast-fed and has supportive body contact as well as good milk intake，if

the child is allowed to suck for as long as he or she desires，and if both the child and mother enjoy the nursing experience and share their enjoyment，the child，is more likely to thrive both physically and emotionally.

【单词】thrive茁壮成长。

【结构分析】此语句是由and连接三个并列if引导的条件状语从句。

【参考译文】如果孩子是母乳喂养并且既能喝到优质的奶水，又可以享受有帮助的身体接触，如果允许孩子吸吮多久就多久，并且如果母婴都能享受哺乳过程并且分享快乐，那么孩子就有可能身心都能茁壮健康地成长。

6.On the other hand，if the mother is nervous and resents the child or cuts him or her off from the milk supply before either the child’s hunger or sucking need is satisfied，or handles the child hostilely during the feeding，or props the baby with a bottle rather than holding the child，the child may develop physically but will begin to show signs of emotional disturbance at an early age.

【单词】resent愤恨；hostilely敌对地；prop支撑；disturbance扰乱。

【结构分析】在由if引导的条件状语从句中，由or连接一共五个并列成分。

【参考译文】另一方面，如果母亲很紧张并且怨恨孩子或者在孩子仍旧很饿或还没吃够的时候不让孩子吃奶了，再或者在喂奶时对待孩子充满敌意，或者用奶瓶支撑孩子而不是抱着孩子，这个孩子可能身体发育但是将会在早期开始出现情绪障碍的迹象。

7.This conditioning to food can remain unchanged through a lifetime unless the individual is awakened to the fact of conditioning and to the possible need for altering his or her eating patterns in order to improve nutritional intake.

____

【单词】conditioning训练，熏陶，使习惯于；alter改变；nutritional有营养的。

【结构分析】在由unless引导的条件状语从句中，altering为现在分词做介词for的宾语，并且in order to do为不定式短语做目的状语。

【参考译文】这种取得食物的习惯可能一生都不会有任何改变，除非一个人对这种熏陶的事实有所醒悟，为了改进营养的摄入而改变他或她的饮食方式。

8.Without the vast advances made by chemists，physicists，biologists，geologists，and other diligent scientists，our standards of living would decline，our flourishing，wealthy nation might come to an economic depression，and our people would suffer from disease that could not be cured.

【单词】diligent勤奋的；decline下降；flourishing繁茂的；economic depression经济衰退。

【结构分析】此句为一种特殊句型：虚拟语气。Without the vast advances made by chemists，physicists，biologists，geologists，and other diligent scientists 相当于if引导的虚拟条件句，即if there were not the vast advances made by chemists，physicists，biologists，geologists，and other diligent scientists在虚拟条件句的主句中，that引导的定语从句修饰disease。

【参考译文】如果没有由化学家、物理学家、生物学家、地质学家以及其他勤奋的科学家所取得的巨大进步，我们的生活水平就会下降，我们繁荣而富有的国家就可能出现经济衰退，我们的人民就会患上无法治愈的疾病。

9.Despite the greatness of present-day innovators and scientists and their revelations，it is requisite to examine the amenities of science that our culture so blatantly disregards.

【单词】innovators创新者；revelation启示；requisite必不可少的；amenity便利设施，舒适；blatantly明目张胆地，公开地；disregard忽视。

【结构分析】that引导的定语从句修饰amenity。

【参考译文】尽管当今创新者、科学家以及他们的启示很伟大，但还是有必要审视被我们的文化如此公开漠视的科学带给我们的便利和愉快。

10.Political leaders and scientists alike face the challenge of recognizing interrelationships and interactions between ecological，economic，and social factors and taking account of these factors when seeking solution strategies.

____

【单词】challenge挑战；interaction相互作用；take account of考虑。

【结构分析】recognizing与taking account of为并列成分，都做介词of的宾语。Interrelationships与interactions为并列成分，都做动词recognizing的宾语。seeking为现在分词做时间状语。

【参考译文】政治家和科学家同样面临识别生态、经济和社会因素之间相互关系和相互作用的挑战，并且当他们寻求解决办法的时候，他们同样面临考虑这些因素的挑战。