阅读理解专项练习及最新真题解析

五、阅读理解专项练习及最新真题解析

Passage One

By almost every measure，Paul Pfingst is an unsentimental prosecutor.Last week the San Diego County district attorney said he fully intends to try suspect Charles Andrew Williams，15，as an adult for the Santana High School shootings.Even before the tragedy，Pfingst had stood behind the controversial California law that mandates treating murder suspects as young as 14 as adults.

So nobody would have wagered that Pfingst would also be the first D.A.in the U.S.to launch his very own Innocence Project.Yet last June，Pfingst told his attorneys to go back over old murder and rape convictions and see if any unravel with newly developed DNA-testing tools.In other words，he wanted to revisit past victories—this time playing for the other team.“I think people misunderstand being conservative for being biased，”says Pfingst.“I consider myself a pragmatic guy，and I have no interest in putting innocent people in jail.”

Around the U.S.，flabbergasted defense attorneys and their jailed clients cheered his move.Among prosecutors，however，there was an awkward pause.After all，each DNA test costs as much as$5，000.Then there’s the unspoken risk：if dozens of innocents turn up，the D.A.will have indicted his shop.

But nine months later，no budgets have been busted or prosecutors ousted.Only the rare case merits review.Pfingst’s team considers convictions before 1993，when the city started routine DNA testing.They discard cases if the defendant has been released.Of the 560 remaining files，they have re-examined 200，looking for cases with biological evidence and defendants who still claim innocence.

They have identified three so far.The most compelling involves a man serving 12 years for molesting a girl who was playing in his apartment.But others were there at the time.Police found a small drop of saliva on the victim's shirt—too small a sample to test in 1991.Today that spot could free a man.Test results are due any day.Inspired by San Diego，10 other counties in the U.S.are starting DNA audits.1.How did Pfingst carry out his own Innocence Project？

A.By getting rid of his bias against the suspects.

B.By revisiting the past victories.

C.By using the newly developed DNA-testing tools.

D.By his cooperation with his attorneys.

2.Which of the following can be an advantage of Innocence Project？

A.To help correct the wrong judgments.

B.To oust the unqualified prosecutors.

C.To make the prosecutors in an awkward situation.

D.To cheer up the defense attorneys and their jailed clients.

3.The expression“flabbergasted”（Paragraph 3）most probably means.

A.excited B.competent C.embarrassed D.astounded

4.Why was Pfingst an unsentimental prosecutor？

A.He intended to try a fifteen-year old suspect.

B.He had no interest in putting the innocent in jail.

C.He supported the controversial California law.

D.He wanted to try suspect as young as fourteen.

5.Which of the following is not true according to the text？

A.Pfingst’s move didn’t have a great coverage.

B.Pfingst’s move had both the positive and negative effect.

C.Pfingst’s move didn’t work well.

D.Pfingst’s move greatly encouraged the jailed prisoners.

本文话题

第一段指出芬斯特作为一位铁面无私的检查官的一些做法；第二段指出芬斯特实施“清白计划”的打算及做法；第三段指出实施“清白计划”造成的反应以及可能存在的问题；第四段和第五段是实施“清白计划”的结果和影响。

难词译注

prosecutor[＇prɔsikju：tə（r）]n. 检察官，检察员，起诉人，

原告

controversial[kɔntrə＇və：ʃ（ə）l] adj.争论的，争议的

mandate[＇mændeit]v. 批准制定一个训令，如通过法律；发布命令或要求：

wager[＇weidʒə（r）]v. 下赌注，保证

conviction[kən＇vikʃ（ə）n]n. 定罪，宣告有罪

unravel[ʌn＇ræv（ə）l]v. 阐明，解决

flabbergast[＇flæbəɡα：st；（US）-ɡæst]v. ＜口＞使大吃一惊，哑然失色，

使目瞪口呆

indict[in＇dait]v. 起诉，控告，指控，告发

bust[bʌst]v. 破产或缺钱

oust[aust]v. 剥夺，取代，驱逐

discard[di＇skα：d]v. 抛开；遗弃；废弃

molest[mə＇lest]v. 骚乱，困扰，调戏

saliva[sə＇laivə]n. 口水，唾液

难句译注

1.Even before the tragedy，Pfingst had stood behind the controversial California law that mandates treating murder suspects as young as 14 as adults.

【分析】主体句式：Pfingst had stood behind结构分析：Even before the tragedy是本句的时间状语；主句是Pfingst had stood behind；that引导的宾语从句修饰law；在从句中，asas是词组，意思是“和……一样”；出现的第三个as是介词，意思是“作为”。

【译文】甚至在这场悲剧发生之前芬斯特就支持加利福尼亚州的一项颇有争议的法律。这项法律规定，以成人身份受审的谋杀嫌疑犯的最低年龄可以降到14岁。

答案及解析

1.【问题】芬斯特是如何开展他的“清白计划”的？

A.通过消除他对嫌疑人的偏见。B.通过重访过去的成功。

C.通过使用新的DNA检测工具。D.通过和律师合作。

【答案】C

【解析】事实细节题。文中对应信息“Pfingst told his attorneys to go back over old murder and rape convictions and see if any unravel with newly developed DNA-testing tools.”是对第二段第一句的补充说明。

2.【问题】下列哪一个是“清白计划”的优势？

A.纠正过去错判的案件。B.驱逐不合格的检察官。

C.使得检察官处于尴尬的境地。D.鼓励辩护律师和入狱的犯人。

【答案】A

【解析】推理判断题。从上下文我们可以得知，实施“清白计划”就是使用先进的DNA技术来重新审理过去的案件当中可能存在的冤案和错案。

3.【问题】第一段中flabbergasted的意思是什么？

A.兴奋的B.胜任的

C.尴尬的D.惊讶的

【答案】D

【解析】猜词题。从第二段第一句话得知，芬斯特可能是美国第一个实施非常独特的

“清白计划”的人，因此他的做法很可能是令人感到吃惊的，从而可猜出该词的含义。

4.【问题】为什么芬斯特是个铁血检察官？

A.他曾经审判过一个15岁的嫌疑人。B.他无意将清白的人错判入监。

C.他支持有争议的加州法律。D.他想审判小至14岁的嫌疑人。

【答案】B

【解析】推理判断题。从第一段和第二段给出的事例可以看出，芬斯特不愿放过任何一个犯罪的人，即便他的年龄还不算大；他也不愿使无辜者蒙冤，即便案件已经审理。

5.【问题】根据文章，下列哪一个不正确？

A.芬斯特的行动覆盖面不大。

B.芬斯特的行为有正面和负面的效果。

C.芬斯特的行为见效不大。

D.芬斯特的行为很大程度鼓舞了入狱的犯人。

【答案】C

【解析】推理判断题。正因为“Pfingst’s move works well”，美国才又有“ten other counties are starting DNA audits”，而且“no budgets have been busted or prosecutors ousted”。

Passage Two

As you read this，nearly 80，000 Americans are waiting for a new heart，kidney or some other organ that could save their life.Tragically，about 6，000 of them will die this year— nearly twice as many people as perished in the Sept.11 attacks—because they won't get their transplant in time.The vast majority of Americans（86%，according to one poll）say they support organ donation.But only 20%actually sign up to do it.Why the shortfall？

Part of the problem is the way we handle organ donations.Americans who want to make this sort of gift have to opt in—that is，indicate on a driver's license that when they die，they want their organs to be made available.Many European and Asian countries take the opposite approach；in Singapore，for example，all residents receive a letter when they come of age informing them that their organs may be harvested unless they explicitly object.In Belgium，which adopted a similar presumed-consent system 12 years ago，less than 2%of the population has decided to opt out.

Further complicating the situation in the U.S.is the fact that whatever decision you make can be overruled by your family.The final say is left to your surviving relatives，who must make up their minds in the critical hours after brain death has been declared.There are as many as 50 body parts，from your skin to your corneas，that can save or transform the life of a potential recipient，but for many families lost in grief，the idea of dismembering a loved one is more than they can bear.

The U.S.，like all medically advanced societies，has struggled to find a way to balance an individual's rightful sovereignty over his or her body with society's need to save its members from avoidable deaths.Given America's tradition of rugged individualism and native distrust of Big Brotherly interference，it's not surprising that voters resisted attempts to switch to a presumed-consent system when it was proposed in California，Oregon，Minnesota，Pennsylvania and Maryland.Health Secretary Tommy Thompson last spring announced plans for a new initiative to encourage donations—including clearer consent forms—but its impact is expected to be modest.Given the crying need for organs，perhaps it's time we considered shifting to something closer to the presumed-consent model.

Meanwhile，if you want to ensure that your organs are donated when you die，you should say so in a living will or fill out a Uniform Donor Card（available from the American Medical Association）.Make sure your closest relatives know about it.And if you don't want

to donate an organ，you should make your wishes equally explicit.

6.According to the author，one of the reasons for a shortage of organs in America is____.

A.most Americans are reluctant to donate their organs after death

B.the information about organ donation is not popular in America

C.the ways to handle organ donation is far from perfect

D.people waiting for transplant are rapidly increasing in America

7.What is most Americans’attitude towards the organ donation？

A.Indifferent.

B.Indignant.

C.Detached.

D.Supportive.

8.It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that____.

A.Americans have a long tradition of weak individualism

B.all the states in America resist the presumed-consent system

C.it’s not easy to find a way to serve the society’s need and at the same time to protect the individual’s right in the matter of organ donation

D.the government is not active in solving the problem

9.The term“presumed-consent”probably means____.

A.one’s organs should be donated whether they agree or not

B.one is supposed to agree that their organ will be donated after death unless they explicitly object

C.dismembering a dead body is inhuman

D.one is assumed to be happy after they decide to donate their organs

10.From the text，we can see the author’s attitude towards organ donation is______.

A.supportive B.indignant C.indifferent D.negative

本文话题

本篇文章在提出了一个解决美国国内捐献器官严重紧缺问题的办法。第一段以人们的良好愿望和严峻现实的强烈对比开始，第二段找出了产生这一问题的一个原因——运作方式有待提高，第三段找出了产生这一问题的另一个原因——人们的心理承受能力。第四段说明美国必须解决这个问题。最后一段指明目前捐献器官的方式及注意事项。

难词译注

perish[＇periʃ]v. 死；暴卒；毁灭

donation[dəu＇neiʃən]n. 捐赠

shortfall[＇ʃɔ：tfɔ：l]n. 不足之量，短缺的数额

opt[ɔpt]v. （常与for连用）决定做；选择，选取

consent[kən＇sent]n&v. 同意

overrule[əuvə＇ru：l]v. 驳回，否决

cornea[＇kɔ：niə]n. 角膜

dismember[dis＇membə]v. 肢解

sovereignty[＇sɔvrinti]n. 完全独立和自我统治，主权

rugged[＇rʌɡid]adj. 粗犷的

难句译注

1.They are as many as 50 body parts，from your skin to your corneas，that can save or transform the life of a potential recipient，but for many families lost in grief，the idea of dismembering a loved one is more than they can bear.

【分析】主体句式：they are，but the ideais结构分析：这句是由but做连接词的两个分句。第一个分句中包含一个由that引导的定语从句修饰body parts；第二个分句的主语是the idea。

【译文】人身上有50种可捐献的器官，皮肤和角膜都包括在内。每种都可能救活一个人或改变他们的命运。但对正沉浸在丧失亲人之痛的人来说，把逝去的亲人大卸八块是他们承受不了的。

2.The U.S.，like all medically advanced societies，has struggled to find a way to balance an individual’s rightful sovereignty over his or her body with society’s need to save its members from avoidable deaths.

【分析】主体句式：The U.S.has struggled to find a way to balancewith结构分析：其中短语“balancewith”的含义是“使……和……相平衡”。

【译文】像其他医学发达的国家一样，美国也在努力寻求个人和国家之间的最佳平衡点。即让个人对自己的身体有合法的拥有权，又能满足社会救死扶伤的需要。

答案及解析

6.【问题】根据本文作者，美国器官短缺的原因之一是。

A.大多数美国人不愿意在死后捐献器官

B.关于器官捐献的信息在美国不流行

C.处理器官捐献的方式远远不够完善

D.等待移植的人在美国迅速增加

【答案】C

【解析】事实细节题。从一、二段可以读出，绝大多数美国人愿意捐出自己的器官，只是运作方式还有待提高。

7.【问题】大多数美国人对器官捐献的态度是什么？

A.冷漠的 B.愤怒的

C.不关注的 D.支持的

【答案】D

【解析】推理判断题。从第一段“The vast majority of Americans say they support organ donation”可以看出。

8.【问题】从第四段可以推理得知。

A.美国人的脆弱的个人主义历史悠久

B.美国所有的州都抵制假定捐献人同意的制度

C.在器官捐献方面找到满足社会需求，同时保护个人权益的方法是不容易的

D.政府在解决问题方面不积极

【答案】C

【解析】属事实细节题。政府也想改变目前这种状况，只不过措施不那么有效。。

9.【问题】术语“presumed-consent”的意思是。

A.无论他们是否同意，他们的器官都应该被捐献

B.人们被认为同意在死后捐出自己器官，除非他们明确地反对

C.解剖尸体是不人道的

D.人们在决定捐献器官后应该感到高兴

【答案】B

【解析】属猜测词义题。从第二段的对新加坡和比利时的描述中可以得出结论。

10.【问题】从文中可以看出，作者对器官捐献的态度是____。

A.支持的 B.愤怒的

C.冷淡的 D.否定的

【答案】A

【解析】推理判断题。作者认为解决器官短缺这个难题，应该向新加坡和比利时学习，采取新的强有力的措施。最后一段作者给出了想捐献器官的做法以及应注意的问题，这也可以看出作者支持的态度。

Passage Three

Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile crime focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous delinquent acts or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others.A person who becomes socially alienated may be more inclined to commit a criminal act.Theories focusing on the role of society in juvenile delinquency suggest that children commit crimes in response to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status，or as a repudiation of middle-class values.

Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families，ignoring the fact that children from affluent homes also commit crimes.The latter may commit crimes because of the lack of adequate parental control，delays in achieving adult status，and hedonistic tendencies.All theories，however，are tentative and are subject to criticism.

Changes in the American social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates.For example，changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult for young people to obtain.The resulting discontent may in turn lead more youths into criminal behavior.

Families have also experienced changes within the last several decades.More families are one-parent households or have two working parents；consequently，children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure.This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates.

Other identifiable causes of delinquent acts include frustration or failure in school，the increased availability of drugs，alcohol，and guns，and the growing incidence of child abuse and child neglect.All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act，although a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.

No specific treatment has been proven the most effective form.Effectiveness is typically measured by recidivism rates—that is，by the percentage of children treated who subsequently commit additional criminal acts.The recidivism rates for all forms of treatment，however，are about the same.A large percentage of delinquent acts are never discovered，which further complicates this measurement.Thus，an absence of subsequent reported delinquent acts by a treated child may mean nothing more than that the child was not caught.

11.Which of the following is NOT the factor of juvenile crimes according to the theories focusing on individuals？

A.Insufficient punishment. B.Less parental supervision.

C.Isolation from others. D.Lack of self-control.

12.According to the theories centering on society，which of the following is true？

A.Junveniles could not find his status in the society.

B.Unemployment leads to juvenile crimes.

C.Child abuse leads children to engaging in crimes.

D.Children’s discontent with the changes in social structure causes juvenile crimes.

13.The sentence“All theories are tentative and are subject to criticism.”implies that.

A.All theories didn’t disclose the true reasons for juvenile crimes

B.Contributing factors these theories indicate are not comprehensive and convincing

C.These theories misled people’s attention to the juvenile delinquency

D.These theories didn’t supply the answers for the juvenile crimes

14.What can we know about recidivism rates？

A.They are used to measure the effectiveness of treatments of juvenile delinquency.

B.They indicate that children’s criminal percentage.

C.They simplified the measurement of treatments.

D.They are modified in accordance with the specific treatment.

15.What is the tone of the passage？

A.Critical. B.Supportive. C.Objective. D.Indifferent.

本文话题

青少年犯罪。

难词译注

juvenile[＇dʒu：vinail]a. 青少年

delinquent[di＇liŋkwənt]n. 违法的

repudiation[ripju：di＇eiʃən]n. 批判

alienate[＇eiljəneit]v. 疏远

affluent[＇æfluənt]a. 富裕的

recidivism[ri＇sidivizəm]n. 累犯

难句译注

1.Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous delinquent acts or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others.

【分析】centering现在分词做定语修饰theories；that引导宾语从句；because引导原因状语从句；or连接两个并列宾语从句。

【译文】侧重个人的理论认为，儿童因为上一次的犯错没有受到足够的惩罚而参与犯罪，另外，认为儿童通过和他人的交往而学坏。

2.Theories focusing on the role of society in juvenile delinquency suggest that children commit crimes in response to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status，or as a repudiation of middle-class values.

【分析】focusing现在分词做定语修饰theories；or连接两个并列成分，即in response to和as a repudiation

【译文】侧重在青少年犯罪中社会所处角色的理论认为，儿童犯罪是由于他们在社会经济中无法摆脱命运而引起的，或者是作为对中产阶级价值观的批判而产生。

3.changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult for young people to obtain.

【分析】that引导定语从句修饰changes。

【译文】经济上的变革导致年轻人工作机会减少、失业增加，这使年轻人找到工作的机会变得越来越困难。

答案及解析

11.【问题】根据个人理论，下面哪一个不是青少年犯罪的原因？

A.惩罚不够。 B.缺乏父母管教。

C.孤僻。 D.缺少自控能力。

【答案】D

【解析】细节题。A项原文信息在第1段because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous delinquent acts；B项原文信息在第2段because of the lack of adequate parental control以及第4段children are likely to have less supervision；C项原文信息在第1段A person who becomes socially alienated may be more inclined to commit a criminal act。可知只有D项未提及。

12.【问题】根据社会理论，下面哪一个是真的？

A.青少年在社会上无法找到他们的地位。

B.失业导致青少年犯罪。

C.儿童受虐促使孩子们参与犯罪。

D.孩子对社会结构变化不满导致青少年犯罪。

【答案】D

【解析】细节题。D项原文信息在第3段，最后一句话提到，孩子们对因经济变化导致的就业机会少或失业不满，这导致他们的犯罪行为。

13.【问题】“所有这些理论都是尝试性的，容易遭受批评”这句话暗示我们：

A.所有理论都没有揭示青少年犯罪的真正原因。

B.这些理论提出的原因不够全面，也缺乏说服力。

C.这些理论误导了人们对青少年犯罪的关注。

D.这些理论没能为青少年犯罪提供答案。

【答案】B

【解析】推断题。根据全文，这些理论有一定道理，但不能涵盖所有的原因，各自都有不足。故B含义与之最为接近。

14.【问题】关于累犯率我们知道什么？

A.用于衡量针对青少年犯罪解决办法的有效程度。

B.表明儿童犯罪的百分比。

C.简化了解决办法。

D.根据特定的解决办法而修改。

【答案】A

【解析】关于累犯率的信息在原文最后一段。

【问题】这篇文章的语气是什么？

A.批评的。 B.支持的。 C.客观的。 D.漠不关心的

15.【答案】C

【解析】态度题。综观全文，作者只是在客观地罗列各种理论，没有体现任何个人的偏爱和喜好，因而C为正确答案。

Passage Four

Most office workers assume that the messages they send to each other via electronic mail and as private as a telephone call or a face-to-face meeting.That assumption is wrong. Although it is illegal in many areas for an employer to eavesdrop on private conversations or telephone calls—even if they take place on a company-owned telephone—there are no clear rules governing electronic mail.In fact，the question of how private electronic mail transmissions should be has emerged as one of the more complicated legal issues of the electronic age.

People’s opinions about the degree of privacy that electronic mail should have vary depending on whose electronic mail system is being used and who is reading the messages.Does a government office，for example，have the right to destroy electronic messages created in the course of running the government，thereby denying public access to such documents？Some hold that government offices should issue guidelines that allow their staff to delete such electronic records，and defend this practice by claiming that the messages thus deleted already exist in paper versions whose destruction is forbidden.Opponents of such practices argue that the paper versions often omit such information as who received the messages and when they received them，information commonly carried on electronic mail systems.Government officials，opponents maintain，are civil servants：the public should thus have the right to review any documents created during the conducting of government business.

Questions about electronic mail privacy have also arisen in the private sector.Recently，two employees of an automotive company were discovered to have been communicating disparaging information about their supervisor via electronic mail.The supervisor，who had been monitoring the communication，threatened to fire the employees.When the employees field a grievance complaining that their privacy had been violated，they were let go.Later，their court case for unlawful termination was dismissed：the company’s lawyers successfully argued that because the company owned the computer system，its supervisors had the right to read anything created on it.In some areas，laws prohibit outside interception of electronic mail by a third party without proper authorization such as a search warrant.However，these laws do not cover“inside”interception such as occurred at the automotive company.In the past，courts have ruled that interoffice communications may be considered private only if employees have a“reasonable expectation”of privacy when they send the messages.The fact is that no absolute guarantee of privacy exists in any computer system.The only solution may be for users to scramble their own messages with encryption codes：unfortunately，such complex codes are likely to undermine the principal virtue of electronic mail：its convenience.

16.The underlined word“eavesdrop”refers to____.

A.spy B.overhear C.watch over D.wiretap

17.According to the passage，which of the following statement is true？

A.There is a general consensus among people about the privacy of electronic mails.

B.There are clear regulations supervising the privacy of electronic mails.

C.There is no absolute guarantee of privacy in the computer system.

D.The best solution is to use complex code to protect mails.

18.Based on the passage，the author’s attitude towards interception of electronic mail can most accurately be described as____.

A.outright disapproval of the practice

B.support for employers who engage in it

C.support for employees who lose their jobs because of it

D.intellectual interest in its legal issues

19.The example of automotive company is used to imply____.

A.in the private sector，it is natural to violate employees’privacy

B.there is no law covering such interception

C.determining whether the eavesdrop violate privacy depends on whose electronic mail system is being used and who is reading the messages

D.employees should be careful with their communication in the computer system

20.The author’s primary purpose in writing the passage is to.

A.demonstrate that the individual right to privacy has been eroded by advances in computer technology

B.compare the legal status of electronic mail in the public and private sectors

C.draw an extended analogy between the privacy of electronic mail and the privacy of telephone conversations or face-to-face meeting

D.illustrate the complexities of the privacy issues surrounding electronic mail in the workplace

本文话题

电子邮件的私密性。

难词译注

grievance[＇ɡri：vəns]n. 委屈

interception[intə（：）＇sepʃən]n. 拦截，侦听

scramble[＇skræmbl]n. 搅乱

encryption[in＇kripʃən]n. 编密码

undermine[ʌndə＇main]v. 破坏

难句译注

1.Although it is illegal in many areas for an employer to eavesdrop on private conversations or telephone calls—even if they take place on a company-owned telephone—there are no clear rules governing electronic mail.

【分析】Although引导让步状语从句，even if引导从句作为插入语。

【译文】尽管在很多地方，上司窃听员工私人谈话或电话通话——哪怕是公司的公用电话——是非法的，但是还没有明确的法规来监管电子邮件的隐私窥探。

2.Opponents of such practices argue that the paper versions often omit such information as who received the messages and when they received them，information commonly carried on electronic mail systems.

【分析】that引导宾语从句。

【译文】这一做法的反对者认为：纸质的文件经常遗漏信息，如谁接收到这些信息，什么时间接到的，而这些信息是电子邮件系统一般都提供的。

答案及解析

16.【问题】划线词“eavesdrop”的含义是：

A.侦察 B.无意中听到 C.监督 D.窃听

【答案】D

【解析】猜词题。划线词eavesdrop含义为“窃听”，故选项D意思最接近。

17.【问题】根据文章，下面哪一项是真的？

A.人们对电子邮件的私密性有共识。

B.有很明确的规定监管电子邮件的私密性。

C.计算机系统的私密性没有绝对的保证。

D.最好的办法就是使用复杂的编码保护邮件。

【答案】C

【解析】细节题。根据第2段可以判断人们对这个话题有不同的看法，故A项认为人们有一致看法，不正确。再看B项，第1段there are no clear rules governing

electronic mail说明还没有法规监管电子邮件。C项原文信息在最后一段：The

fact is that no absolute guarantee of privacy exists in any computer system.最后看D项，最后一段提到唯一的办法是使用复杂的编码，但也提到这破坏了

电子邮件的便捷特性，因而不是最好的解决办法，综上可知，C正确。

18.【问题】根据文章所述，作者关于对电子邮件的监听的态度可以被最准确地描述为：

A.完全不赞成这一做法。 B.支持这样做的雇主。

C.支持因此丢工作的员工。 D.对这类法律问题的知识上的兴趣。

【答案】D

【解析】态度题。此题用排除法比较容易解题。综观全文，没有体现作者对不同观点的任何态度，支持哪一方。

19.【问题】汽车制造公司的例子被用来暗示：

A.在私企，侵犯员工的隐私很正常。

B.尚无法律对监听观象有专门规定。

C.决定偷听是否违背隐私取决于用的是谁的电子邮件系统，以及谁看到信息。

D.员工应该小心在计算机系统上的聊天。

【答案】B

【解析】推断题。原文相关信息在最后一段these laws do not cover“inside”interception

such as occurred at the automotive company，故B正确。

20.【问题】作者写这篇文章的目的：

A.表明个人隐私权已经随着计算机技术的进步遭受践踏。

B.对比在公共部门和私人部门中电子邮件的法律地位。

C.将电子邮件的私密性与个人电话或面对面交谈的私密性作比较。

D.阐述职场电子邮件私密性的复杂性。

【答案】D

【解析】推断题。根据主旨以及各段大意可以解题。

Passage Five

There’s a species of smoker among us that is common yet poorly understood.Their habitat consists of parties，barbecues，and the sidewalks outside bars and restaurants.They prefer to scrounge for their cigarettes，and if they do buy a pack，they’re apt to nurse it for a week or more.You may hear them say，“I’m not a smoker，”or“Only on weekends.”These are“social smokers”—and there are more of them than you might think.

Smoking is often characterized as an all-or-nothing activity—on doctor’s office questionnaires it’s usually a yes-or-no question，for instance—but by some estimates，anywhere from one-fifth to one-third of adults who smoke don’t light up every day.While some of these so-called nondaily smokers smoke regularly but sparingly，up to 30%likely fall into the social-smoker category.

Hard numbers are difficult to come by，in part because the definition of a social smoker is so vague.A 2007 study of social smoking among college students—one of very few that have been published on the subject—found the term was used“loosely and inconsistently，”even among researchers.But most people know a social smoker when they see one.They smoke occasionally，almost always in groups，and more often than not while drinking alcohol.By definition，they do not consider themselves addicted to nicotine.Many started smoking casually in high school or college but never graduated to a daily habit.

While the overall number of smokers in the United States is dropping，the proportion of occasional smokers appears to be on the rise.News reports and studies have also provided anecdotal（传闻的）evidence that social smoking is increasing，especially among young people.

The reasons for this apparent trend haven’t been fully explained.Some suggest that the growing awareness of health risks，the stigma surrounding smoking（which may explain why the smokers interviewed for this article didn’t want their full names used），and the smoking bans in public places are causing heavy smokers to cut back.Vickie，for instance，wouldn’t be caught dead smoking around her two young children，and the restrictions against smoking at work or inside bars and restaurants are often enough to extinguish her urges，she says—especially in the wintertime.

Another popular theory is that social smokers，unlike social drinkers，don’t really exist.Social smokers，the thinking goes，are low-level addicts either in denial or on the brink of addiction.It’s a bit like the old saying about there being two types of motorcyclists：those who have had accidents and those who are going to.And research indicates that there may be something to this：In the recent study of college students，60%of the students surveyed who denied that they were smokers did identify themselves as social smokers；roughly 10%of these alleged nonsmokers in fact smoked at least every other day.

21.What can be known about social smokers？

A.They tend to light up on weekends.

B.They are not real smokers.

C.They tend to nurse a pack for several days or more.

D.They only appear in parties or restaurants.

22.Which of the following word is the closest in meaning with the underlined word “sparingly”in paragraph 2？

A.Economically.B.Prudently.

C.Extravagantly.D.Indulgently.

23.What can be inferred from the phrase“loosely and inconsistently”in paragraph 3？

A.Researchers are not convinced of the reasons for social smokers.

B.There is no consensus about definition of social smokers.

C.Social smokers are hard to be characterized by people.

D.There is no definite standard for distinguishing social smokers from others.

24.According to the passage，what may be the explanation for the trend that occasional

smokers are on the rise while the overall number of smokers are decreasing？

A.The growing awareness of health.

B.Bans on smoking at home.

C.Advice from medical professionals.

D.The increasing self-discipline.

25.What can be implied from the old saying about there being two types of motorcyclists？

A.Social smokers are in danger of addiction to Nicotine.

B.Social smokers don’t addict to smoking at all.

C.Social smokers don’t consider themselves as smokers.

D.Social smokers either deny their addiction or are at the risk of addiction.

本文话题

社交型吸烟者。

难词译注

habitat[＇hæbitæt]n. 聚集处

scrounge[skraundʒ]vt. 白要，白拿

vague[veiɡ]a. 含糊的

nicotine[＇nikəti：n，-tin]n. 尼古丁

难句译注

In the recent study of college students，60%of the students surveyed who denied that they were smokers did identify themselves as social smokers；roughly 10%of these alleged nonsmokers in fact smoked at least every other day.

【分析】surveyed过去分词做定语修饰students；that引导宾语从句。

【译文】在最近针对大学生的研究中，60%被调查的学生否认自己是烟民，同时视自己为社交型吸烟者；事实上，那些声称自己为非烟民的人中，约10%的人每隔一天会吸一次烟。

答案及解析

21.【问题】有关社交吸烟者我们可以知道什么？

A.他们总是在周末吸烟。

B.他们不是真正的吸烟者。

C.他们总是几天或更长的时间吸一包（烟）

D.他们只出现在聚会和餐馆。

【答案】C

【解析】细节题，选项C相关原文信息在第一段“they’re apt to nurse it for a week or more”

22.【问题】下面哪一个词和划线词“sparingly”最接近？

A.节约地。 B.谨慎地。 C.挥霍无度地。 D.放任地。

【答案】A

【解析】猜词题。划线词的含义为“节俭地”。根据上下文信息也可以得出答案。

23.【问题】从“loosely and inconsistently”这个词组可以推断出什么？

A.研究者们不相信社交吸烟者的理由。

B.关于社交吸烟者的定义没有一致看法。

C.人们很难定义社交吸烟者。

D.没有区分社交吸烟者和其他吸烟者确定的标准。

【答案】B

【解析】推断题。根据本段第1句话Hard numbers are difficult to come by，in part because the definition of a social smoker is so vague就可以解题，这句话是这一段的主题句。vague的含义为“含糊的，不清楚的”。

24.【问题】根据文章所述，针对偶尔吸烟者人数在上升而整体吸烟者人数在下降这一趋势的解释是什么？

A.健康意识的增强。 B.家中禁烟。

C.医学专业人士的建议。 D.自律增强。

【答案】A

【解析】细节题。在文章第4段提到题目所说的这一现象，虽然第5段第一句话中没有完整的解释，但是人们健康意识的增强可以作为一个解释，因而答案为A。

25.【问题】从那个有关两种骑摩托车者的古老谚语中可以得到什么暗示？

A.社交吸烟者处于尼古丁上瘾的危险中。

B.社交吸烟者根本对吸烟不上瘾。

C.社交吸烟者不自认为是吸烟者。

D.社交吸烟者要么否认他们上瘾，要么否认他们处于上瘾的危险中。

【答案】D

【解析】推断题。这个比喻出现在最后一段，根据对这一比喻的解释和最后一段有关social smokers的相关信息可以解题。

Pasage Six

Scientists have known for more than two decades that cancer is a disease of the genes.Something scrambles the DNA inside a nucleus，and suddenly，instead of dividing in a measured fashion，a cell begins to copy itself furiously.Unlike an ordinary cell，it never stops.But describing the process isn’t the same as figuring it out.Cancer cells are so radically different from normal ones that it’s almost impossible to untangle the sequence of events that made them that way.So for years researchers have been attacking the problem by taking normal cells and trying to determine what changes will turn them cancerous—always without success.

Until now，according to a report in the current issue of Nature，a team of scientists based at M.I.T.’s Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research has finally managed to make human cells malignant—a feat they accomplished with two different cell types by inserting just three altered genes into their DNA.While these manipulations were done only in lab dishes and won’t lead to any immediate treatment，they appear to be a crucial step in understanding the disease.This is a“landmark paper”，wrote Jonathan Weitzman and Moshe Yaniv of the Pasteur Institute in Paris，in an accompanying commentary.

The dramatic new result traces back to a breakthrough in 1983，when the Whitehead’s Robert Weinberg and colleagues showed that mouse cells would become cancerous when spiked with two altered genes.But when they tried such alterations on human cells，they didn’t work.Since then，scientists have learned that mouse cells differ from human cells in an important respect：they have higher levels of an enzyme called telomerase.That enzyme keeps caplike structures called telomeres on the ends of chromosomes from getting shorter with each round of cell division.Such shortening is part of a cell’s aging process，and since cancer cells keep dividing forever，the Whitehead group reasoned that making human cells more mouselike might also make them cancerous.

The strategy worked.The scientists took connective-tissue and kidney cells and introduced three mutated genes—one that makes cells divide rapidly；another that disables two substances meant to rein in excessive division；and a third that promotes the production of telomerase，which made the cells essentially immortal.They’d created a tumor in a test tube.“Some people believed that telomerase wasn’t that important，”says the Whitehead’s William Hahn，the study’s lead author.“This allows us to say with some certainty that it is.”

Understanding cancer cells in the lab isn’t the same as understanding how it behaves in a living body，of course.But by teasing out the key differences between normal and malignant cells，doctors may someday be able to design tests to pick up cancer in its earliest stages.The finding could also lead to drugs tailored to attack specific types of cancer，thereby lessening our dependence on tissue-destroying chemotherapy and radiation.Beyond that，the Whitehead research suggests that this stubbornly complex disease may have a simple origin，and the identification of that origin may turn out to be the most important step of all.

26.From the first paragraph，we learn that____.

A.scientists had understood what happened to normal cells that made them behave strangely

B.when a cell begins to copy itself without stopping，it becomes cancerous

C.normal cells do not copy themselves

D.the DNA inside a nucleus divides regularly

27.Which of the following statements is true according to the text？

A.The scientists traced the source of cancers by figuring out their DNA order.

B.A treatment to cancers will be available within a year or two.

C.The finding paves way for tackling cancer.

D.The scientists successfully turned cancerous cells into healthy cells.

28.According to the author，one of the problems in previous cancer research is.

A.enzyme kept telomeres from getting shorter

B.scientists didn’t know there existed different levels of telomerase between mouse cells and human cells

C.scientists failed to understand the connection between a cell’s aging process and cell division.

D.human cells are mouselike

29.Which of the following best defines the word“tailored”（Line 4，Para.5）？

A.Made specifically. B.Used mainly.

C.Targeted.D.Aimed.

30.The Whitehead research will probably result in.

A.a thorough understanding of the disease

B.beating out cancers

C.solving the cancer mystery

D.drugs that leave patients less painful

本文话题

癌症研究新突破。

难词译注

nucleus[＇nju：kliəs]n. 细胞核

untangle[ʌn＇tæŋɡl]v. 解开

malignant[mə＇liɡnənt]a. 恶性的

manipulation[mənipju＇leiʃən]n. 处理，操作

spike[spaik]n. 穿刺

telomerase[＇teləmiə＇reiz]n. 端粒酶

telomere[＇teləmiə]n. 端粒（在染色体端位上的着丝点）

chromosome[＇krəuməsəum]n. 染色体

mutate[mju：＇teit]v. 变异

chemotherapy[keməu＇θerəpi]n. 化疗

答案及解析

26.【问题】从第1段我们可以知道：

A.科学家们已经完全明白那些行为古怪的正常细胞出了什么问题。

B.当一个细胞不停地复制自己时，它就是癌细胞。

C.正常细胞不会复制自己。

D.细胞核内的DNA定期分裂。

【答案】B

【解析】细节题。根据原文第1段第1句话可以得知，癌症是一种基因变异。而随后又进一步阐释这种基因变异：Something scrambles the DNA inside a nucleus，and suddenly，instead of dividing in a measured fashion，a cell begins to copy itself furiously.Unlike an ordinary cell，it never stops.这句话的含义是：细胞核内的DNA被某种物质打乱，并且细胞突然不再有规则地分裂，而开始大量复制自身。不同于普通细胞的是，这种复制活动永无休止。故B正确。

27.【问题】根据文章所述，下面哪一个是真的？

A.科学家们通过知道癌症DNA的次序追踪到了癌症的源头。

B.一两年内将会有治疗癌症的方法。

C.研究结果为解决癌症铺平了道路。

D.科学家们成功地将癌细胞转化为了健康细胞。

【答案】C

【解析】细节题。见原文第2段：While these manipulations were done only in lab dishes and won’t lead to any immediate treatment，they appear to be a crucial step in understanding the disease.这句话告诉我们，尽管这些操作仅仅是在实验室的器皿中完成的，不会立刻形成任何治疗手段，但这些都是了解这一疾病的重要一步。同时后面的一句This is a landmark paper更说明这项研究是在为彻底治愈癌症铺路。

28.【问题】根据作者的观点，上一个癌症研究存在的问题之一是：

A.酶使得端粒无法变短。

B.科学家们不知道鼠细胞和人体细胞之间有不同的端粒酶。

C.科学家们不知道一个细胞的衰老过程与细胞分裂的关系。

D.人类细胞类似鼠细胞。

【答案】B

【解析】细节题。题目中提到的实验出现在第3段，本段第2句话告诉我们这个实验失败了，下一句告诉我们失败的原因：Since then，scientists have learned that mouse cells differ from human cells in an important respect：they have higher levels of an enzyme called telomerase.

29.【问题】下面哪一个能最好地定义“tailor”？

A.专门制作。B.主要使用。C.定向的。D.瞄准的。

【答案】A

【解析】猜词题。根据tailor所在的最后一段的句子：“The finding could also lead to drugs tailored to attack specific types of cancer”可知这个要针对特定的癌症，因而tailor的含义就是A。

30.【问题】Whitehead的研究将可能导致：

A.对这种病的彻底认识。B.打败癌症。

C.解决癌症之谜。D.使病人减少痛苦的药。

【答案】D

【解析】推理题。文中最后一段第3句提到，这项研究可能发明一些专门用于特定类型癌症的药物，因此减少我们对化疗和辐射的依赖，可见癌症患者在治疗时有可能不再像以前那样痛苦。

Passage Seven

Is there any beverage that’s more versatile than beer？The malted barley brew can provide a way to bond with buddies，celebrate victories，mourn defeats，and is almost a prerequisite for watching sports.However，if your waistline has started to expand into the stereotypical beer belly zone，you may be looking with disdain at that pint in your hand.

It’s commonly assumed that there is a direct correlation between the amount of beer men consume and the size of their beer bellies，but how accurate is this perception？We’ve investigated the connection between beer and beer bellies，so read on to learn the truth.

Despite the common“beer belly”moniker，excess belly flab is not always caused by swigging too many pints of liquid bread.Beer，at around 140 calories per 12-ounce bottle，is high in calories and frequent imbibing can result in the extra calories that lead to a distended waistline.So，in this case，there is a link.However，like fat that appears in other areas of the body，it has more to do with how many overall calories you consume versus how many you’re burning through regular exercise.Your body can’t tell the difference between beer-related calories and extra calories from any other food.So，the answer is also，no.

Calories certainly hold part of the answer，but so does age：metabolism slows down after the age of 35，so you may find that the further the calendar advances，the more trouble you have keeping a trim figure.Another part of the reason has to do with your gender.While most women tend to keep their extra flab on their hips，thighs and buttocks，men commonly store fat around the waist.So combine your age and gender with an excess of calories，and the result can be a charming pot belly.

Not only is it an unattractive accessory，belly fat—or visceral fat—is now getting extra attention as one of the riskiest kinds of extra flab a person can sport.People with excess belly fat have a tendency to develop nasty conditions such as insulin resistance，diabetes，high blood pressure，heart disease，and high cholesterol over and above the already increased risk a person receives from other forms of obesity.

So，how do you know if your spare tire is overinflated？Use a measuring tape.Keeping in mind that every body is different，a general guideline some doctors use for men is a maximum waist measurement of 40 inches.Anything over that and your chances of developing nasty health problems will escalate.To see how you compare，wrap a tape measure around the area above your hipbone.Make sure the tape is level all the way around your midsection，hold it snug，breathe out，and see what the damage is.

31.According to the passage，which of the following statement is true？

A.Beer belly is in proportion to the amount of beer consumed.

B.The excess belly flab is not caused by beer.

C.A complex factor along with age and gender may lead to distended waistline.

D.Compared with women，men store more fat around the waist.

32.Which of the following statement is true about reasons for fat deposited in the belly？

A.Age correlates with fat stored in the belly.

B.Males tend to store fat around the waist.

C.Extra calories lead to a distended waistline.

D.All of the above.

33.According to the passage，as a risk of health，beer belly may develop some diseases EXCEPT____.

A.diabetes B.hepatitis

C.hypertension D.cardiovascular disease

34.According to the passage，the way to know how much belly is too much is____.

A.measuring the waistline

B.blood routine

C.urine routine

D.consult medical professionals

35.The next paragraph would probably discuss____.

A.how to give up drinking beer

B.how to get rid of beer belly

C.how to know whether you are addicted to beer

D.How to deal with the diseases in relation to beer belly

本文话题

啤酒肚。

难词译注

versatile[＇və：sətail]a. 通用的，万能的

malted barley 麦芽

prerequisite[pri：＇rekwizit]n. 先决条件

stereotypical[＇stiəriətaipikəl]n. 模式化观念的

pint[paint]n. 品脱

moniker[＇mɔnikə（r）]n. 绰号

flab[flæb]n. 松弛

swig[swiɡ]n. 痛饮

imbibe[im＇baib]v. 吸收

distend[dis＇tend]v. 使扩大

metabolism[me＇tæbəlizəm]n. 新陈代谢

visceral fat 内脏脂肪

insulin[＇insjulin]n. 胰岛素

cholesterol[kə＇lestərəul，-rɔl]n. 胆固醇

obesity[əu＇bi：səti]n. 肥胖

难句译注

1.Beer，at around 140 calories per 12-ounce bottle，is high in calories and frequent imbibing can result in the extra calories that lead to a distended waistline.

【分析】that引导定语从句修饰calories。

【译文】啤酒含有很高的热量，每12盎司的瓶装啤酒大约含有140卡路里的热量，经常喝啤酒会使腰围增大。

2.However，like fat that appears in other areas of the body，it has more to do with how many overall calories you consume versus how many you’re burning through regular exercise.

【分析】that引导定语从句修饰fat。versus是介词，此处意为“相对，相比”。

【译文】然而，与身体其他部位的脂肪一样，腹部脂肪的多少更取决于你摄入的热量与通过锻炼而燃烧掉的热量的差值。

答案及解析

31.【问题】根据文章，下面哪一个表述是真的？

A.啤酒肚和喝的啤酒量成正比。

B.大啤酒肚不是由啤酒造成的。

C.包括年龄和性别在内的复杂因素可能导致腰围增大。

D.与女性相比，男性在腰上囤积更多的脂肪。

【答案】C

【解析】细节题。原文第3段和第4段提到造成啤酒肚的原因：卡路里摄入、年龄以及性别等。

32.【问题】下面哪一个关于腹部脂肪堆积的原因是正确的？

A.年龄与腹部脂肪堆积相关。B.男性总是在腰上囤积脂肪。

C.热量过多可能导致腰围增大。D.以上都是。

【答案】D

【解析】细节题。解题信息依然在原文第3段和第4段。

33.【问题】根据文章，作为一个健康的危险因素，啤酒肚可能导致疾病，除了：

A.糖尿病。 B.肝炎。

C.高血压。 D.心血管疾病。

【答案】B

【解析】细节题。原文信息在第5段最后一句话：develop nasty conditions such as insulin resistance，diabetes，high blood pressure，heart disease，and high cholesterol over and above the already increased risk a person receives from other forms of obesity.

34.【问题】根据文章，知道多大的肚子算超标的方法是：

A.量腰围。 B.血常规。

C.尿常规。 D.咨询医学专业人士。

【答案】A

【解析】细节题。原文相关信息在最后一段。

35.【问题】下一个段落可能讨论：

A.如何戒啤酒。 B.如何消除啤酒肚。

C.如何知道你是否对啤酒上瘾。 D.如何应对和啤酒肚相关的疾病。

【答案】B

【解析】推理题。综观全文，提到啤酒肚的成因、危害以及如何判断腹部腰围。按照逻辑推理，下一个段落应该讲述如何消除啤酒肚。

Passage Eight

Can the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctor’s office？The Silicon Valley Employers Forum，a sophisticated group of technology companies，is launching a pilot program to test online“virtual visits”between doctors at three big local medical groups and about 6，000 employees and their families.The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative，including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems，hope that online visits will mean employees won’t have to skip work to tend to minor ailments of to follow up on chronic conditions.“With our long commutes and traffic，driving 40 miles to your doctor in your hometown can be a big chunk of time，”says Cindy Conway，benefits director at Cadence Design Systems，one of the participating companies.

Doctors aren’t clamoring to chat with patients online for free；they spend enough unpaid time on the phone.Only 1 in 5 has ever E-mailed a patient，and just 9 percent are interested in doing so，according to the research firm Cyber Dialogue.“We are not stupid，”says Stirling Somers，executive of the Silicon Valley employers group.“Doctors getting paid is a critical piece in getting this to work.”In the pilot program，physicians will get$20 per online consultation，about what they get for a simple office visit.

Doctors also fear they’ll be swamped by rambling E-mails that tell everything but what’s needed to make a diagnosis.So the new program will use technology supplied by Healinx，an Alameda，Calif.-based start-up.Healinx’s“Smart Symptom Wizard”questions patients and turns answers into a succinct message.The company has online dialogues for 60 common conditions.The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treatment plan，which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face-to-face visit.

Can E-mail replace the doctor’s office？Many conditions，such as persistent cough， require a stethoscope to discover what’s wrong—and to avoid a malpractice suit.Even Larry Bonham，head of one of the doctor’s groups in the pilot，believes the virtual doctor’s visits offer a“very narrow”sliver of service between phone calls to an advice nurse and a visit to the clinic.

The pilot program，set to end in nine months，also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service.So far，the Internet’s record in the health field has been underwhelming.The experiment is“a huge roll of the dice for Healinx，”notes Michael Barrett，an analyst at Internet consulting firm Forester Research.If the“Web visits”succeed，expect some HMOs（Health Maintenance Organizations）to pay for online visits.If doctors，employers，and patients aren’t satisfied，figure on one more E-health start-up to stand down.

36.The Silicon Valley employers promote the E-health program for the purpose of____.

A.rewarding their employees B.gratifying the local hospitals

C.boosting worker productivity D.testing a sophisticated technology37.What can be learned about the on-line doctors’visits？

A.They are a quite promising business.

B.They are funded by the local government.

C.They are welcomed by all the patients.

D.They are very much under experimentation.38.According to Paragraph 2，doctors are.

A.reluctant to serve online for nothing

B.not interested in Web consultation

C.too tired to talk to the patients online

D.content with$20 paid per Web visit

39.“Smart Symptom Wizard”is capable of.

A.making diagnoses B.producing prescriptions

C.profiling patients’illness D.offering a treatment plan

40.It can be inferred from the passage that the future of online visits will mostly depend on whether.

A.the employers would remain confident in them

B.they could effectively replace office visits

C.HMOs would cover the cost of the service

D.new technologies would be available to improve the E-health project

本文话题

虚拟网上问诊。

难词译注

sophisticated[sə＇fistikeitid]a. 老练的；复杂巧妙的；在行的

ailment[＇eilmənt]n. 疾病

chunk[tʃʌŋk]n. 大块

clamor[＇klæmə]v. 大声要求

swamp[swɔmp]n. 淹没

rambling[＇ræmbliŋ]a. 凌乱的；不切题的；蔓生的

succinct[sək＇siŋkt]a. 简洁的

stethoscope[＇steθəskəup]n. 听诊器

dice[dais]n. 骰子

malpractice[＇mælpræktis]n. 玩忽职守

offset[＇ɔ：fset]n. 抵消

答案及解析

36.【问题】硅谷的老板们推广电子医疗项目有什么目的？

A.奖励员工。 B.使当地医院满意。

C.提高工人生产力。 D.测试一个复杂的技术。

【答案】C

【解析】细节题。原文信息首先出现在第1段：hope that online visits will mean employees won’t have to skip work to tend to minor ailments of to follow up on chronic conditions.这句话告诉我们，这些参与其中的老板们希望网上问诊，这意味着他们的员工不必翘班去看病。在最后一段第1句话也提到：The pilot program，set to end in nine months，also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service.此句意为：这一试验项目九个月后就将结束，同样希望能确定网上问诊是否能提高工人生产力，以抵消这项服务的费用。故选C。

37.【问题】有关网上问诊我们可以知道什么？

A.这是很有前途的生意。 B.由当地政府资助。

C.深受所有患者的欢迎。 D.还处于试验阶段。

【答案】D

【解析】细节题。此题用排除法较容易解题。文章第4段和第5段阐述这一项目的不足和担心，很多参与者还持观望态度，无法判断这个项目是否有发展前途，故A错。B为错误选项，文章没有提到该项目由政府资助；C为错误选项，理由与B相同。最后一段提到该项目是pilot program，意思就是“试验性的，试点的”。故D正确。

38.【问题】在第2段，医生们对网上问诊的态度：

A.医生们不愿意免费进行网上问诊。

B.医生们对网上会诊不感兴趣。

C.医生们太疲劳了，以至于不愿意在网上和患者交流。

D.医生们对每次网上会诊20元费用感到满意。

【答案】A

【解析】段落大意。根据第2段的内容，可以首先排除C和D，因为没有相关信息。第2段第1句话Doctors aren’t clamoring to chat with patients online for free.意思是医生们不情愿在网上和患者免费交流。因而选项A为正确答案。

【问题】SSW能够做什么？

A.进行诊断。 B.开处方。

C.扼要介绍病人病情。 D.提供治疗方案。

39.【答案】C

【解析】细节题。有关SSW的原文信息在第3段。第3段提到，这个项目使用称为SSW的新技术，该技术可以询问病人，并将病情简要记录。然后由医生诊断病情，确定治疗方案，这个方案可以是将处方发邮件给病人或者面对面的问诊。

40.【问题】从文章中可以推断网上问诊的前景主要依靠什么？

A.是否老板们对它有信心。

B.是否能有效取代面对面的问诊。

C.是否HMOs负担费用。

D.是否新的技术能改进该项目。

【答案】B

【解析】推断题。根据全文内容以及上面几道细节题可知：硅谷老板们推广电子医疗为了提高工人的生产力，但医生们对于网上问诊的态度很不情愿，因而可以推断，如果网上问诊在今后前景，就取决于是否能有效地取代面对面的问诊，故选项B正确。

Passage Nine

Can electricity cause cancer？In a society that literally runs on electric power，the very idea seems preposterous.But for more than a decade，a growing band of scientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure to electromagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia（白血病）and other malignancies（恶性肿瘤）.The implications are unsettling，to say the least，since everyone comes into contact with such fields，which are generated by everything electrical，from power lines and antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens.Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory，it has been hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is legitimate or the worst kind of paranoia（妄想狂）.

Now the alarmists have gained some qualified support from the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.In the executive summary of a new scientific review，released in draft form late last week，the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date.The agency tentatively concludes that scientific evidence “suggests a casual link”between extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields—those having very longwave-lengths and leukemia，lymphoma and brain cancer，While the report falls short of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens（致癌物质），it does identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as“a possible，but not proven，cause of cancer in humans.”

The report is no reason to panic or even to lost sleep.If there is a cancer risk，it is a small one.The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal of debate within the Bush Administration，and the EPA released it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the White House.But now no one can deny that the issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed.

At the heart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon：When an electric current passes through a wire，it generates an electromagnetic field that exerts forces on surrounding objects.For many years，scientists dismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful，primarily because they are so extraordinarily weak.The ELF magnetic field generated by a video terminal measures only a few milligauss（磁场强度单位），or about one-hundredth the strength of the earth’s own magnetic field.The electric fields surrounding a power line can be as high as 10 kilovolts per meter，but the corresponding field induced in human cells will be only about 1 millivolt per meter.This is far less than the electric fields that the cells themselves generate.

How could such minuscule forces pose a health danger？The consensus used to be that they could not，and for decades scientists concentrated on more powerful kinds of radiation，like X-rays，which pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out of the molecules that make up the human body.Such“ionizing”radiations have been clearly linked to increased cancer risks and there are regulations to control emissions.

But epidemiological studies，which find statistical associations between sets of data，do not prove cause and effect.Though there is a body of laboratory work showing that exposure to ELF fields can have biological effects on animal tissues，a mechanism by which those effects could lead to cancerous growths has never been found.

The Pentagon is far from persuaded.In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPA report，Air Force scientists charge its authors with having“biased the entire document”toward proving a link.“Our reviewers are convinced that there is no suggestion that （electromagnetic fields）present in the environment induce or promote cancer，”the Air Force concludes.“It is astonishing that the EPA would lend its imprimatur on this report.”Then Pentagon’s concern is understandable.There is hardly a unit of the modern military that does not depend on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment，from huge ground-based radar towers to the defense systems built into every warship and plane.

41.The main idea of this passage is____.

A.studies on the cause of cancer

B.controversial viewpoints in the cause of cancer

C.the relationship between electricity and cancer

D.different ideas about the effect of electricity on cancer

42.The viewpoint of the EPA is.

A.there is casual link between electricity and cancer

B.electricity really affects cancer

C.controversial

D.low frequency electromagnetic field is a possible cause of cancer

43.Why did the Pentagon and White House object to the release of the report？

A.Because it may stir a great deal of debate among the Bush Administration.

B.Because every unit of the modern military has depended on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment.

C.Because the Pentagon’s concern was understandable.

D.Because they had different arguments.

44.It can be inferred from physical phenomenon.

A.the force of the electromagnetic field is too weak to be harmful

B.the force of the electromagnetic field is weaker than the electric field that the cells generate

C.electromagnetic field may affect health

D.only more powerful radiation can knock electron out of human body

45.What do you think ordinary citizens may do after reading the different arguments？

A.They are indifferent.

B.They are worried very much.

C.The may exercise prudent avoidance.

D.They are shocked.

本文话题

电是否致癌。

难词译注

preposterous[pri＇pɔstərəs]a. 荒谬的

legitimate[li＇dʒitimit]a. 合法的，合理的

tentatively[＇tentətivli]ad. 试验性地，暂时性地

lymphoma[lim＇fəumə]n. 淋巴瘤

minuscule[mi＇nʌskju：l]a. 很小的，很不重要

consensus[kən＇sensəs]n. 一致同意

wallop[＇wɔləp]vi/n. 乱窜，猛冲

epidemiological[epidemiɔ＇lədʒikɔl]a. 流行病学的

blistering[＇blistəriŋ]a. 愤怒的，猛烈的

critique[kri＇ti：k]n. 评论，批评

imprimatur[impri＇meitə]n. 出版许可（官方审查后的），批准

难句译注

1.The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal of debate within the Bush Administration，and the EPA released it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the White House.

【分析】sothat如此……以至于。

【译文】证据很有争议，以至于报告草案在布什政府内引起激辩，而环保署无视五角大楼和白宫的强烈反对，公布了这份报告。

2.and for decades scientists concentrated on more powerful kinds of radiation，like

X-rays，which pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out of the molecules that make up the human body.

【分析】which引导定语从句修饰powerful kinds of radiation；that引导定语从句修饰molecules。

【译文】而且几十年来，科学家专注于更为强大的辐射类别，如X光射线，其聚合的冲击力足以把电子从组成人体的分子中撞出来。

答案及解析

41.【问题】这篇文章的主题是：

A.有关癌症原因的研究。 B.有关癌症原因的有争议的观点。

C.电和癌症的关系。 D.电对产生癌症所起的作用的不同观点。

【答案】D

【解析】主旨题。根据每段的段落大意可以总结出文章的主旨。第1段提出文章讨论的话题，电是否会致癌，科学家们进行研究，觉得似乎是如此。紧接着文章阐述EPA组织针对这一问题的报告，似乎认为二者之间存在关系，但未经科学证实。尽管如此，危险性很微小，不过仍应认真对待。但空军方面的科学家不认同这一观点。至此，我们可以得出结论：文章对电是否能致癌这一话题阐述了不同的观点。

42.【问题】EPA的观点是：

A.电和癌症间有着不紧密的关联。

B.电的确影响癌症。

C.很有争议。

D.电子磁场的低频率可能是导致癌症的一个原因。

【答案】

【解析】细节题。原文信息为第3段第1句话。该句意为：无需对这个报告产生恐慌甚至寝食难安。就算是癌症的一个危险因素，也是很小的一个。故说明二者关系不紧密。

43.【问题】为什么五角大楼和白宫反对这个报告的发表？

A.因为这可能在布什政府内部引起很多争论。

B.因为现代军事的每一个部门都完全依赖这种电子设备的使用。

C.因为五角大楼的关注是可以理解的。

D.因为他们有不同的观点。

【答案】B

【解析】推断题。A项不是原因，而是结果。C项与题目不符，答非所问。文中没有D项的相关信息。

44.【问题】从物理现象可以推断出：

A.电子磁场的威力很弱，不会有害。

B.电子磁场的威力比细胞产生的电场要弱。

C.电子磁场可能影响健康。

D.只有更强大的射线才可以将人体内的电子敲出来。

【答案】A

【解析】推断题。原文信息在第5段：For many years，scientists dismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful，primarily because they are so extraordinarily weak.此句意为“多年以来，科学家认为这样的强度不会有害，因为其威力太弱了。”

45.【问题】你认为普通市民在读了这些不同的观点后可能做什么？

A.他们无所谓，漠不关心。 B.他们十分担心。

C.他们可能谨慎避免。 D.他们很震惊。

【答案】C

【解析】推断题。文章针对电是否致癌的阐述告诉我们，对于这个问题还没有一个定性的结论，因而B、D两项不选；虽然没有定性，但是这个问题毕竟与人的生命有关，故读者不会对此漠不关心，故A不选。

Passage Ten

A rapid pace of technological advance has been accepted by many manufacturing industries for some time now，but for the office worker，who has led a sheltered existence in comparison，radical changes are a new experience.With the advent of electronic data processing techniques and，especially，computers，this situation has altered very swiftly. Office staff are suddenly finding themselves exposed to the traumatic consequences of scientific progress.

Research into the social and organizational problems of introducing computers into offices has been in progress in the social science department in Liverpool University for the past four years.In the firms we have been studying，change has usually been seen simply as a technical problem to be handled by technologists.The fact that the staff might regard the introduction of a computer as a threat to their security and status has not been anticipated.Company directors have been surprised when，instead of cooperation，they encountered anxiety and hostility.

Once the firm has signed the contract to purchase a computer，its next step，one might expect，would be to“sell”the idea to its staff，by giving reassurances about redundancy，and investigating how individual jobs will be affected so that displaced staff can be prepared for a move elsewhere.In fact，this may not happen.It is more usual for the firm to spend much time and energy investigating the technical aspects of the computer，yet largely to ignore the possibility of personnel difficulties.This neglect is due to the absence from most firms of anyone knowledgeable about human relations.The personnel manager，who might be expected to have some understanding of employee motivation，is in many cases not even involved in the changeover.

Again，because the changeover is seen only as a technical problem，little thought is given to communication and consultation with staff.Some firms go so far as to adopt a policy of complete secrecy，telling their staff nothing.One director told us：“If we are too frank，we may create difficulties for ourselves.”This policy was applied to managers as well as clerks because，it was explained，“our managers will worry if they find out they will lose workers and so have their empires reduced”.Several months after the arrival of the computer，the sales manager in this firm had still not been given full information on the consequences of this change.

The real bogey of the computer is that it is likely or even intended to displace staff.So it constitutes a major threat to staff security，and for this reason alone is likely to be resisted. An important part of the preparations for a machine must be，therefore，the estimating of the number of redundancies，and identifying jobs which will be eliminated or reduced in scope by the machine.

46.According to the research conducted by social science department in Liverpool University，which of the following is true？

A.Company directors welcome new technologies.

B.New technologies promote employees’teamwork.

C.Workers feel threatened by the introduction of technologies.

D.Technologies lead to workers’psychological diseases.

47.Employees are worried about the adoption of technologies because____.

A.they have no ideas on how to use them

B.they have not been given full information on the consequences of this change

C.firms are likely to adopt a policy of complete secrecy

D.probably employees will be replaced by them

48.According to the passage，once the firm purchase computers，what problems do they encounter？

A.Workers are prepared for a move.

B.Personnel difficulties will be ignored.

C.Personnel managers have no insights into employee motivation.

D.How much does individual job will be affected.

49.What does the underlined word“bogey”is closest in meaning to.

A.fear B.ghost C.cause D.revenant

50.According to the passage，which of the following is the author’s opinion？

A.Employers should be discreet about the introduction of new technologies.

B.Workers are replaced inevitably by technologies.

C.With the advent of new technologies，firms are likely to get into difficulties with new technologies.

D.Employers should require technologists to handle technical problems instead of employees.

本文话题

新科学技术的引进对员工的影响。

难词译注

advent[＇ædvənt]n. 到来

traumatic[trɔ：＇mætik]a. 创伤的

anticipate[æn＇tisipeit]vt. 预期，期望

reassurance[ri：ə＇ʃuərəns]n. 放心

redundancy[ri＇dʌndənsi]n. 冗余

难句译注

1.A rapid pace of technological advance has been accepted by many manufacturing industries for some time now，but for the office worker，who has led a sheltered existence in comparison，radical changes are a new experience.

【分析】who引导定语从句修饰office worker。

【译文】科学技术的飞速发展现被许多制造业所接受已经有一段时间了，但相比之下生活在庇护下的办公室文员来说，彻底的变化却是一种全新的经历。

2.The fact that the staff might regard the introduction of a computer as a threat to their security and status has not been anticipated.

【分析】that引导同位语从句。

【译文】员工可能把计算机的引进视为对自身安全和地位的威胁，这个事实没有被预料到。

答案及解析

46.【问题】根据利物浦大学社会科学部的研究，哪一个是正确的？

A.公司主管欢迎新科学技术。

B.科学技术促进员工的团队合作。

C.工人们感觉新技术的引进是对他们的威胁。

D.科学技术导致员工心理疾病。

【答案】C

【解析】细节题。原文信息在第2段：The fact that the staff might regard the introduction of a computer as a threat to their security and status has not been anticipated.

这句话告诉我们出现了员工感到威胁的事实。

47.【问题】员工担心新技术的引进，因为什么？

A.他们不知道如何使用。

B.他们没有被详细告知这种变化会带来什么结果。

C.公司很可能采取完全保密的政策。

D.员工很有可能被新技术所取代。

【答案】D

【解析】细节题。根据文章的阐述，员工的担心就来自于对自身地位和安全的威胁。

48.【问题】一旦公司购买计算机，他们可能遇到什么麻烦？

A.员工准备调动。

B.人事困难将被忽视。

C.人事经理对员工动机没有深入了解。

D.个人工作将会在多大程度上受到影响。

【答案】B

【解析】细节题。原文信息在第三段It is more usual for the firm to spend much time and energy investigating the technical aspects of the computer，yet largely to ignore the possibility of personnel difficulties.对于公司来说通常会花时间和精力调查计算机技术方面的问题，而大大忽略了人事问题的可能性。

49.【问题】哪一项与“bogey”意思最接近？

A.恐惧 B.幽灵 C.缘由 D.亡魂

【答案】A

【解析】猜词题。根据划线词所在的最后一段和语句，可以推测出计算机对于员工最大的危险就是会取代他们的位置。故与划线词所在语句意思最接近的就是A。

50.【问题】哪一项是作者的观点？

A.雇主要谨慎引进新技术。

B.员工势必要被科学技术所取代。

C.随着新的科学技术的到来，公司很可能陷入新科技所带来的问题中。

D.雇主应该要求技术人员解决技术问题，而不是要求员工。

【答案】C

【解析】细节题。A项在原文中无相关信息；B项也没有；D项有相关信息，但不是作者观点；故C正确。

Passage Eleven

Biologically，there is only one quality which distinguishes us from animals：the ability to laugh.In a universe which appears to be utterly devoid of humor，we enjoy this supreme luxury.And it is a luxury，for unlike any other bodily process，laughter does not seem to serve a biologically useful purpose.In a divided world，laughter is a unifying force.Human beings oppose each other on a great many issues.Nations may disagree about systems of government and human relations may be plagued by ideological factions and political camps，but we all share the ability to laugh.And laughter，in turn，depends on that most complex and subtle of all human qualities：a sense of humor.Certain comic stereotypes have a universal appeal.This can best be seen from the world-wide popularity of Charlie Chaplin’s early films.The little man at odds with society never fails to amuse no matter which country we come from.As that great commentator on human affairs，Dr.Samuel Johnson，once remarked，“Men have been wise in very different modes；but they have always laughed in the same way.”

A sense of humor may take various forms and laughter may be anything from a refined tingle to an earth quaking roar，but the effect is always the same.Humor helps us to maintain a correct sense of values.It is the one quality which political fanatics appear to lack.If we can see the funny side，we never make the mistake of taking ourselves too seriously.We are always reminded that tragedy is not really far removed from comedy，so we never get a lop-sided view of things.

This is one of the chief functions of satire and irony.Human pain and suffering are so grim；we hover so often on the brink of war；political realities are usually enough to plunge us into total despair.In such circumstances，cartoons and satirical accounts of somber political events redress the balance.They take the wind out of pompous and arrogant politicians who have lost their sense of proportion.They enable us to see that many of our most profound actions are merely comic or absurd.We laugh when a great satirist like Swift writes about war in Gulliver’s Travels.The Lilliputians and their neighbors attack each other because they can’t agree which end to break an egg.We laugh because we meant to laugh；but we are meant to weep too.It is too powerful a weapon to be allowed to flourish in totalitarian regimes（极权主义政治制度）.

The sense of humor must be singled out as man’s most important quality because it is associated with laughter.And laughter，in turn，is associated with happiness.Courage，determination，initiative—these are qualities we share with other forms of life.But the sense of humor is uniquely human.If happiness is one of the great goals of life，then it is the sense of humor that provides the key.

51.The most important of all human qualities is.____

A.a sense of humor B.a sense of satire

Ca sense of laughter D.a sense of history

52.The author mentions about Charlie Chaplin’s early films because____.

A.they can amuse people

Bhuman beings are different from animals

Cthey show that certain comic stereotypes have a universal appeal

Dthey show that people have the same ability to laugh

53.One of the chief functions of irony and satire is____.

A.to show absurdity of actions

B.to redress balance

C.to take the wind out of politicians

D.to show too much grimness in the world

54.What do we learn from the sentence（Line 9，Para.3）“it is too powerful a weapon to be allwed to flourish in totalitarian regimes？”

A.It can reveal the truth of political events with satire.

B.It can arouse people to riot.

C.It shows tragedy and comedy are related.

D.It can make people laugh.

55.Who is Swift？

A.A novelist. B.A poet. C.A dramatist. D.An essayist.

本话题

幽默。

难词译注

devoid[di’Vɔid]a. 缺乏的

plague[pleig]n. 瘟疫；苦恼

faction['faekʃan]n， 派别

fanatic[fə＇nætik]n. 狂热者

hover[＇hɔvə]v. 盘旋

somber[＇sɔmbə（r）]a. 阴暗的，阴森的

redress[ri＇dres]vt. 纠正

pompous[＇pɔmpəs]a. 华而不实的

regime[rei＇ʒi：m]n. 政体，政权

答案及解析

51.【问题】人类所有素质中最重要的是：

A.幽默感。 B.讽刺。 C.微笑。 D.历史感。

【答案】A

【解析】文章开头就点题：there is only one quality which distinguishes us from animals：the ability to laugh.此句意为：“人类区别动物的唯一特性就是能够笑。”文章后面的内容从不同角度阐述幽默感。故选A。

52.【问题】作者提到卓别林的早期电影因为：

A.这些电影能娱乐大众。

B.人类不同于动物。

C.这些电影显示出一定的戏剧模式广受欢迎。

D.这些电影显示出人们发笑的能力是一样的。

【答案】C

【解析】细节题中的例证题。原文在第1段：“a sense of humor of certain comic stereotypes have a universal appeal.This can best be seen from the world-wide popularity of Charlie Chaplin’s early films.”这句话的逻辑关系就是因果，此句意为：“某种喜剧形式的幽默感会对全世界都有吸引力。这一点在卓别林的早期电影中有很好的体现。”

53.【问题】讽刺的主要功能之一是：

A.表现出行为的荒谬。 B.恢复平衡。

C.挫败政客们。 D.显示世界的严酷。

【答案】B

【解析】细节题。原文信息在第3段前三句。

54.【问题】从第3段最后一句话中可以知道什么？

A.它用讽刺的手法揭示政治事件的真相。

B.它可以挑动人们发生暴乱。

C.它表明悲剧和喜剧是相关联的。

D.它能使人发笑。

【答案】A

【解析】该句意为：“讽刺是一种太过强大的武器，不容许在极权主义政治制度下发展壮大”。

55.【问题】Swift是谁？

A.小说家。 B.诗人。

C.戏剧家。 D.散文家。

【答案】A

【解析】Swift是《格列佛游记》的作者。根据原文信息可知，在这本书中有小人国的人和他们的邻居的战争情节。因而这本书应该是小说。本题亦可通过常识解答。

Passage Twelve

There is a common perception among many athletes，coaches，and even some sport psychologists that anxiety is a“bad”state，and should be reduced at all costs.Sport psychologists would traditionally most likely begin with teaching an anxious athlete relaxation and deep breathing skills.In my practice，I have found another approach also to be beneficial.Research has found that it is usually the person’s perception of their high arousal that may influence performance，not the high arousal itself.If the athlete believes they are anxious，and believe that this anxiety may affect their performance，usually the anxiety increases.Their anxiety can then become out of control，reducing their performance，and completing a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Taking these findings on board，often when an athlete approaches me before a major competition flustered about his or her anxiety，I reply“Great！”After a brief look of confusion， I explain to the athlete that his body is getting ready to compete.The body is pumping blood to his muscles ready for explosive exercise.I may also have a brief chat about evolution，and how the body’s flight or fight system is activated during potentially threatening situations.

This response increases heart rate and blood flow to the specific muscles involved in speed，strength，and power that was designed to help us either run away or defend ourselves from potential predators.I liken the body’s response to the state they try and achieve in warm-up，with an increase in heart rate，and maybe a light sweat.Then we may have a discussion about the opposite state of total relaxation and boredom，and how this state would not be ideal for competition（of course this approach would not be relevant for sports requiring fine motor control and slow heart rate，such as shooting or archery）.Athletes may also find it helpful if their anxiety is reframed as anticipation，passion，and excitement for the upcoming competition.

Although relaxation interventions can be valuable tools for performance enhancement， mental skills probably will be ineffective if the anxiety is out of control，or the source of the athlete’s anxiety stems from deeper issues.These deeper concerns may include anxiety about performing in front of a significant other person（e.g.，wanting to make Mum or Dad proud），or fear of not living up to a protected image of him or herself（e.g.，having to perform well to live up to the image of the perfect athlete）.

Relaxation skills can only go so far in helping these athletes，and a more effective approach may be referring these athletes to a sport psychologist with counseling experience.The referral process itself may be a delicate process given the stigma associated with seeing a“shrink”and admitting a perceived“weakness”.

56.Which of the following statement is NOT true among athletes and coaches？

A.Anxiety before the match is unbeneficial to athletes’performance.

B.Such bad influence as anxiety should be eliminated before the match.

C.Taking deep breath and relaxation are the most effective ways to alleviate athlete’s anxiety.

D.In some cases，anxiety can boost athlete’s performance.

57.The author says“Great”to an anxious athlete for the purpose of____.

A.telling him that anxiety is beneficial to the athlete.

B.making the athlete realize that he is ready for competition.

C.implying the athlete’s positive perception of his high arousal may boost his performance.

D.intending to make the athlete relaxed.

58.According to the author，which of the following statement about the body’s response to the anxious state is true？

A.It is unbeneficial to athlete’s performance.

B.It shows that athletes are ready to achieve in warm-up.

C.It is suitable for all sorts of sports.

D.In any case，athletes inevitably find such a response helpful.

59.According to the passage，in some situations，the mental skills probably be ineffective EXCEPT____.

A.athletes live in fear of being defeated

B.athletes strongly wish to live up to his parents’expectation

C.athletes have too strong anxiety about themselves and they lose self-control

D.athletes are worried about their performance in front of significant persons

60.The best title for the passage is____.

A.Anxiety，a big threat to athletes

B.Means of eliminating athletes’anxiety

C.Coping with athletes’anxiety effectively

D.Influence of anxiety on athletes

本文话题

如何解决运动员的赛前焦虑

难词译注

perception[pə＇sepʃən]n. 理解，感知

arousal[ə＇rauzəl]n. 觉醒，激励

prophecy[＇prɔfisi]n. 预言

activate[＇æktiveit]vt. 刺激，使活动

liken[＇laikən]vt. 把……比做

archery[＇α：tʃəri]n. 箭术

答案及解析

56.【问题】关于运动员和教练员，下面哪一个表述不正确？

A.赛前的紧张不利于运动员的发挥。

B.像焦虑这种负面影响在赛前应该消除。

C.深呼吸、放松是缓解运动员焦虑最有效的方法。

D.在一些情况下，焦虑可以促进运动员的发挥。

【答案】D

【解析】细节题。原文第1段：There is a common perception among many athletes，coaches，and even some sport psychologists that anxiety is a“bad”state，and should be reduced at all costs.通过对这句话的理解，我们可以得知，在运动员、教练员以及运动心理学家看来，焦虑应该不惜一切代价地消除。故选项D不正确。

57.【问题】作者提到他对一个焦虑的运动员说“很好”，其目的是：

A.告诉他焦虑对运动员有益。

B.使运动员认识到他为比赛作好了准备。

C.暗示运动员，对紧张感的积极观点可以促进他的发挥。

D.打算使运动员放松。

【答案】C

【解析】推断题。作者提出他如何与一个焦虑运动员共同处理焦虑的例子是为了进一步例证自己的观点：it is usually the person’s perception of their high arousal that may influence performance，not the high arousal itself.

58.【问题】根据作者的观点，对焦虑状态的身体反应，下面哪种观点是正确的？

A.对运动员发挥没好处。

B.它表明运动员在热身时作好了准备。

C.它适合各类运动项目。

D.在任何状况下，运动员必定发觉这一反应很有帮助。

【答案】B

【解析】细节题，排除法解题。A项不符合作者的观点，其观点在第1段有阐述。C项在原文第3段提到：of course this approach would not be relevant for sports requiring fine motor control and slow heart rate，such as shooting or archery.即这种方法不适合像射击、射箭等项目。D项第4段也提到：mental skills probably will be ineffective if the anxiety is out of control，or the source of the athlete’s anxiety stems from deeper issues.此句意为“如果运动员的焦虑失控或者其源自很深层的问题，这种办法就没效了”。故只有B正确。

59.【问题】在一些状况下，心理技巧可能失效，除了什么状况？

A.运动员生活在怕被打败的恐惧中。

B.运动员强烈希望自己不辜负父母的期望。

C.运动员的焦虑太严重并且他们无法控制。

D.运动员担心在重要人物面前的表现。

【答案】A

【解析】推断题。相关原文信息在第4段。

60.【问题】文章最好的题目是：

A.焦虑，运动员最大的威胁。 B.消除运动员焦虑的手段。

C.有效处理运动员的焦虑。 D.焦虑对运动员的影响。

【答案】C

【解析】主旨题。首先确定各个选项的关键词，即威胁、手段、处理、影响，然后根据各段大意可以概括总结文章题目。

Passage Thirteen

There must be few questions on which responsible opinion is so utterly divided as on that of how much sleep we ought to have.There are some who think we can leave the body to regulate these matters for itself.“The answer is easy，”says Dr.A.Burton.“With the right amount of sleep you should wake up fresh and alert five minutes before the alarm rings.”If he is right many people must be undersleeping，including myself.But we must remember that some people have a greater inertia than others.This is not meant rudely.They switch on slowly，and they are reluctant to switch off.They are alert at bedtime and sleepy when it is time to get up，and this may have nothing to do with how fatigued their bodies are，or how much sleep they must take to lose their fatigue.

Other people feel sure that the present trend is towards too little sleep.To quote one medical opinion，thousands of people drift through life suffering from the effects of too little sleep；the reason is not that they can’t sleep.Like advancing colonists，we do seem to be grasping ever more of the land of sleep for our waking needs，pushing the boundary back and reaching，apparently，for a point in our evolution where we will sleep no more.This in itself，of course，need not be a bad thing.What could be disastrous，however，is that we should press too quickly towards this goal，sacrificing sleep only to gain more time in which to jeopardize our civilization by actions and decisions made weak by fatigue.

Then，to complete the picture，there are those who believe that most people are persuaded to sleep too much.Dr H.Roberts，writing in Every Man in Health，asserts：“It may safely be stated that，just as the majority eat too much，so the majority sleep too much.”One can see the point of this also.It would be a pity to retard our development by holding back those people who are gifted enough to work and play well with less than the average amount of sleep，if indeed it does them no harm.If one of the trends of evolution is that more of the life span is to be spent in gainful waking activity，then surely these people are in the van of this advance.

61.The author seems to indicate that____.

A.there are many controversial issues like the right amount of sleep

B.among many issues the right amount of sleep is the least controversial

C.people are now moving towards solving many controversial issues

D.the right amount of sleep is a topic of much controversy among doctors

62.The author disagrees with Dr.Burton because____.

A.few people can wake up feeling fresh and alert

B.some people still feel tired with enough sleep

C.some people still feel sleepy with enough sleep

D.some people go to bed very late at night

63.The underlined word“jeopardize”is closest in meaning to____.

A.endeavor B.endanger C.endorse D.endow

64.In the last paragraph the author points out that____.

A.sleeping less is good for human development

B.people ought to be persuaded to sleep less than before

C.it is incorrect to say that people sleep too little

D.those who can sleep less should be encouraged

65.We learn from the passage that the author____.

A.comments on three different opinions

B.favours one of the three opinions

C.explains an opinion of his own

D.revises someone else’s opinion

本文话题

人们的睡眠长短。

难词译注

jeopardize[＇dʒepədaiz]v. 危害

答案及解析

61.【问题】作者似乎要指出：

A.有很多争议的话题，例如睡眠量。

B.在众多话题中适当的睡眠量是最不具争议的话题。

C.现在人们转向解决许多有争议的问题。

D.多少睡眠量是适当的在医生中很有争议。

【答案】D

【解析】此题为主旨题。文章首句揭示主题：There must be few questions on which responsible opinion is so utterly divided as on that of how much sleep we ought to have.此句意为“很少有问题像我们应该睡多长时间那样引起如此大的分歧”。

62.【问题】作者不同意Burton博士的观点，因为：

A.很少有人醒来感到精力充沛并思维敏捷。

B.一些睡得很足的人仍旧感到劳累。

C.一些睡得很足的人仍旧感到困。

D.一些人很晚才上床睡觉。

【答案】A

【解析】细节题。原文中能够体现作者对Dr.Burton的观点的态度的信息在第1段：If he is right many people must be undersleeping，including myself.此句意为“如果他（Dr.Burton）是对的话，许多人都一定是睡眠不足，包括我在内。这句话体现作者与Dr.Burton的观点不一致”。

63.【问题】划线词“jeopardize”最接近的含义是：

A.努力 B.危及 C.签署 D.捐赠

【答案】B

【解析】猜词题。由上下文可知，划线词的含义为“危害”。

64.【问题】在最后一段，作者指出：

A.睡眠不足对人体成长有好处。 B.应该劝说人们要比以前睡得少一些。

C.人们睡得太少的说法不正确。 D.应该鼓励那些睡眠少的人。

【答案】D

【解析】细节题。原文信息为最后一段It would be a pity to retard our development by holding back those people who are gifted enough to work and play well with less than the average amount of sleep，if indeed it does them no harm.如果有些人天生就可以少睡觉，但不耽误工作和玩乐，而且确实对他们无害，如果因阻止他们这样做而延误我们整个社会发展的话，就太遗憾了。

65.【问题】从文章中我们可以知道作者：

A.对于三种不同观点进行评论。 B.赞成三个不同观点中的一个。

C.解释他自己的一个观点。 D.修正其他人的观点。

【答案】A

【解析】主旨题。综观全文，作者就对睡眠的三种观点进行阐述，并且针对这三种观点进行了评论，最终提出自己的看法。因而选项A为正确答案。

Passage Fourteen

I am one of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice we would prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a large city.I have managed to convince myself that if it weren’t for my job I would immediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in some sleepy village buried in the county.But how realistic is the dream？

Cities can be frightening places.The majority of the population live in massive tower blocks，noisy，dirty and impersonal.The sense of belonging to a community tends to disappear when you live fifteen floors up.All you can see from your window is sky，or other blocks of flats.Children become aggressive and nervous，cooped up at home all day，with nowhere to play；their mothers feel isolated from the rest of the world.Strangely enough，whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each other，nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks don’t even say hello to each other.

Country life，on the other hand，differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of small villages together.People have the advantage of knowing that there is always someone to turn to when they need help.But country life has disadvantages too.While it is true that you may be among friends in a village，it is also true that you are cut off from the exciting and important events that take place in cities.There’s little possibility of going to a new show or the latest movie.Shopping becomes a major problem，and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go on an expedition to the nearest large town.The city-dweller who leaves for the country is often oppressed by a sense of unbearable stillness and quiet.

What，then，is the answer？The country has the advantage of peace and quiet，but suffers from the disadvantage of being cut off：the city breeds a feeling of isolation，and constant noise batters the senses.But one of its main advantages is that you are at the centre of things，and that life doesn’t come to an end at half past nine at night.Some people have found（or rather bought）a compromise between the two：they have expressed their preference for the“quiet life”by leaving the suburbs and moving to villages within commuting distance of large cities.They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers they leave behind—they are polluted with strange ideas about change and improvement which they force on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the villages.

What then of my dreams of leaning on a cottage gate and murmuring“morning”to the locals as they pass by.I’m keen on the idea，but you see there’s my cat，Toby.I’m not at all sure that he would take to all that fresh air and exercise in the long grass.I mean，can you see him mixing with all those hearty males down the farm？No，he would rather have the electric imitation-coal fire any evening.

66.We get the impression from the first paragraph that the author____.

A.used to live in the country B.used to work in the city

C.works in the city D.lives in the country

67.In the author’s opinion，the following may cause city people to be unhappy EXCEPT____.

A.a strong sense of fear B.lack of communication

C.housing conditions D.a sense of isolation

68.The passage implies that it is easy to buy the following things in the country EXCEPT____.

A.daily necessities B.fresh fruits

C.designer clothes D.fresh vegetables

69.According to the passage，which of the following adjectives best describes those people who work in large cities and live in villages？

A.Original. B.Quiet. C.Arrogant. D.Insensitive.

70.Do you think the author will move to the country？

A.Yes，he will do so. B.No，he will not do so.

C.It is difficult to tell. D.He is in two minds.

本文话题

城乡生活的差异。

难词译注

aggressive[ə＇ɡresiv]a. 好斗的

coop up 禁闭

compromise[＇kɔmprəmaiz]n. 妥协，折中

commute[kə＇mju：t]v. （乘车）往返

murmur[＇mə：mə]n. 咕哝，低语

难句译注

1.I am one of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice we would prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a large city.

【分析】who引导定语从句修饰people，that引导的宾语从句中，有一个相当于虚拟条件句的特殊句型。

【译文】很多在城市里生活的人总是说，如果有选择的话我宁愿住在乡下，远离肮脏、喧闹的大城市；我就是他们中的一员。

2.I have managed to convince myself that if it weren’t for my job I would immediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in some sleepy village buried in the county.

【分析】if引导虚拟条件句。

【译文】我已经让自己相信：如果不是为了工作，我马上就会去一个开阔的地方，在乡村中一个沉睡的小村落中回归大自然。

3.They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers they leave behind— they are polluted with strange ideas about change and improvement which they force on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the villages.

【分析】they leave behind做定语从句修饰flowers；which引导定语从句修饰strange ideas。

【译文】他们像他们所留下的塑料花一样，缺少感受他们被有关改变和进步的奇怪思想所污染。而且，他们还将这些思想强加在村庄里的原住居民身上。

答案及解析

66.【问题】在第1段我们形成的印象是，作者：

A.过去住在乡下。 B.过去在城里工作。

C.现在在城里工作。 D.现在住在乡下。

【答案】C

【解析】细节题。在第1段里有两个虚拟语气可以解题：“given the choice we would prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a large city.”和“if it weren’t for my job I would immediately head out for the open spaces”通过这两个句子可以判断，作者现在身处城市。故C正确。

67.【问题】根据作者的观点，下面哪一个不是城市人不快乐的原因：

A.很强烈的恐惧感。 B.缺少交流。

C.住房条件。 D.孤独感。

【答案】A

【解析】细节题。相关信息在原文第2段。由“The sense of belonging to a community tends to disappearpeople on the same floor in tower blocks don’t even say hello to each other.”可知，城市生活“lack of communication”；由“The majority of the population live in massive tower blocks，noisy，dirty and impersonalAll you can see from your window is sky，or other blocks of flats.”可知，城市生活的“housing conditions”让人不开心；由“Childrencooped up at home all daytheir mothers feel isolated from the rest of the world.”可知，城市生活是“a sense of isolation”。文中没有提及“a strong sense of fear”，故A为正确答案。

68.【问题】文章暗示除了下面哪一个其他的都很容易在乡下买到？

A.日用品。 B.新鲜水果。

C.设计师的服装。 D.新鲜的蔬菜。

【答案】C

【解析】推理题。相关原文信息是在第3段：Shopping becomes a major problem，and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go on an expedition to the nearest large town.此句意为：购物是个大问题，并且与日常生活相比稍微特别一点的东西，就不得不去最近的大城镇去买了。因而可以推知，设计师的服装相比较而言属于特别的物品，故选C。

69.【问题】根据文章，下面哪一个形容词形容那些住在乡下但在城市工作的人最贴切？

A.淳朴的。 B.安静的。 C.傲慢的。 D.麻木不仁的。

【答案】C

【解析】推理题。第4段：They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers they leave behind—they are polluted with strange ideas about change and improvement which they force on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the villages.这句话中的they指代的就是题目中界定的人群。从这句话当中可以得知：这一群人很不敏感，并且他们会把有关变化和进步的奇怪想法强加给那些乡村里的居民。四个备选形容词只有insensitive符合原文的描述。

70.【问题】你认为作者会搬去乡下吗？

A.是的，他会这样做。 B.不，他不会这样做。

C.很难讲。 D.他这两个想法都有。

【答案】B

【解析】推理题。在最后一段中，从“I’m keen on the idea，but”这个转折关系可以推断出，作者对于这样的想法很有兴趣，但是由于but后面的原因而作罢，故B为正确选项。

Passage Fifteen

In the world of entertainment，TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every inch of space on daytime television.And anyone who watches them regularly knows that each one varies in style and format.But no two shows are more profoundly opposite in content，while at the same time standing out above the rest，than the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey shows.

Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of“trash talk”.The topics on his show are as shocking as shocking can be.For example，the show takes the ever-common talk show themes of love，sex，cheating，guilt，hate，conflict and morality to a different level. Clearly，the Jerry Springer show is a display and exploitation of society’s moral catastrophes（灾难），yet people are willing to eat up the intriguing（有迷惑力的）predicaments（困境）of other people’s lives.

Like Jerry Springer，Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its extreme，but Oprah goes in the opposite direction.The show focuses on the improvement of society and an individual’s quality of life.Topics range from teaching your children responsibility，managing your work week，to getting to know your neighbors.

Compared to Oprah，the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being dumped on society.Jerry ends every show with a“final word”.He makes a small speech that sums up the entire moral of the show.Hopefully，this is the part where most people will learn something very valuable.

Clean as it is，the Oprah show is not for everyone.The show’s main target audience are middle-class Americans.Most of these people have the time，money，and stability to deal with life’s tougher problems.Jerry Springer，on the other hand，has more of an association with the young adults of society.These are 18 to 21-year-old whose main troubles in life involve love，relationship，sex，money and peers.They are the 18 to 21-year-old ones who see some value and lessons to be learned underneath the show’s exploitation.

While the two shows are as different as night and day.Both have ruled the talk show circuit for many years now.Each one caters to a different audience while both have a strong following from large groups of fans.Ironically，both could also be considered pioneers in the talk show world.

71.Compared with other TV talk shows，both the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey are____.

A.more family-oriented B.unusually popular

C.more profound D.relatively formal

72.Though the social problems Jerry Springer talks about appear distasteful，the audience____.

A.remain fascinated by them B.are ready to face up to them

C.remain indifferent to them D.are willing to get involved in them

73.Which of the following is likely to be a topic of the Oprah Winfrey show？

A.A new type of robot. B.Racist hatred.

C.Family budget planning. D.Street violence.

74.Despite their different approaches，the two talk shows are both____.

A.ironical B.sensitive C.instructive D.cynical

75.We can learn from the passage that the two talk shows____.

A.have monopolized the talk show circuit

B.exploit the weaknesses in human nature

C.appear at different times of the day

D.are targeted at different audiences

本文话题

脱口秀。

难词译注

ironically[ai＇rɔnikli]ad. 讽刺地

答案及解析

71.【问题】和其他电视脱口秀相比，杰瑞和奥普拉的节目：

A.更加面向家庭。 B.非常受人欢迎。

C.更深刻。 D.相对正式。

【答案】B

【解析】推断题。第1段最后一句话提到standing out above the rest，说明他们两个的节目与其他节目相比十分出类拔萃。文章最后一段提到：Each one caters to a different audience while both have a strong following from large groups of fans.此句意为：“两个节目都有不同的但很固定的大量支持者”。

72.【问题】尽管杰瑞谈到的社会问题看上去令人不愉快，观众：

A.仍旧被它们所吸引。 B.自愿面对它们。

C.仍旧漠不关心。 D.自愿牵涉其中。

【答案】A

【解析】细节题。原文出处在第2段最后一句话。原文大意是：无疑，他的节目是展示和挖掘社会的道德灾难，但人们对其他人在生活中令人好奇的困境却很感兴趣。

73.【问题】下面哪一个可能成为奥普拉节目的题目？

A.新型机器人。 B.种族仇恨。

C.家庭预算计划。 D.街头暴力。

【答案】C

【解析】推理题。在第3段阐述了她节目的风格，与Jerry Springer的截然不同，她的节目致力于改进社会和提高个人生活质量。话题从教育孩子有责任感、安排一周的工作到逐渐了解邻居。从这段可以看出她的节目更关注家庭。因而选C。

74.【问题】尽管这两个脱口秀方法不同，但它们都：

A.讽刺的。 B.敏感的。 C.有益的。 D.愤世嫉俗的。

【答案】C

【解析】推理题。第4段和第5段的最后一句话分别认为两个节目都会让人有所回味和领悟。

75.【问题】从文章我们可以知道这两个脱口秀怎样？

A.独霸脱口秀节目。 B.揭露人性弱点。

C.出现在白天的不同时段。 D.定位不同的观众。

【答案】D

【解析】细节题。此题用排除法比较简单。由最后一段提到两个节目名列前茅但不是独霸排除A；根据两个节目的风格就可以知道B项错误；原文中没有C项相关的信息。因而答案为D。

Passage Sixteen

It is said that in England death is pressing，in Canada inevitable and in California optional.Small wonder.Americans’life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.Failing hips can be replaced，clinical depression controlled，cataracts（白内障）removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago.But not even a great health-care system can cure death and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.

Death is normal；we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish，even under ideal conditions.We all understand that at some level，yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved.Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care，we demand everything that can possibly be done for us，even if it’s useless.The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care.Physicians frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.

In 1950，the U.S.spent$12.7 billion on health care.In 2002，the cost will be$1，540 billion.Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable.Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it.Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age—say 83 or so.Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”，so that younger，healthier people can realize their potential.

I would not go that far.Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond，and remain dazzlingly productive.At 78，Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her 70s，and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.As a mere 68-year-old，I wish to age as productively as they have.

Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit.Ask a physician，I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful.I also know that people in Japan and Sweden，countries that spend far less on medical care，have achieved longer，healthier lives than we have.As a nation，we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives.

76.What is implied in the first sentence？

A.Americans are better prepared for death than other people.

B.Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.

C.Americans are over confident of their medical technology.

D.Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.

77.The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that____.

A.medical resources are often wasted

B.doctors are helpless against fatal diseases

C.some treatments are too aggressive

D.medical costs are becoming unaffordable

78.The author’s attitude toward Richard Lamm’s remark is one of____.

A.strong disapproval B.reserved consent

C.slight contempt D.enthusiastic support

79.In contrast to the U.S.，Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care____.

A.more flexibly B.more extravagantly

C.more cautiously D.more reasonably

80.The text intends to express the idea that____.

A.medicine will further prolong people’s lives

B.life beyond a certain limit is not worth living

C.death should be accepted as a fact of life

D.excessive demands increase the cost of health care

本文话题

针对死亡的不同看法。

难词译注

disintegrate[dis＇intiɡreit]vt. 使分裂，使解体

perish[＇periʃ]vi. 凋谢，消亡

extravagantly[ik＇strævəgəntli]ad. 奢侈地，挥霍无度地

答案及解析

76.【问题】第一句暗示：

A.美国人比其他人更好地为死作好了准备。

B.美国人比以前享受更好的生活质量。

C.美国人对他们的医疗技术过于自信。

D.美国人自认为长寿而骄傲。

【答案】C

【解析】推断题。原文中第1句话：It is said that in England death is pressing，in Canada inevitable and in California optional.此句意为：“据说，死亡在英国迫在眉睫，在加拿大不可避免，在加利福尼亚可以选择。”从第1段后面的阐述中可以得知，美国的医疗技术有了显著的进步，这使美国年纪大的人可以享受更好的生活，这也符合原文信息中的关键词“optional”，人们因为医疗水平的进步可以控制死亡，延缓生命。故选项C更接近原文信息。

77.【问题】作者用癌症患者的例子是要说明：

A.医疗资源总是被浪费。 B.医生对于致命疾病束手无策。

C.一些治疗方法太激进。 D.医疗成本日益让人支付不起。

【答案】A

【解析】细节题中的例证题。癌症的例子出现在第2段。这个例子是为证明作者在本段的观点。在第2段，作者一开始便提出观点：死亡是很正常的，但人们视死亡为要解决的问题。因而人们要求使用任何方法来解决这一难题，尽管这样做是毫无意义的。根据这些有关观点的原文阐述，对比选项就可以得出答案。

78.【问题】作者对于理查德的评论持何种态度？

A.强烈反对。 B.有所保留地赞成。 C.有点轻蔑。 D.大力支持。

【答案】B

【解析】态度题。首先Richard Lamm’s remark出现在第3段最后一句：the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”.含义是年老体衰的人有义务死亡，并且（为年轻健康的人）腾地方。作者对此的态度出现在第4段以及第5段。第4段第1句话I would not go that far.（还以为我不会这么极端）。第5段第1句话Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit（然而，社会在这一追求中的花费是有限制的）。这一追求指的是追求高质量的老年生活。根据这两个主题句，可以推断，作者对Richard的观点是不完全赞同的，但与其观点有些近似。故选B。

79.【问题】与美国作对比，日本和瑞典投资医疗服务：

A.更灵活。 B.更奢侈。

C.更谨慎。 D.更合情合理。

【答案】D

【解析】细节题。信息在原文第5段：I also know that people in Japan and Sweden， countries that spend far less on medical care，have achieved longer，healthier lives than we have.此句意为：“我也知道在日本和瑞典，人们在医疗方面的开销很少，但比我们活得更长更健康。”这说明这两个国家的人在医疗方面的开销更为有效，更为合理，不会造成过度的浪费。符合此意的是选项D。

80.【问题】文章试图表达的想法是：

A.医药将会进一步延长人们的寿命。 B.超过一定限制的生活不值得过。

C.死亡应该作为生活的事实被人们接受。 D.过度的需求增加医疗成本。

【答案】C

【解析】主旨题。综观全文，作者的观点是：死亡很正常，我们不应该在解决死亡的问题上过分地投入，这样的投入是毫无意义的，换句话说，我们应该坦然地接受死亡。

Passage Seventeen

If you intend to use humor in your talk to make people smile，you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems.Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.Depending on whom you are addressing，the problems will be different.If you are talking to a group of managers，you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries；alternatively if you are addressing secretaries，you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.

Here is an example，which I heard at a nurses’convention，of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St.Peter.He sees wonderful accommodations，beautiful gardens，sunny weather，and so on.Everyone is very peaceful，polite and friendly until，waiting in a line for lunch，the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat，who rushes to the head of the line，grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself.“Who is that？”the new arrival asked St.Peter.“Oh，that’s God，”came the reply，“but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”

If you are part of the group which you are addressing，you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties.With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.

If you feel awkward being humorous，you must practice so that it becomes more natural.Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.Often it’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile，so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor.It often comes from the unexpected.A twist on a familiar quote“If at first you don’t succeed，give up”or a play on words or on a situation.Search for exaggeration and understatements.Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.

81.To make your humor work，you should____.

A.take advantage of different kinds of audience

B.make fun of the disorganized people

C.address different problems to different people

D.show sympathy for your listeners

82.The joke about doctors implies that，in the eyes of nurses，they are____.

A.impolite to new arrivals B.very conscious of their godlike role

C.entitled to some privileges D.very busy even during lunch hours

83.It can be inferred from the text that public services____.

A.have benefited many people

B.are the focus of public attention

C.are an inappropriate subject for humor

D.have often been the laughing stock

84.To achieve the desired result，humorous stories should be delivered.

A.in well-worded language B.as awkwardly as possible

C.in exaggerated statements D.as casually as possible

85.The best title for the text may be.

A.Use Humor Effectively B.Various Kinds of Humor

C.Add Humor to Speech D.Different Humor Strategies

本文话题

如何在发言中使用幽默感。

难词译注

stomp[stɔmp]n. 重踏

inedible[in＇edibl]a. 不可食用的

notorious[nəu＇tɔ：riəs]a. 声名狼藉的

off-the-cuff[`ɔfðə`kʌf，`ɔ：-]a. 即席的

disparaging[dis＇pæridʒiŋ]a. 轻视的

scapegoat[＇skeipɡəut]n. 替罪羊

难句译注

1.Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.

【分析】must be relevant to与should help为并列谓语，两个that为平行并列的宾语从句。

【译文】你的幽默要和听众相关，要借助幽默表明你是他们中的一员，或者让他们知道，你理解他们的处境并且同意他们的观点。

2.If you are part of the group which you are addressing，you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties.

【分析】if引导了一个条件状语从句，which引导定语从句修饰group；在主句中and连接两个并列句，其中which are common作为定语从句修饰experiences and problems。

【译文】如果你是正在听你发言的听众中的一员，你就可以站在他们的角度了解你们共有的经历和存在的问题，也会使你很恰当地对饭厅难以下咽的食物和主席着装的低品位进行评论。

3.Often it’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile，so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.

【分析】which causes the audience to smile是定语从句修饰delivery，or连接两个并列主语。

【译文】通常这是引起观众发笑的话，因而语速要慢，记得挑起眉毛或者一副不相信的面部表情都有助于表明你正在进行一个轻松愉快的发言。

答案及解析

81.【问题】为了使幽默产生效果，你应该：

A.利用各种听众。B.取笑无条理的人。

C.有区别地对待不同的听众。D.对听众表现出同情。

【答案】C

【解析】细节题。原文信息在第1段。在第1段里，作者提到：如果你想在发言中使用幽默，让人发笑，你就必须让你的听众感觉到你是他们中的一分子，针对不同的听众，问题也不同。根据这些细节的理解，选项中只有C项正确。

82.【问题】有关医生的笑话暗示，在护士眼中，医生们：

A.对新来的人很不礼貌。 B.很在意他们像上帝一样的角色。

C.享有特权。 D.很忙，甚至午饭时间也是。

【答案】B

【解析】推断题。有关医生的笑话出现在原文第2段。既然题目是这个有关医生的笑话给我们什么暗示，因而笑话表面含义的选项都不选。故B项为正确选项。

83.【问题】文章暗示公共服务：

A.造福了很多人。 B.是公众的焦点。

C.不适合成为幽默的话题。 D.经常被当做笑料。

【答案】D

【解析】推断题。原文中和公共服务有关的信息在第3段最后一句话：With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor.You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.在这句话中post office以及the telephone system指的就是公共服务。最后一句话的含义是：如果你执意拿邮局或电话局这样的替罪羊开玩笑，你是安全的。换句话说拿公共服务开玩笑没关系，故选D。

84.【问题】要想达到想要的结果，幽默的故事应该用什么样的方式讲述？

A.精辟的语言。 B.尽可能笨拙的。

C.用夸张的手法。 D.尽可能轻松的。

【答案】D

【解析】细节题。信息在原文第4段第1句话：If you feel awkward being humorous，you must practice so that is becomes more natural.这里的natural为关键词，D项与它相对应。

85.【问题】本文最好的题目是什么？

A.有效地使用幽默。 B.多种多样的幽默。

C.在发言中增加幽默。 D.不同的幽默技巧。

【答案】A

【解析】主旨题。根据各段的主题句就可以总结概括出文章的主题思想。文章从如何有针对性地使用幽默，到要想达到理想效果，该如何做。这些信息都是围绕如何使用幽默而展开的，故选A。

Passage Eighteen

Science，in practice，depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple.Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall.But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets.What kept them in place？Why didn’t they fall out of the sky？The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens，the moon and the planets.

How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree？Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything.He was just wondering.His mind was ready for the unpredictable.Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research.If you don’t have unpredictable things，you don’t have research.Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals，but history is filled with examples of it.

In talking to some scientists，particularly younger ones，you might gather the impression that they find the“scientific method”a substitute for imaginative thought.I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment.The scientist has frowned，looked at the graphs，and said“the data are still inconclusive.”“We know that，”the men from the budget office have said，“but what do you think？Is it worthwhile going on？What do you think we might expect？”The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.

What this amounts to，of course，is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings.He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself，but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true.If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate，then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.Nor，if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect，is management to be blamed for discriminating against the“odd balls”among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.

86.The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that____.

A.inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments

B.science advances when fruitful researches are conducted

C.scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research

D.unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research

87.The author asserts that scientist____.

A.shouldn’t replace“scientific method”with imaginative thought

B.shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things

C.should write more concise reports for technical journals

D.should be confident about their research findings

88.The underlined phrases“cut and dried”in paragraph 2 is the closest in meaning to____.

A.run-of-the-mill B.outstanding C.adoptable D.verbatim

89.It seems that some young scientists____.

A.have a keen interest in prediction B.often speculate on the future

C.think highly of creative thinking D.stick to“scientific method”

90.The author implies that the results of scientific research____.

A.may not be as profitable as they are expected

B.can be measured in dollars and cents

C.rely on conformity to a standard pattern

D.are mostly underestimated by management

本文话题

在科学领域，什么最重要？

难词译注

conformity[kən＇fɔ：miti]n. 遵守，顺从

难句译注

1.The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens，the moon and the planets.

【分析】that the apple fell down做同位语从句；he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens，the moon and the planets.为定语从句修饰questions。

【译文】苹果掉到地上而不是往树上掉，这个事实回答了他一直不解的问题，是有关天地之果实——月球和行星的问题。

2.If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate，then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.

【分析】这个主从复合句中的前半部分是if引导的条件从句，这个从句中有一个as...as...的结构，注意后一个as后面跟的是一个句子，其中the report谓语是indicate；后半部分是主句，句中的it是形式主语，代替的是后面for...to...的结构，这是真正的主语。还需要注意的是results后面跟的形容词短语说明的是results的衡量方式。

【译文】如果按照科学杂志上的报告所指出的那样进行实验，按照计划去实施，那么对于管理者来说，期望研究产生可以用钱来衡量的结果就是完全合乎逻辑的。

3.It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.

【分析】这个简单句的主语用的是形式主语it，真正的主语是不定式。believe后面跟的是一个that引导的宾语从句：who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.为定语从句修饰scientists。While引导时间状语从句。

【译文】审计人员也完全有理由相信，确切知道自己的目标并知道如何实现这一目标的科学家们根本没必要用一只眼睛盯着显微镜的同时，还要用另一只眼睛盯着现金计数器。

4.Nor，if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect，is management to be blamed for discriminating against the“odd balls”among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.

【分析】首先，注意这个句子是个倒装句，原因是否定词nor在句首，后面紧跟的是if引导的条件从句，注意其中有一个asas的用法，中间跟的是形容词desirable，比较的是科学家对regularity and conformity的希望和他们论文所反映的要求；这样的构成使主句的主语和谓语is发生了倒装，介词for后面跟动名词短语的是blamed的理由，注意against和in favor of后面各跟了一种不同类型的researchers，最后需要注意的是thinkers后面跟的是who引导的定语从句，起修饰作用。

【译文】如果像他们的论文所反映的那样，科学家也想看到规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么如果管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”，而赞赏“善于合作”的具有传统思维模式的人，那也是无可指摘的。

答案及解析

86.【问题】牛顿的例子是为了证明什么？

A.爱追根究底的想法远比科学实验更重要。

B.当富有成效的研究在进行时，科学就进步了。

C.科学家们很少忘记科学研究的本质。

D.在科学研究中，未知因素大多是可预测的。

【答案】A

【解析】细节题的例证题。相关原文信息在第1段：Science，in practice，depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.此句意为：在现实中，科学对于其准备好的实验的依赖远远少于观察实验的人的心理准备。在四个选项中，A项突出作者的观点，就是牛顿对于苹果为什么会掉下来等事情的好奇心促使他在科学上取得巨大成就。

87.【问题】作者认为科学家：

A.不应用想象力代替“科学方法”。

B.不应该忽视对不可预测事情的推测。

C.应该为科学杂志写更多精炼的文章。

D.应该对自己的研究发现有信心。

【答案】A

【解析】细节题。解题信息在第2段：Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research.If you don’t have unpredictable things，you don’t have research.此句意为：不可预知性是研究的重要本质，如果没有不可预测的事情，就不会有研究。根据作者这一观点，A为正确答案。另外，在第一段作者有关牛顿的事例也是在证明这一观点。

88.【问题】第2段划线词组“cut and dried”与哪一项意思最为接近？

【答案】A

【解析】猜词题。划线词组含义为“呆板的，事先准备好的”；A.平庸的，普通的；B.杰出的；C.可以采用的；D.一字不差的。

89.【问题】似乎一些年轻科学家：

A.对预测十分感兴趣。 B.经常揣测未来。

C.对有创造力的思维大加赞赏。 D.坚持“科学的方法”。

【答案】A

【解析】细节题。此题目有关年轻科学家的内容。原文相关信息在第3段，年轻科学家给人们的印象是他们认为the“scientific method”a substitute for imaginative thought，即科学方法可以替代想象思维。

90.【问题】作者暗示，科学研究的成果：

A.可能没有预期的那样有利润。 B.可以用美元衡量。

C.有赖于遵循一个标准模式。 D.大多数情况下被管理阶层低估了。

【答案】A

【解析】推断题。谈到研究结果的原文信息在最后一段：If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate，then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.此句意为：“如果按照科学杂志上的报告所指出的那样进行实验，按照计划去实施，那么对于管理者来说，期望研究产生可以用钱开衡量的结果就是完全合乎逻辑的。作者言外之意表示科学实验不可能如此。”故答案为A。

经过前面系统的复习和18篇专项训练，您一定已经有所收获。下面是最近3年的阅读真题，每一套都请在限定的时间内（65分钟）做完，以更准确地检验你的复习效果。

2014年医学博士统考阅读理解部分真题

Passage One

I have just returned from Mexico，where I visited a factory making medical masks.Faced with fierce competition，the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production.Scores of people work for him in their homes，threading elastic into masks by hand.They are paid below the minimum wage，with no job security and no healthcare provision.

Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from.That needs to change.A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights.This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.

Take lab coats.Many are made in India，where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.

One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan.When I visited a couple of a years ago I found most worker toiling 12 hours a day，seven days a week，for less than a dollar a day，exposed to noise，metal dust and toxic chemicals.Thousands of children，some as young as 7，work in the industry.

To win international contracts，factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices，and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can.We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this：we ask how much our equipment will cost，but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid？

This is no small matter.Science is supposed to benefit humanity，but because of the conditions under which their tools are made，many scientists may actually be causing harm.

What can be done？A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer；it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones.What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.

It can be done.Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea，coffee or bananas.That model should be extended to laboratory goods.

There are signs that things are moving.Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the IK and in Sweden.Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices.If science is truly going to help humanity，it needs to follow suit.

1.From the medical masks to the lab coats，the author is trying to tell us____.

A.the practice of occupational protection in the developing world

B.the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease

C.the cheapest labor in the developing countries

D.the human misery behind them

2.The concerning phenomenon the author had observed，according to the passage____.

A.is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history

B.could have been even exaggerated

C.is unfamiliar to the wealthy west

D.is prevailing across the world

3.The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy tools，they should____.

A.have the same concern with the developing countries

B.be blind to their sources for the sake of humanity

C.pursue good bargains in the international market

D.spare a thought for how they were made

4.A proper course of action suggested by the author is____.

A.to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world

B.to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work

C.to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues

D.to improve the transparency of international contracts

5.By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity，it needs to follow suit，the author means that____.

A.the scientific community should stand up for all humanity

B.the prime value of scientists’work is to tell the truth

C.laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced

D.because of science，there is hope for humanity

Passage Two

A little information is a dangerous thing.A lot of information，if it’s inaccurate or confusing even more so.This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way.Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies eco-credentials，some of dubious quality Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous，but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident from the New Scientists’analysis of whether public perception of companies’green credentials reflect reality.It shows that many companies considered“green”have done little to earn that reputation，while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact.Obtaining better information is crucial，because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.

At present，it is too easy to make unverified claims.Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emission，for example.There are voluntary schemes such as a Carbon Disclosure Project，but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit，which means investors may be misled.

Measurements can be difficult to interpret，too，like those for water use.In this case， context is crucial：a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.

Similar problems bedevil“green”labels attached to individual products.Here，the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council show the way forward.Its criteria come from the IEEE，the world’s leading，professional association for technology.

Other schemes，such as the“sustainability index”planned by US retail giant Walmart，are broader.Devising rigorous standard for a large number of different types of product will be tough，placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.

Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data.Some will want to keep it that way.This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information，with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay.They market forces will drive companies to lean up their acts.

Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge.Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy—and it’s the quality of information，as well as its quality，that will count.

6.“The confusion”in the first paragraph refers to____.

A.where to spend or invest in a sustainable way

B.an array of consumer products to choose

C.a fog of unreliable green information

D.little information on eco-credibility

7.From the New Scientists analysis it can be inferred that in many cases.

A.eco-credibility is abused

B.a green economy is crucial

C.an environment impact is lessened

D.green credentials promote green economy

8.From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products，the author suggests that____.

A.eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufactures

B.neither scientists nor manufactures are honest

C.it is vital to build a green economy

D.better information is critical

9.To address the issue，the author is crying for____.

A.transparent corporate management B.establishing sustainability indexes

C.tough academic-led management D.strict legal weapon

10.Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph？

A.The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.

B.It is time for another green revolution.

C.Information should be free at all.

D.No quantity，no quality.

Passage 1

本文话题

医用物品的生产环境堪忧。

难词译注

outsource[＇əutsɔ：s]v. 外包

gear[giə]n. 装备

toil[tɔil] 辛苦工作

unwittingly[ʌn＇witiŋli]adv. 不知不觉地，不经意地

knee-jerk膝反射

难句译注

无

答案及解析

1.【问题】从医用口罩到实验服，作者想要告诉我们。

A.发展中国家的职业保护的做法

B.发展中国家饱受贫穷和疾病的困扰

C.发展中国家最廉价的劳动力

D.背后的人类疾苦

【答案】D

【解析】此题为信息理解题。本文第一段作者在工厂观察到医用器具生产的恶劣环境，由此作者产生忧虑，因而答案是D。

2.【问题】根据文章，作者过去所观察到的令人关注的现象____。

A.只是悲惨历史的重现

B.可能被夸大了

C.在富有的西方不常见

D.在全世界都普遍存在

【答案】C

【解析】此题为细节信息题。根据第一至第四段我们得知西方国家的医疗用品都是来源于发展中国家，因而答案为C。

3.【问题】作者认为当西方富国的研究者购买工具时，他们应该。

A.与发展中国家有同样的担心

B.出于人道考虑，对他们的材料源头视而不见

C.在国际市场追求赚钱的买卖

D.想想这些器具是如何制成的

【答案】D

【解析】此题为细节信息题。原文出处是在第五段最后一句话，这一问句说明我们关心的是产品价格，但很少关心产品的出产地和生产状况，这一问题应该引起我们的关注。因而答案为D。

4.【问题】作者建议的恰当做法是____。

A.禁止进口来自发展中国家的不道德的产品

B.作为他们工作的首要价值，科学家要告知真相

C.敦促生产商解决不道德的问题

D.提高国际合同的透明度

【答案】C

【解析】此题为细节信息题。原文信息在文章第七段最后一句话：我们需要做的是让货品提供商在产品产地和制作方法上更加透明，敦促他们改善生产做法。因而答案为C。

5.【问题】在文章结尾，作者提到：如果科学是真的要造福人类，它就应该照着做。作者的意思是。

A.科学界应该支持所有人类

B.科学家工作的首要价值就是告知真相

C.实验室用品也需要有公德

D.科学给人类带来了希望

【答案】C

【解析】此题为信息理解题。文章最后一段提到在英国和瑞典，他们已经开始了更为符合道德的采购做法，作为造福人类的科学也应如此，即关注实验室用品的来源，因而答案为C。

Passage 2

本文话题

为了环保绿色经济，信息的数量和准确性事关重要。

难词译注

barrage 密集轰炸

dubious 可疑的

ubiquitous 普遍存在的

propel 激励，促使

thorny 苦恼的，多刺的

bedevil 使痛苦，使苦恼

consortium 财团，合伙

答案及解析

6.【问题】第一段中的“The confusion”指的是。

A.在哪里以可持续的方式进行投资消费

B.大量的产品供选择

C.不可靠的环保信息

D.环保资质信息很少

【答案】C

【解析】此题为指代题。Confusion应该指代的是前句中提到的“dubious quality green labels”，再根据文章首句告诉我们信息量虽然很大，但不准确或者迷惑人可能更加危险。因而答案为C。

7.【问题】从《新科学人》的分析可以推断出在很多情况下。

A.环保信誉被滥用

B.绿色环保经济很重要

C.环境影响弱化了

D.环保资质促进绿色环保经济

【答案】A

【解析】此题为细节信息题。根据题干定位到文章第一段第五句。第六句话告诉我们该分析表明大多数企业被认为是环保型，但名不副实，因而答案为A。

8.【问题】从未经证实的说法到测量的困难，再到个人产品，作者想说。

A.环保信誉是科学家和生产商之间的较量

B.科学家和生产商都不诚实

C.建立绿色环保经济很重要

D.更完善的信息很重要

【答案】D

【解析】根据题干提到的三个方面，可以定位到文章的第二、三、四段。这三个方面都是举例说明，为的是证明文章第一段最后一句话：获取更完善的信息很重要。因而答案为D。

9.【问题】为了解决问题，作者呼吁____。

A.透明的企业管理

B.确立可持续性指标

C.严格的以学术为先导的管理

D.严格的法律武器

【答案】D

【解析】文章第五段提到为各种产品制定严格的标准很难，而且也会给学术机构造成很大负担，所以可以排除选项B和C。答案的原文出处在最后一段，作者提到对企业环保信息的公开提出法律要求很必要，因而答案为D。

10.【问题】下面哪一个是对最后一段最好的推测？

A.难度最大的挑战是最好的机会。

B.是开始另一场绿色革命的时候了。

C.信息应该完全免费。

D.没数量，就没质量。

【答案】B

【解析】本题的解题要结合文章的主题，文章开头就提到不准确且迷惑人的信息尽管数量很大，但造成的结果更危险。因而为了实现绿色环保经济，首当其冲要对确保信息的正确性，因而答案为B。

2013年医学博士统考阅读理解部分真题

Passage One

There is plenty we don’t know about criminal behavior.Most crime goes unreported so it is hard to pick out trends from the data，and even reliable sets of statistics can be difficult to compare.But here is one thing we do know：those with a biological predisposition to violent behavior who are brought up in abusive homes are very likely to become lifelong criminals.

Antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families，but no one was sure whether this was due mostly to social-environmental factors or biological ones.It turns out both are important，but the effect is most dramatic when they act together.This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years which found that male victims of child abuse are several times as likely to become criminals and abusers themselves if they were born with a less-active version of a gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A（MAO-A），which breaks down neurotransmitters crucial to the regulation of aggression.

Researchers recently made another key observation：kids with this“double whammy”of predisposition and an unfortunate upbringing are likely to show signs of what’s to come at a very early age.The risk factors for long-term criminality—attention deficit hyperactivity disorder，low IQ，language difficulties—can be spotted in kindergarten.So given what we now know，shouldn’t we be doing everything to protect the children most at risk？

No one is suggesting testing all boys to see which variant of the MAO-A gene they have，but what the science is telling us is that we should redouble efforts to tackle abusive upbringings，and even simple neglect.This will help any child，but especially those whose biology makes them vulnerable.Thankfully there is already considerable enthusiasm in both the US and the UK for converting the latest in behavioral science into parenting and social skills：both governments have schemes in place to improve parenting in families where children are at risk of receiving poor care.

Some people are uncomfortable with the idea of early intervention because it implies our behavior becomes“set”as we grow up，compromising the idea of free will.That view is understandable，but it would be negligent to ignore what the studies are telling us.Indeed，the cost to society of failing to intervene—in terms of criminal damage，dealing with offenders and helping victims of crime—is bound to be greater than the cost of improving parenting.The value to the children is immeasurable.

1.Researchers have come to a consensus：to explain violent behavior____.

A.in terms of physical environment B.form a biological perspective

C.based on the empirical data D.in a statistical way

2.When we say that antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families，as ndicated by the recent findings，we can probably mean that.

A.a particular gene is passed on in families

B.child abuse will lead to domestic violence

C.the male victims of child abuse will pass on the tendency

D.the violent predisposition is exclusively born of child abuse

3.The recent observation implicated that to check the development of antisocial and criminal behavior.

A.boys are to be screened for the biological predisposition

B.high-risk kids should be brought up in kindergarten

C.it is important to spot the genes for the risk factors

D.active measures ought to be taken at an early age

4.To defend the argument against the unfavorable idea，the author makes it a point to consider.

A.the immeasurable value of the genetic research on behavior

B.the consequences of compromising democracy

C.the huge cost of improving parenting skills

D.the greater cost of failing to intervene

5.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage？

A.Parenting Strategies for Kids. B.The Making of a Criminal.

C.Parental Education. D.Abusive Parenting.

Passage Two

After 25 years battling the mother of all viruses，have we finally got the measure of HIV？Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them.

Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent“cure”of a man with HIV who had also developed leukemia.Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus.Now US Company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy，instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life.

Antiretroviral therapy（ART）is itself another reason for optimism.Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other hard-hit places using existing drugs.The trick is to test everyone often，and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible.Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero，it would stop people passing it on through sex.By blocking the cycle of infection in this way，the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050.

Bankrolling such a long-term program would cost serious money—initially around$3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone，ring to$85 billion in total.Huge as it sounds，however，it is peanuts compared with the estimated$1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war，or the$700 billion spent in one go propping up the US banking sector.It also look small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual，which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs.

The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling.Last Friday，GlaxoSmithKline chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for at least 25 per cent less than the typical price in rich countries.GSK has already been doing this for ART，but the hope is that the company may now offer it cheaper still and that other firms will follow their lead.

No one doubt the devastation caused by AIDS.In 2007，2 million people died and 2.7 million more contracted the virus.Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon— and they won’t turn around at all without huge effort and investment.But at least there is renewed belief that，given the time and money，we can finally start riddling the world of this most fearsome of viruses.

6.Which is the following can be most probably perceived beyond the first paragraph？

A.The end of the world. B.A candle of hope.

C.A Nobel prize. D.A Quick Fix.

7.According to the passage，the apparent“cure”of the HIV patient who had also developed leukemia would.

A.make a promising transition from antiretroviral medication to gene therapy

B.facilitate the development of effective vaccines for the infection

C.compel people to draw an analogy between AIDS and leukemia

D.would change the way we look at those with AIDS

8.As another bit of good news，____.

A.HIV will be virtually wiped out first in Africa

B.the cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ART

C.the circulating levels of HIV have been limited to almost zero

D.the existing HIV drugs will be enhanced to be more effective in 25 years

9.The last reason for optimism is that____.

A.governments will invest more in improving ART

B.the cost of antiretroviral therapy is on the decline

C.everybody can afford antiretroviral therapy in the world

D.the financial support of ART is coming to be no problem

10.The whole passage carries a tone of____.

A.idealism B.activism C.criticism D.optimism

Passage Three

Archaeology can tell us plenty about how humans looked and the way they lived tens of thousands of years ago.But what about the deeper questions？Could early humans speak，were they capable of self-conscious reflection，did they believe in anything？

Such questions might seem to be beyond the scope of science.Not so.Answering them is the focus of a burgeoning field that brings together archaeology and neuroscience.It aims to chart the development of human cognitive powers.This is not easy to do.A skull gives no indication of whether its owner was capable of speech，for example.The task then is to find proxies（替代物）for key traits and behaviors that have stayed intact over millennia.

Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this endeavor is teasing out the role of culture as a force in the evolution of our mental skills.For decades，development of the brain has been seen as exclusively biological.But increasingly，that is being challenged.

Take what the Cambridge archaeologist Colin Renfrew calls“the sapient（智人的）paradox（矛盾）”.Evidence suggests that the human genome，and hence the brain，has changed little in the past 60，000 years.Yet it wasn’t until about 10，000 years ago that profound changes took place in human behavior：people settled in villages and built shrines.Renfrew’s paradox is why，if the hardware was in place，did it take so long for humans to start changing the world？

His answer is that the software—the culture—took a long time to develop.In particular，the intervening time saw humans vest（赋予）meaning in objects and symbols.Those meanings were developed by social interaction over successive generations，passed on through teaching，and stored in the neuronal connections of children.

Culture also changes biology by modifying natural selection，sometimes in surprising ways.How is it，for example，that a human gene for making essential vitamin C became blocked by junk DNA？One answer is that our ancestors started eating fruit，so the pressure to make vitamin C“relaxed”and the gene became unnecessary.By this reasoning，early humans then became addicted to fruit，and any gene that helped them to find it was selected for.

Evidence suggests that the brain is so plastic that，like genes，it can be changed by relaxing selection pressure.Our understanding of human cognitive development is still fragmented and confused，however.We have lots of proposed causes and effects，and hypotheses to explain them.Yet the potential pay-off makes answers worth searching for.If we know where the human mind came from and what changed it，perhaps we can gauge where it is going.Finding those answers will take all the ingenuity the modern human mind can muster.

11.The questions presented in the first paragraph____.

A.seem to have no answers whatever

B.are intended to dig for ancient human minds

C.are not scientific enough to be answered here

D.are raised to explore the evolution of human appearance

12.The scientists find the proxy to be____.

A.the role of culture

B.the passage of time

C.the structure of a skull

D.the biological makeup of the brain

13.According to Renfrew’s paradox，the transition from 60，000 to 10，000 years ago suggests that____.

A.human civilization came too late

B.the hardware retained biologically static

C.it took so long for the software to evolve

D.there existed an interaction between gene and environment

14.From the example illustrating the relation between culture and biology，we might conclude that.

A.the mental development has not been exclusively biological

B.the brain and culture have not developed at the same pace

C.the theory of natural selection applies to human evolution

D.vitamin C contributes to the development of the brain

15.Speaking of the human mind，the author would say that____.

A.its cognitive development is extremely slow

B.to know its past is to understand its future

C.its biological evolution is hard to predict

D.as the brain develops，so as the mind

Passage One

本文话题

犯罪行为的原因。

难词译注

predisposition[pri：dispə＇ziʃn]n. 倾向

double whammy[＇dʌbl][＇wæmi] 祸不单行

neurotransmitter[njuərətrænz＇mitə]n. 神经递质

难句译注

This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years which found that male victims of child abuse are several times as likely to become criminals and abusers themselves if they were born with a less-active version of a gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A（MAO-A），which breaks down neurotransmitters crucial to the regulation of aggression.

【分析】此句为复合句，句中有多个定语从句。主句为This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years.后面which引导定语从句（which foundoxidase A）修饰studies。在定语从句中有一个if引导的条件状语从句。最后which引导的非限定性定语从句（which break down）修饰MAO-A。

【译文】过去的六年间多个研究已经阐述了这个观点。研究发现，如果虐待儿童案件中受害的男孩出生时就带有相对不活跃的单胺氧化酶基因，（那么）他们将来成为罪犯和施暴者的可能性多达几倍。而这种酶可以分解为对控制人的进攻行为至关重要的神经传递素。

答案及解析

1.【问题】研究者已经达成共识：从____（方面）解释犯罪行为。

A.自然环境 B.生物角度

C.经验数据 D.统计方法

【答案】B

【解析】此题为细节定位题。根据第一段得知，对于犯罪行为，由于多数未报到，因而采集数据或者用可靠的统计方法都很困难，故排除选项B和D，选项A也没提到。第一段最后一句话是此题的有效信息。

2.【问题】当说到“正如最近的研究结果指出，反社会和犯罪行为通常发生在家族中”，我们的意思可能是：

A.由家族中一个特殊的基因遗传下来。

B.虐待儿童会导致家庭暴力。

C.虐待儿童案件中受害的男孩将会继续这种倾向。

D.暴力倾向仅仅出现在虐待儿童的家庭。

【答案】A

【解析】此题为细节理解题。根据题干信息，可以定位到文章的第二段，最后一句话是解题的有效信息，句义理解详见难句译注。

3.【问题】最近的观察暗示，为了探究反社会和犯罪行为的发展，____。

A.要对男孩针对生理倾向性进行筛查

B.高危孩子应该在幼儿园养育

C.发现危险因素基因很重要

D.在早期应采取积极措施

【答案】D

【解析】此题为细节定位题。根据题干信息，可以定位到第三段。解题有效信息为最后一句。根据本段主题句可以得知有暴力倾向的孩子在早期会出现迹象。而最后一句用反问的方式提出，我们是否应该就我们目前了解的知识，采取措施保护那些处于最危险的孩子们。因而答案为D。

4.【问题】为了支持反对不利观点的论点，作者认为要考虑____。

A.行为基因研究的无限价值 B.妥协民主的后果

C.提高父母教育的技巧 D.干涉失败成本更大

【答案】D

【解析】此题为细节理解题。根据题干信息，可以定位到文章最后一段。解题有效信息是第三句，句意为：事实上社会干预失败所付出的成本必定大于提高父母教育能力的成本。考虑到成本的差异，作者指出，尽管不利观点可以理解，但对于孩子来说家庭教育提升这一早期介入意义重大。因而答案为D。

5.【问题】文章最恰当的题目是什么

A.父母对子女教育的策略 B.罪犯的形成

C.父母教育 D.虐待型的父母教育

【答案】B

【解析】此题为主旨题。根据文章第一段的主题句以及每段的主题句可以得知，文章围绕犯罪行为的形成因素展开讨论，因而选项B为答案。

Passage Two

本文话题

HIV的治疗进展

难词译注

leukemia[lu：＇ki：miə]n. 白血病

vanquish[＇væŋkwiʃ]v. 征服，抑制

emulate[＇emju：leit]v. 仿效

antiretroviraldrug[æntiretrəu＇vairəl][drʌg] 抗逆转录病毒药

bankroll[＇bæŋkrəul]n./v. 资助

spiral[＇spaiərəl]n./v. 螺旋，盘旋

devastation[devə＇steiʃən]n. 毁坏

难句译注

Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them.

【分析】主句为”three developments give grounds for optimism，featured做定语修饰development。“that would have been”是定语从句，修饰optimism。In the wake of的意思是随着……而来。

【译文】以这个问题为主的三个进展共同为这个问题的乐观态度提供理由，这在一年前随着另一个疫苗的失败和给予人们的药物不断出现问题的情况下是几乎不可想象的。

答案及解析

6.【问题】下列哪一个是通过第一段可以得知的？

A.世界的灭亡 B.希望之光

C.诺贝尔奖D. 快速修复

【答案】B

【解析】此题为细节定位题。根据第一段最后一句话可以得知针对HIV病毒，研究进展又带给我们希望，因而答案为B。

7.【问题】根据文章，对已经患上白血病的HIV病毒病人表面上治愈将____。

A.有望从抗逆转录病毒治疗转向基因疗法

B.有助于有效的抗感染疫苗的研制

C.迫使人们将艾滋病与白血病进行类比

D.改变我们看待艾滋病患者的方式

【答案】A

【解析】此题为细节定位题。根据题干信息可定位到第二段，解题有效信息为最后一句，意思是希望仿效那些仅采用单一基因疗法患者的疗效，取代终身服用抗逆转录病毒的药物。因而答案为A。

8.【问题】另一个好消息是____。

A.HIV病毒将在非洲首先被消灭

B.HIV病毒感染的循环可以被ART打破

C.HIV病毒的流行程度已经几乎降为零

D.现有的HIV病毒药物将在25年后效力更强

【答案】B

【解析】此题为细节理解题。根据题干和第三段首句信息可以得知解题有效信息就在第三段。首先，根据第三段第二句话可以排除选项A，原文信息中没有提到HIV病毒首先将在非洲被消灭；另外根据第四句可排除选项C，原文信息是“因为药物能快速将病毒流行程度降到零，这就防止人们通过性传播病毒”。选项D在文章中没有相应信息。

9.【问题】乐观的最后一个原因是____。

A.政府将为提高ART给予更多投资

B.ART的成本在下降

C.世界上的每个人都能承受ART（费用）

D.对ART的资金支持将不成问题

【答案】B

【解析】此题为细节定位题。根据题干信息，可定位至第五段，本段首句为有效信息，其含义与选项B吻合。

10.【问题】全篇的语气是____。

A.理想化 B.行动性

C.批评 D.乐观

【答案】D

【解析】此题为态度推断题，根据每段的主题句内容以及上述细节题，可以得出全篇语气态度为乐观积极的，因而答案为D。

Passage Three

本文话题

人类大脑思维的形成与进化

难词译注

archaeology[α：ki＇ɔlədʒi]n. 考古学

burgeoning[＇bədʒəniŋ]a. 增长迅速的，生机勃勃的

intact[in＇tækt]a. 完整的，原封不动的

millennia[mi＇leniə]n. 千年

intriguing[in＇tri：ɡiŋ]a. 有趣的，迷人的

endeavor[en＇devə]n./v. 努力，尽力

gauge[ɡeidʒ]n./v. 测量

ingenuity[indʒi＇njuiti]n. 心灵手巧，独创性

muster[＇mʌstə]n./v. 着急，集合

答案及解析

11.【问题】第一段提出的问题____。

A.似乎没有答案 B.想要挖掘古人类的思维

C.不够科学，无法回答 D.为探究人类相貌进化而提出的

【答案】B

【解析】此题为细节定位题，解题有效信息在第一段最后一句话。

12.【问题】科学家们寻找的替代物是____。

A.文化的作用 B.时间推移

C.头颅的结构 D.大脑的生理结构

【答案】A

【解析】此题为细节定位题。根据题干可以定位到第二段最后一句话，而解题有效信息是第三段的第一句话，因而答案为A。

13.【问题】根据Renfrew的悖论，从6万年前到1万年前的转变说明____。

A.人类文明来得太晚了 B.硬件仍旧在生理上没有变化

C.软件的进化经历的太长时间 D.基因和环境间存在着联系

【答案】C

【解析】此题为推断题，根据题干定位到第四段。段落大意是：证据表明，人类基因组及大脑在过去的6万年间几乎没有变化，然而直到1万年前人类行为才发生深远的变化……如果硬件保持不变，人类为什么要花费如此长的时间开始改变世界呢？因而答案为C。

14.【问题】从文化和生理关系的实例中我们可以得出的结论是____。

A.心智发展已不仅仅是生理上的了

B.大脑和文化不是同步发展的

C.自然选择理论应用于人类进化

D.维生素C有助于大脑发育

【答案】C

【解析】此题为推论题。解题有效信息在第六段，这两段主要论述文化与人类生理变化的关系。本段首句指出：文化也通过修改自然选择而改变生理。因而选项C为答案。

15.【问题】提到人类思维，作者想要说____。

A.认知发展十分地缓慢 B.知晓过去就是了解未来。

C.生理进化很难预测 D.随着大脑的发育，心智也随之发育

【答案】B

【解析】此题为推断题，解题有效信息在最后一段。解题有效信息是最后三句：可能的回报使得探寻答案是有意义的，如果我们知道人类的思维从何而来并且如何改变，也许我们就可以测算它今后的发展方向……选项B与此句含义吻合。

2012年医学博士统考阅读理解部分真题

Passage One

As the defining epidemic of a modern age notable for overconsumption and excess，obesity is hard to beat.The increased availability of high-fat，high-sugar foods，along with more sedentary lifestyles，has helped push the number of obese people worldwide to beyond 400 million，and the number of overweight to more than 1.6 billion.By 2015，those figures are likely to grow to 700 million and 2.3 billion respectively，according to the World Health Organization.Given the health implications—increased risk of heart disease，stroke，diabetes and some cancers—anything that helps people avoid piling on the pounds must be a good thing，right？

Those who agree will no doubt welcome the growing success of researchers striving to develop“diet pills”that provide a technical fix for those incapable of losing weight any other way.Last week a study published in The Lancet showed that tesofensine，which works by inducing a sense of fullness，is twice as effective as any other drug at enabling patients to lose weight.

There is no question that advances such as this are good news for those with a strong genetic predisposition to obesity.But for the rest of us it is dangerous to see treatment as a more effective solution than prevention.There are several reasons for this.For a start，the traditional ways of maintaining a safe weight，such as limiting what you eat，increase consumption of fruit and vegetables and taking more exercise，are beneficial for our health in many ways.

Second，overindulgence in fatty foods has implications for the entire planet.Consider the deleterious environmental effects of the rising demand for meat.As demonstrated in our special issue on economic growth，technological fixes will not compensate for excessive consumption.Third，interfering with the brain circuits that control the desire for food can have an impact on other aspects of a person’s personality and their mental and physical health.

We need two approaches：more research into the genetics of obesity to understand why some people are more susceptible，and greater efforts to help people avoid eating their way to an early death.Cynics will say we’ve tried education and it hasn’t worked.That is defeatist：getting people to change their behavior takes time and effort，held back as we are by our biological tendency to eat more than we need，and by the food industry’s ruthless opportunism in exploiting that.

Drugs will be the saving of a few—as a last resort.But the global obesity problem is one of lifestyle，and the solution must be too.

1.In the first paragraph all the figures surrounding obesity reflect____.

A.a close link between growing obese and developing disease

B.the inevitable diseases of modern civilization

C.the war against the epidemic we have lost

D.the urgency of the global phenomenon

2.When it comes to the recently reported diet pills，the author would say that____.

A.drugs are no replacement of prevention

B.the technical advance is not necessarily good news

C.the technical fix does help reverse the obesity epidemic

D.the mechanism of tesofensine still remains to be verified

3.Which of the following can be referred to as the environmental perspective of the author’s argument？

A.Belittling good health behavior.

B.Imposing a heavy burden on our planet.

C.Making trouble for our social environment.

D.Having implications for mental and physical health.

4.The author argues that we make greater efforts to help people fight against____.

A.their biological overeating tendency and aggressively marketed foods

B.the development of diet pills as a technical fix for obesity

C.their excuses for their genetic susceptibility to obesity

D.the defeatism prevailing in the general populations

5.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage？

A.No Quick Fix.B.Disease of Civilization.

C.Pursuing a Technical Fix.D.A War on Global Obesity.

Passage Two

An abandoned airfield near a former Nazi concentration camp may soon feature pagodas and Tai Chi parks.A$700 million project aims to give Germany its own Chinatown

22 miles north of Berlin in the town of Oranienburg，housing 2，000 residents by 2010.

The investor group behind the scheme hopes the new Chinatown will attract tourists and business to rival the famed Chinatowns of San Francisco and New York by delivering an“authentic Chinese experience”.“You’ll be able to experience China，go out for a Chinese meal，and buy Chinese goods，”says Stefan Kunigam，managing director of Bandenburg-China-Project-Management GmbH.

The project has attracted investors in both Germany and China，reports Christoph Lang of Berlin’s Trade and Industry promotion Office.“Chinese investors have already asked if we have a Chinatown here.”He says.“The cultural environment is very important for them.You cannot build a synthetic Chinatown.”

Germany is home to about 72，000 Chinese migrants（2002 Federal Statistical Office figures），but the country has not had a Chinatown since the early 1930s in Hamburg，when most of the city’s 2，000 Chinese residents fled or were arrested by the Nazis.

German’s more-recent history with anti-foreigner extremism remains a problem even within the government，reports Deutsche Welle（DW），Germany’s international broadcaster.DW notes that National Democratic Party lawmaker Holger Apfel’s xenophobic（恐外的）comments about“state-subsidized Oriental mega-families”at first went largely uncriticized.

“Every fourth German harbors anti-foreigner sentiments，”DW quotes Miriam Gruss，a Free Democratic Party parliamentarian.“Right-wing extremism is clearly rooted in the middle of society.It’s not a minor phenomenon.”The German government initiated a special youth for Democracy and Tolerance program in January 2007 as part of its tolerance-building efforts.

While it is not clear how many Chinese migrants will ultimately settle in the new German Chinatown，developers hope the project will increase Germans’understanding for China and Chinese culture.

6.If set up，according to the passage，the new German Chinatown will probably be____.

A.a rival to the Chinatowns of San Francisco and New York

B.mainly made of pagodas and Tai Chi parks

C.located in the north suburbs of Berlin

D.the biggest one in Germany

7.When he says that you cannot build a synthetic Chinatown，Lang means____.

A.the real imported goods made in China

B.the authoritative permission for the project

C.the importance of the location for a Chinatown

D.the authentic environment to experience Chinese culture

8.By mentioning the population of Chinese migrants in Germany，the author most probably means that____.

A.it is too late to build a Chinatown

B.it is their desire to save a Chinatown

C.it is important to create jobs for them

D.it is necessary to have a Chinatown there

9.According to the passage，German anti-foreigner extremism____.

A.can seed the new community with hatred

B.could be an obstacle to the project

C.will absolutely kill the plan

D.is growing for the scheme

10.The message from the plan is clear：____.

A.to build a new community

B.to fight against right-wing extremism

C.to promote more cultural understanding

D.to increase Chinese’s understanding of Germany

Passage One

本文话题

减肥药的危害以及如何应对肥胖的方式。

难词译注

predisposition[pri：dispə＇ziʃən]n. 倾向，易染病的体质

deleterious[deli＇tiəriəs]adj. 有毒的，有害的

答案与解析

1.【问题】第一段中有关肥胖的所有数据反映出____。

A.越来越胖与患病的密切关系 B.现代文明不可避免的疾病

C.我们已经输掉了抗争流行病的战役 D.这一全球现象的紧迫性

【答案】D

【解析】此题为总结概括题。第一段的数据清楚地表明肥胖已经成为全球性的趋势，解决该问题刻不容缓，因而答案为D。

2.【问题】当谈到最近报道的减肥药时，作者认为。

A.药物无法取代预防

B.科技进步不一定是好消息

C.技术手段确实有助于逆转肥胖的流行趋势

D.tesofensine的原理仍需证实

【答案】B

【解析】此题为转折处命题。根据减肥药的专有名词定位到第二段，第二段主要讲述该药的作用。第三段第二句话转折后说，对于其他人（没有明显的遗传肥胖基因的人）来说，将治疗看做比预防更有效的手段是很危险的。因而答案为B。对于有遗传肥胖基因的人来说这种药确实有效，因而A过于绝对。

3.【问题】下列哪一个指的是作者环境方面的观点？

A.轻视有利于健康的行为。 B.对我们的星球添加过重的负担。

C.给我们的社会环境增添麻烦。 D.对身心健康有意义。

【答案】B

【解析】此题参看文章第四段。

4.【问题】作者认为我们要更努力帮助人类抵抗____。

A.生理上饮食过度的趋势和被过度营销的食品

B.减肥药这一技术手段的发展

C.以遗传导致肥胖为借口

D.大众中流行的挫败心理

【答案】C

【解析】根据题干定位到第五段的第一句话：greater efforts to help people avoid eating their way to an early death.这句话说明更多的人将自己的肥胖归因于有肥胖的遗传基因，而忽视了生活方式的影响。因而选项C正确。

5.【问题】下列哪一个是文章最好的题目？

A.没有快速的办法。 B.文明病。

C.寻求技术上的办法。 D.针对全球肥胖的斗争。

【答案】D

【解析】此题为主旨题。本文利用众多数据表明肥胖问题刻不容缓，随后阐述了减肥药的作用。但作者对于这一药物的弊端进行了分析，最后指出两种应对措施，一是研究肥胖基因，二是努力避免人们消极对待这一问题而坐以待胖。文章最后作者提到减肥药可以救助一些人，但全球肥胖的问题是生活方式问题，因而其解决方法也应由此入手。选项A为答案。

Passage Two

本文话题德国准备建造唐人街。

答案与解析

6.【问题】根据文章，如果建立，新的德国唐人街将可能____。

A.是旧金山和纽约唐人街的劲敌 B.主要由古塔和太极公园组成

C.位于柏林的北部郊区 D.是德国最大的一个

【答案】A

【解析】此题为细节定位题，原文信息参考第二段的第一句话。文章第一段提到这个唐人街将以古塔和太极公园为特征，所以选项B错误；同时第一段提到新建的唐人街位于柏林以北22英里的Oranienburg，因而选项C错误；选项D没提到。

7.【问题】当他说你不能建造一个综合性的唐人街时，Lang的意思是____。

A.真正进口的中国制造的物品 B.该项目的官方准许

C.唐人街位置的重要性 D.感受中国文化的真实环境

【答案】D

【解析】此题参见文章第三段。倒数第二句提到文化环境很关键，因而我们可以推断出Lang的意思是指的是文化氛围，故选项D正确。

8.【问题】通过提及德国的中国移民者，作者最可能的意思是____。

A.建造唐人街太晚了 B.拯救唐人街是他们的愿望

C.为他们创造工作机会很重要 D.在那里有个唐人街很必要

【答案】D

【解析】此题参见文章第四段，德国有很多的中国移民者，但没有一个唐人街，因而作者的意思是D项。

9.【问题】根据文章，德国排外极端主义____。

A.可能充满仇恨地建造这个新社区 B.可能阻碍这个项目

C.一定将扼杀这个计划 D.正为这个计划发展壮大

【答案】B

【解析】文章倒数第二段提到德国的右翼极端排外主义扎根于社会中，并且不是一个小问题。因此我们可以推断德国排外极端主义可能会阻碍建唐人街的计划。

10.【问题】这个计划传递出的信息很清楚：____。

A.建立一个新的社区 B.对抗右翼极端主义

C.更好地促进文化上的理解 D.增进德国人对中国的了解

【答案】C

【解析】此题参见文章最后一句：建造者们希望这个建造唐人街的计划能增进两国之间的文化了解，所以选项C正确。

2011年医学博士统考阅读理解部分真题

Passage One

Patients can recall what they hear while under general anesthetic even if they don’t wake up，concludes a new study.

Several studies over the past three decades have reported that people can retain conscious or subconscious memories of thinks that happened while they were being operated on.But failure by other researchers to confirm such findings has led skeptics to speculate that the patients who remembered these events might briefly have regained consciousness in the course of operations.

Gitta Lubke，Peter Sebel and colleagues at Emory University in Atlanta measured the depth of anesthesia using bispectral analysis，a technique which measures changes in brainwave pattern in the frontal lobes moment by moment during surgery.Before this study researchers only took an average measurement over the whole operation，says Lubke.

Lubke studied 96 traurna patients undergoing emergency surgery，many of whom were too severely injured to tolerate full anesthesia.During surgery，each patient wore headphones through which a series of 16 words was repeated for 3 minutes each.At the same time bispectral analysis recorded the depth of anesthesia.

After the operation Lubke tested the patients by showing them the first three letters of a word such as“limit”，and asking them to complete it.Patients who had had a word starting with these letters played during surgery—“limit”，for example—chose that word an average of 11 per cent more often than patients who had been played a different word list.None of the patients had any conscious memory of hearing the word lists.

Unconscious priming was strongest for words played when patients were most lightly anaesthetized.But it was statistically significant even when patients were fully anaesthetized when the word was played.

This finding which will be published in the journal Anesthesiology could mean that operating theatre staff should be more discreet.What they say during surgery may distress patient afterwards，says Philip Merikle，a psychologist at the University of Waterloo，Ontario.

1.Scientists have found that deep anesthesia____.

A.is likely to affect hearing

B.cannot block surgeons’words

C.can cause serious damages to memory

D.helps retain conscious or subconscious memories

2.By the new study the technique of bispectral analysis helps the scientists____.

A.acquire an average measurement of brainwave changes over the whole surgery

B.decide whether the patient would retain conscious or subconscious memories

C.relate their measurements and recordings to the verbal sounds during surgery

D.assure the depth of anesthesia during surgery

3.To test the patients the scientists____.

A.prepared two lists of words

B.used ninety-six headphones for listening

C.conducted the whole experiment for three minutes

D.voiced only the first three letters of sixteen words during surgery

4.The results from the new study indicate that it was possible for the patients____.

A.to regain consciousness under the knife

B.to tell one word from another after surgery

C.to recall what had been heard during surgery

D.to overreact to deep anesthesia in the course of operations

5.What can we infer from the finding？

A.How sureon malpracice can be prevented.

B.Why a sureon cannot be too careful.

C.Why urgeons should hold their tongues during surgery.

D.How the postoperative patients can retain subconscious memories.

Passage Two

Scientists used to believe adult brains did not grow any new neurons，but it has emerged that new neurons can sprout in the brains of adult rats，birds and even humans.Understanding the process could be important for finding ways to treat diseases such as Alzheimer’s in which neurons are destroyed.

Most neurons sprouting in adulthood seem to be in the hippocampus a structure involved in learning and memory.But they rarely survive more than a few weeks.“We thought they were possibly dying because they were deprived of some sort of input，”says Elizaberh Gould，a neuroscientist at Princeton.Because of the location，Gould and her colleagues suspect that learning itself might bolster the new neurons’survival，and that only tasks involving the hippocampus would do the trick.

To test this，they injected adult male rats with a substance that labeled newborn neurons so that they could be tracked.Later，they gave some of the rats standard tasks.One involved using visual and spatial cues，such as posters on a well，to learn to find a platform hidden under murky water.In another，the rats learnt to associate a noise with a tiny shock half a second later.Both these tasks use the hippocampus—if this structure is damaged，rats can’t do them.

Meanwhile，the researchers gave other rats similar tasks that did not require the hippocampus finding a platform that was easily visible in water，for instance.Other members of the control group simply paddled in a tub of water or listened to noises.

The team report in Nature Neuroscience that the animals given the tasks that activate the hippocampus kept twice as many of their new neurons alive as the others.“Learning opportunities increase the number of neurons，”says Gould.

But Fred Gage and his colleagues at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla，California，dispute this In the same issue of Nature Neuroscience，they report that similar water maze experiments on mice did not help new neurons survive.

Gould thinks the difference arose because the groups labeled new neurons at different times.Her gave the animals tasks two weeks after the neurons were labeled，when the new cells would normally be dying，she thinks the Salk group put their mice to work too early for new neurons to benefit“By the time the cells were degenerating，the animals were not learning anything，”she says.

6.Not until recently did scientists find out that____.

A.new neurons could grow in adult brains

B.neurons could be man-made in the laboratory

C.neurons were destroyed in Alzheimer’s disease

D.humans could produce new neurons as animals

7.Gould’s notion was that the short-lived neurons____.

A.did survive longer than expected

B.would die much sooner than expected

C.could actually better learning and memory

D.could ne kept alive by stimulating the hippocampus

8.Which of the following can clearly tell the two groups of rats from each other in the test？

A.The water used. B.The noises played.

C.The neurons newly born. D.The hippocampus involved.

9.Gould theorizes that the Salk group’s failure to report the same results was due to____.

A.the timing of labeling new neurons B.the frequency of stimulation

C.the wrongly labeled neurons D.the types of learning tasks

10.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage？

A.Use It or Lose It B.Learn to Survive

C.To Be or Not to Be D.Stay Mentally Healthy

Passage Three

Here’s yet another reason to lose weight.Heavier people are more likely to be killed or seriously injured in car accidents than lighter people.

That could mean car designers will have to build in new safety features to compensate for the extra hazards facing overweight passengers.In the US，car manufacturers have already had to redesign air bags so they inflate to lower pressures making them less of a danger to smaller women and children.But no one yet knows what it is that puts overweight passengers at extra risk.

A study carried out in Seattle，Washington，looked at more than 26，000 people who had been involved in car crashes，and found that heavier people were at far more risk.People weighing between 100 and 119 kilograms are almost two-and-a-half times as likely to die in a crash as people weighing less than 60 kilograms.

And importantly：the same trend held up when the researchers looked at body mass index（BMI）—a measure that takes height as well as weight into account.Someone 1.8 meters tall weighing 126 kilograms would have a BMI of 39，but so would a person 1.5 meters tall weighing 88 kilograms.People are said to be obese if their BMI is 30 or over.

The study found that people with a BMI of 35 to 39 are over twice as likely to die in a crash compared with people with BMIs of about 20.It’s not just total weight，but obesity that’s dangerous.

While they do not yet know why this is the case，the evidence is worth pursuing，says Charles Mock，a surgeon and epidemiologist at the Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center in Seattle，who led the research team.He thinks one answer may be for safety authorities to use heavier crash-test dummies when certifying cars as safe to drive.

Crash tests normally use dummies that represent standard-sized males weighing about 78 kilograms.Recently，smaller crash-test dummies have also been used to represent children inside crashing cars.But larger and heavier dummies aren’t used，the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in Washington，D.C.told New Scientist.

The reasons for the higher injury and death rates are far from clear.Mock speculates that car interiors might not be suitably designed for heavy people.Or obese people，with health problems such as high blood pressure or diabetes，could be finding it tougher to recover from injury.

11.When they redesigned air bags to hold less pressure，the American car manufacturers____.

A.found it hard to set standards without the definition of obesity

B.incidentally brought about extra risks to obese passengers

C.based their job on the information of car accidents

D.actually neglected smaller women and children

12.When they categorized the obese people，the researchers____.

A.showed a preference for BMI in measurements

B.achieved almost the same results as previously

C.found the units of kilogram more applicable than BMI

D.were shocked to know the number of obese people killed in car crashes

13.To address the problem，Mock____.

A.suggested that the safety authorities use heavier crash-test dummies

B.cried for the standardization of crash-test dummies

C.reduced the weights of crash-test dummies

D.encouraged obese people to lose weight

14.While exploring the reason for the higher injury and death rates，Mock would most probably say that____.

A.cars can be made safer to avoid crashes

B.it is wise for obese people not to drive drunk

C.it is not just total weight，but obesity itself that is dangerous

D.the main reason behind the problem is drinkers，heavy weight

15.Which of the following questions is closely related to the passage？

A.Are air bags really necessary to be built in cars？

B.Are cars certified as safe to drive？

C.Are crash-test dummies too thin？

D.Are car accidents preventable？

Passage One

本文话题

麻醉状态下人们仍有记忆。

难词译注

anesthetic[ænis＇θetik]n./a. 麻醉剂；麻醉的

anesthesia[ænis＇θi：zjə]n. 麻醉

skeptic[＇skeptik]n. 怀疑者

bispectral analysis 双谱分析

frontal lobe 大脑额叶

难句译注

But failure by other researchers to confirm such findings has led skeptics to speculate that the patients who remembered these events might briefly have regained consciousness in the course of operations.（Paragraph 2）

【分析】主句的主语为failure，by other researcherssuch findings作为定语修饰failure；主句谓语为has led；不定式to speculate后面接一个宾语从句。宾语从句的主语为the patients，谓语动词结构为might briefly have regained，宾语从句主语the patients由定语从句who remembered these events修饰。

【译文】然而其他研究者没能证实上述结果，这导致怀疑者推测，回忆起这些事情的病人在手术过程中可能暂时恢复了意识。

答案及解析

1.【问题】科学家们已经发现深度麻醉____。

A.可能影响听力B.不能阻碍医生的言语

C.可造成记忆的严重损伤D.可保留有意识或潜意识的记忆

【答案】D

【解析】此题考点为细节定位题，原文有效信息是第二段第一句。

2.【问题】新研究中，双谱分析有助于科学家____。

A.在手术过程中获取脑波变化的平均测量数据

B.决定病人是否保持有意识的或潜意识的记忆

C.把测量数据和记录与手术中的语言发音联系起来

D.确保手术中的麻醉程度

【答案】B

【解析】根据题干中的关键词“bispectral analysis”定位到文章的第三段。本段第一句中出现该技术，并且同位结构解释说明这一技术的作用，即测量手术大脑额叶脑波形式的时时刻刻的变化。本段最后一句提到在这项研究前，研究者们仅对整个手术进行平均测量。A项错在这一作用不是双谱分析的作用；C项没提到；D项错在assure。

3.【问题】为了测试病人，科学家们____。

A.准备了两套词汇

B.使用96个耳机

C.使整个试验持续三分钟

D.手术中仅念出16个单词的前三个字母

【答案】B

【解析】此题可通过定位选项中的数字进行判断。第五段第二句提到使用不同的单词表，但没有提到两套，故A项排除；第四段第二句话提到16个单词，每个隔单词重复3分钟，因而可判断选项C错误；第五段第一句话提到手术后测试病人，每个单词仅展示前三个字母，因而D项错。B项信息在第四段，整个研究的受试者为96人，每个病人都戴上耳机，所以B项为答案。

4.【问题】新研究的结果表明病人可能。

A.手术中恢复意识 B.术后区分词汇

C.回忆起手术中听到的内容 D.手术中对深度麻醉反应过激

【答案】C

【解析】此题为细节定位题，原文第一段开门见山地提到新研究的结果。

5.【问题】从研究结果中我们可以推断出什么？

A.手术误操作如何可以被避免。

B.为什么外科大夫多小心都不为过。

C.为什么外科大夫应该在手术中保持沉默。

D.术后病人如何能保持潜意识的记忆。

【答案】C

【解析】此题为推断题。文章最后一段提到研究结果可能意味着手术医务人员应该更加谨慎，手术中他们交谈的内容可能影响到病人，病人术后可能回忆起手术中听到的内容，因而外科大夫应该在手术中保持沉默，以免影响到病人。故答案为C。

Passage Two

本文话题

成人大脑中也可以产生新的神经元，这一新发现为老年痴呆症的治疗提供了新的方法。

难词译注

hippocampus[hipə＇kæmpəs]n. 海马状突起（脑组织）

bolster[＇bəulstə]v. 支持，支撑

murky[＇mə：ki]a. 朦胧的

答案及解析

6.【问题】直到最近科学家才发现____。

A.成人大脑可以生长出新的神经元

B.在实验室中神经元可以人为制造

C.老年痴呆症患者的神经元被损

D.人类同动物一样可以生产出新神经元

【答案】A

【解析】此题为细节定位题，文章第一段直接说明新研究的研究结果。

7.【问题】Gould的观点是：短命的神经元____。

A.比预期存活的时间更长 B.比预期死亡得更快

C.实际上更有助于学习和记忆力 D.通过刺激海马状突起而存活

【答案】D

【解析】此题根据人名定位到文章的第二段最后一句话。第二段的第一句提到海马状突起涉及学习和记忆力。而最后一句提到学习本身有助于新神经元的存活。因而答案为D。

8.【问题】下列哪一个可以清楚地分清试验中的两组小鼠？

A.使用的水 B.播放的声音 C.新生的神经元 D.海马状突起

【答案】D

【解析】此题为细节定位题，由原文中的第四段第一句话可以得出答案____。

9.【问题】Gould认为Salk小组没能得出相同的结果是因为。

A.标记新神经元的时间 B.刺激的频率

C.误标的神经元 D.学习任务的类型

【答案】A

【解析】此题为细节定位题，参考最后一段的第一句话。

10.【问题】下列哪一个是文章最好的标题？

A.使用它，或失去它 B.学会生存

C.是活还是不活 D.保持精神健康

【答案】A

【解析】此题为主旨题。通过第二段可知，学习（learning）可以促使新的神经元生长，而缺乏输入（input）则会使其死亡（dying），故A为正确的题目。

Passage Three

本文话题

本文讨论体重较大者可能在车祸中更危险。

答案及解析

11.【问题】当重新设计安全气囊以承受较少压力的时候，美国汽车制造商____。

A.发现若没有肥胖的定义则很难制定标准

B.意外地给肥胖乘客带来了额外的危险

C.根据车祸的相关信息进行工作

D.实际上忽略了娇小女性和儿童

【答案】B

【解析】此题考点为细节信息定位。文章第二段第二句话提到美国汽车制造商重新设计气囊，因为他们减少气囊的压力，从而降低娇小女性和儿童面临的危险。因而D项错误。最后一句话转折结构揭示这样的做法可能给超重乘客带来更多的危险，答案为B项。

12.【问题】当对肥胖人群进行分类时，研究者们____。

A.对BMI测量情有独钟

B.几乎得出和先前一样的结果

C.发现公斤单位比BMI更实用

D.震惊地获知车祸中肥胖人致死的人数

【答案】

【解析】此题解题关键在文章第四段第一句话。这句话的意思是，当研究者们看BMI测量值时，得出同样的结论。这句话中的hold up的含义是“证明属实，经得起检验”。因而答案为B。

13.【问题】为了解决这个问题，Mock____。

A.建议安全权威部门使用更重的碰撞测试假人

B.迫切呼吁碰撞测试假人的标准化

C.减少碰撞测试假人的重量

D.鼓励肥胖者减肥

【答案】A

【解析】此题为细节信息定位题，根据人名定位到文章第六段。本段最后一句提到，他认为问题答案可能就在于要检验汽车行驶安全时，权威部门应该使用更重的碰撞测试假人。

14.【问题】当探究重伤和致死率的原因时，Mock最可能的观点是____。

A.汽车要更安全，以避免车祸

B.肥胖者最好不要饮酒驾车

C.不仅是总重量的问题，而是肥胖本身很危险

D.问题背后的主要原因是饮酒者的过重体重

【答案】C

【解析】此题为推断题。文章最后一段提到Mock推断汽车内部设计不太适合体重较大的人，或者有高血压、糖尿病等疾病的肥胖者很难从事故受伤中康复。故此我们可以推断Mock的观点在于肥胖本身可能是该问题的原因。

15.【问题】下面哪一个问题与文章紧密联系？

A.车内确实有必要安装气囊吗？ B.汽车真的保证能安全驾驶了吗？

C.碰撞测试假人重量不够？ D.车祸可以避免吗？

【答案】C

【解析】此题参考文章主旨：文章第一段。并且可以参考第73题。

2010年医学博士统考阅读理解真题

Passage One

Children should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains.This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week.The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children，and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit.

The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones，chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart，has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones.Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue，the government should adopt a precautionary approach，particularly in relation to children.

There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts.But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.

John Tattersall，a researcher on the health effects of radiation at the Defense Evaluation and Research Agency’s site at Porton Down，agrees that it might be wise to limit phone use by children.“If you have a developing nervous system，it’s known to be more susceptible to environmental insults，”he says，“So if phones did prove to be hazardous— which they haven’t yet—it would be sensible.”

In 1998，Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain，“What we’ve found is an effect，but we don’t know if it’s hazardous，”he says.

Alan Preece of the University of Bristol，who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects，agreed that children’s exposure would be greater.“There’s a lot less tissue in the way，and the skull is thinner，so children’s heads are considerably closer，”he says.

Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection，which is one-fifth of the current British limit.“The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary，”says Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board.“But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”

1.Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm human tissue，according to the government report，does not mean that____.

A.the government should prohibit children from using cell-phones

B.we should put down the phone for the sake of safety

C.the industry can have a right to promote phone use

D.children are safe using cell-phones

2.Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in terms of____.

A.their neural development

B.their ill-designed cell-phones

C.the frequency of their irrational use

D.their ignorance of its possible health effects

3.On the issue in question，Preece____.

A.does not agree with Tattersall B.tries to remove the obstacles in the wa

C.asks for further investigation D.would stand by Stewart

4.What is worrisome at present is that the UK____.

A.is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stewart’s plan

B.finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone use

C.maintains different standards on safety limit from the international ones

D.does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones’energy emissions

5.Which of the following can be the best candidate for the title of the passage？

A.Brain Wave B.For Adults Only

C.Catch Them Young D.The Answer in the Air

Passage Two

Advances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects，repair damaged teeth and tissue，and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease.As a result，more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past，and we can expect more smiles in the future.

Evidence of the smile’s ascent may be seen in famous paintings in museums and galleries throughout the world.The vast majority of prosperous bigwigs（要人），voluptuous nudes，or middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed.Soldiers in battle，children at play，beggars，old people，and especially villains may have their mouths open；but their smiles are seldom attractive，and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.

Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures，says art historian Angus Trumble，currently curator（馆长）of Yale University’s Center for British Art，in his book A Brief History of the Smile.Compare，for instance，the varying impressions made by the shy dimples（酒窝）of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa；the rosy-cheeked，mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals；and the“Smiley Face”logo perfected（though not invented）in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey R.Ball.

In some non-Western cultures，Trumble notes，even a warm，open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement.It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to be openly displayed.

Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion，from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas，to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples，to the fierce smirk（假笑）of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.

Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.“Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile，”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm，he says.

With tattooing，body piercing，and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends，one can imagine tomorrow’s beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs.These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips，teeth，and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.

What can you say to that except“Have a nice day？”

6.Had it not been for cosmetic advances，as inferred from the passage，____.

A.people would not have been as happy as they are today

B.the rate of facial birth defect would not have declined

C.there would not have been many more open smiles

D.we would not have seen smiling faces in public

7.According to the passage，it seems that whether there is a smile or not in the portraits or pictures is decided by____.

A.one’s internal sense of the external world

B.one’s identity or social position

C.one’s times of existence

D.All of the above

8.Trumble’s study on smiles shows that____.

A.an open smile can serve as a cover-up

B.the famous portraits radiate varying smiles

C.even the human muscles can arouse varying emotions

D.smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures

9.What Trumble expects to see is____.

A.the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in public

B.further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western cultures

C.a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smiles

D.more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public

10.At the end of the passage，the author implicates____.

A.a fortune to come with cosmetic advances

B.an identical smile for everybody

C.future changes in life style

D.the future of smiles

Passage Three

Adolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies，a microbiologist in the UK claims.If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection of his many wounds，the Second World War might have been over a year earlier，saving millions of lives，says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield，a noted historian of microbiology.

In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine，Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor，Theo Morrell，following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk.Hitler was badly hurt，fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire，a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.

Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary.“I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me，”he says.He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.

At the time，penicillin was available only to the Allies.German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it，Wainwright says，but the small quantities that were available were weak and impure.“It’s generally accepted that it was no good，”says Wainwright.

He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infections if he were confident that the antibiotic would cure，not kill the German premier.“My research shows that Morrell，in a very dodgy（危险的）position as Hitler’s doctor，would only have used pure stuff.”And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies.So where did Morrell get it？

Wainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin，so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war.The other more likely source is from neutral countries such as Spain，which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes，perhaps for treating sick children.

“I have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries，”says Wainwright.“I’m saying this would have got through in diplomatic bags，reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons（阶层）of the Nazi party.So this was almost certainly pure，Allied penicillin.”

“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life，”says Wainwright.But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen（死党），Reinhard Heydrich，died from blood poisoning after surviving a car-bomb assassination attempt.“Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicaemia，”says Wainwright.Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.

11.According to Wainwright，Adolf Hitler____.

A.might have used biological weapons in the war

B.could not have committed suicide as confirmed

C.could have died of bacterial infection

D.might have survived a bacterial plague

12.Following his assassination in 1944，Adolf Hitler____.

A.began to exercise precautions against his personal attacks

B.was anxious to have penicillin developed in his country

C.received an injection of penicillin for blood poisoning

D.was suspected of being likely to get infected

13.As Wainwright reasons，Hitler’s personal doctor____.

A.cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to him

B.need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infection

C.would have had every reason to assassinate him

D.must have tried to produce penicillin

14.Wainwright implies that the Third Reich____.

A.met the fate of collapse as expected

B.butchered millions of lives on the earth

C.was severely struck by bacterial plagues

D.did have channels to obtain pure penicillin

15.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage？

A.How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination Attempts？

B.Morrell Loyal to His German Premier？

C.Hitler Saved by Allied Drugs？

D.Penicillin Abused in German？

Passage Four

Get ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym：one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories.Instead，all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat.It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing a few pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas.If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough，its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.

The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body，while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field.Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within.Neither method is new on its own，says Henri Tapp，at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK.“The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”

And it’s not just for gym users.The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop，while patients recover from injury，or during pregnancy.And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays，Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.

Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes.So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise.At the moment，doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content.To a good approximation，says Tapp，anything that isn’t fat is water.The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer.The level of tracer in the patient’s urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.

To find out a body’s volume，subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water，and this is subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced，and hence the subject’s volume.But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.

There are other ways to directly measure body fat，such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet.The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance.But this method doesn’t take body shape into account—so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value.That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area—will present higher resistance to current.So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower—rating the subject as fatter.Also，the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.

Tapp’s method uses similar calculations，but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.

16.The new machine is designed____.

A.to picture the body’s hidden fat

B.to identify those at risk for obesity

C.to help clinically treat specific cases

D.to measure accurately risky obesity-related effect

17.The beauty of the device，according to Tapp，is that____.

A.it performs a dual function

B.it is of great accuracy in measurement

C.it has significant implications in clinical practice

D.it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy

18.Which of the following，according to the passage，does the machine have the potential to spare？

A.A minuscule current. B.A radioactive tracer.

C.A water tank. D.All of the above.

19.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage，the body fat scanner____.

A.quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitation

B.is highly appreciated for its safety

C.features its measuring precision

D.is easy to operate in the clinic

20.For scanning，all the subject has to do is to____.

A.take up a form of workout in the gym

B.turn round the body fat scanner

C.lie on the electromagnetic field

D.stand in the system

Passage Five

There is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge.Curricula at universalities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol（赞扬）the virtues of a broad education.For scientists who work in specialized jobs，it is a pleasure to escape in our spare time to read broadly in fields distant from our own.Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation，which is no surprise，because much of the intellectual action in our society today lies at the interfaces between traditional disciplines.Environmental science is a good example，because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.

Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating，but so is delving deeply into a subject.Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic（美学的）ways.They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways.Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety，how its components connect to give it form，balance，and symmetry.From another viewpoint you see its detail，depth，and mass.There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art.To do so would subtract from the totality of the figure.

So it is with science.Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail.As chemists，we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics，but not enough to become an expert.Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge.At other times，we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse.It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.

Unfortunately，in our zeal for breadth or depth，we often feel that it is necessary to diminish the value of the other.Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as “nerd”or“technocrats”，generalists are often criticized for being too“soft”or knowing too little about any one thing.Both are ludicrous（可笑的）accusations that deny a part of the reality of environmental science.Let us not be divided by our passion for depth or breadth.The beauty that awaits us on either route is too precious to stifle，too wonderful to diminish by bickering（争吵）.

21.From a broad education to interdisciplinary study，we can see____.

A.the integration of theory with practice

B.the enthusiasm for breadth of knowledge

C.the rapid division of traditional disciplines

D.the confrontation between specialists and generalists

22.The commentator would say that the totality of the sculpture of knowledge____.

A.is mainly composed of two elements

B.presents two different points of view

C.cannot be perceived from one perspective

D.is a whole made up of complementary elements

23.Just because we become engrossed in the detail of a subject，according to the comment，does not mean that we____.

A.can have an understanding of it

B.will develop into an expert

C.will perceive its entirety

D.are interested in it

24.It is commentator’s contention that neither specialists nor generalists.

A.have zeal for the totality of the knowledge for sculpture

B.represent the depth and breadth of knowledge

C.are necessarily supposed to belittle the other

D.can be qualified as environmental scientists

25.Which of the following can be the best title for the comment？

A.Interdisciplinary Study as Our Occupation

B.Breath and Depth of Knowledge

C.The ways of Doing Science

D.The Beauty of Science

Passage Six

That shabby unknown bundle of neglect and despair that was dropped off by the police six weeks ago—later to be identified by his mother，who turns up occasionally—is now a driving force on the infants’ward.Once he was bathed a few times and his rashes were treated，he turned out to be a 14-month-old boy named Vergil，still recovering from premature birth—birth weight，2.5 pounds.It came obvious he had never received any real attention，and practically no solid food，and it was never very clear who assumed responsibility for him in his family，if anyone.Miraculously he survived，with almost no outside help.

At first he just lay there，withdrawn，sucking on an empty bottle as he had been used to doing at home.After a few days it became clear he was ravenously hungry and he downed bottle after bottle of milk.Slowly he began to respond to the ward staff around him who hung over the side of his crib，tempting him back to life.

He started by cautiously“chewing”on people，sniffing and tasting them warily like a little wild creature.Gradually he climbed to a standing position，pulling himself up on the bars of his crib.Then he began to discover noise—that came from himself.When he learned that it was acceptable，in this place，to scream when enraged，he filled his corner of the room with garbled speech-like sounds，and loud baby-bellows of demand.If nobody responded he would fix each passerby with a coy look that evolved into a seductive grin，revealing four widely space little teeth.Someone always stopped，grinning back at this adorable creature，then picking him up and cuddling him.We on the staff took personal pride and delight in his steady progress.

During the day we moved his crib from the infants’ward to the playroom where there are people coming and going.He loved it，standing and cruising in his crib，commenting happily on the scene，crowing and babbling.One afternoon，when his crib was moved adjacent to the wall，he became unusually quiet，deep in concentration.With the stealth of a cat，using his little fingers like tiny screwdrivers，he had taken apart the wall oxygen unit.Our delight in his progress turned to real respect.Perhaps we could steer him toward the right path before it was too late.

Vergil definitely had a future.

26.In the infants’ward，Vergil____.

A.was treated as an orphan B.was born prematurely

C.had himself renamed D.drove the staff busy

27.The ward staff must have been marveled at Vergil’s____.

A.vitality B.shabbiness

C.premature birth D.physical well-being

28.How did Vergil begin to respond to people？

A.By making loud baby-bellows of demand.

B.By fixing each passerby with a coy look.

C.By sniffing and tasting them.

D.By yelling at them.

29.From the observation made by the physician in the clinic，we can say that Vergal____.

A.was appreciative of the ward staff

B.was growing in a favorable environment

C.was growing faster in mind than in body

D.was proud of his physical and mental growth

30.Through the mention of Vergil’s improper act，the writer is trying to imply____.

A.the existence of dangers in the infants’ward

B.the importance of guidance on babies’growth

C.the acceptance of inborn mischief

D.the existence of a future for him

2009年医学博士统考阅读理解真题

Passage One

Too much alcohol dulls your senses，but a study in Japan shows that moderate drinkers have a higher IQ than teetotalers.

Researchers at the National Institute for Longevity Sciences in Aichi Prefecture，250 kilometers west of Tokyo，tested the IQs of 2，000 people between the ages of 40 and 79.They found that，on average，men who drank moderately—defined as less than 540 milliliters of sake or wine a day—had an IQ that was 3.3 points higher that men who did not drink at all.Women drinkers scored 2.5 points higher than female teetotalers.

The type of alcohol didn’t influence the results.The volunteers tried a variety of tipples，which ranged from beer and whisky to wine and sake.

The researchers are quick to point out that the results do not necessarily show that drinking will make you more intelligent.

“It’s very difficult to show a cause-effect relationship，”says senior researcher Hiroshi Shimokata.“We screened subjects for factors such as income and education，but there may be other factors such as lifestyle and nutritional intake.”

“Shimokata says that people who drink sake，or Japanese rice wine，tend to eat more raw fish.This could be a factor in enhanced intelligence，as fish often contain essential fatty acids that have been linked to brain development.Similarly，wine drinkers eat a lot of cheese，which is not something Japanese people normally consume or buy.Shimokata says the high fat content of cheese is thought to be good for the brain.

If alcoholic drinks are directly influencing IQ，Shimokata believes chemicals such as polyphenols could be the critical factor.They are known to have antioxidant properties and other beneficial effects on ageing bodies，such as dilating constricted coronary arteries.

The study is part of a wider research project to find out why brain function deteriorates with age.

1.The Japanese study was carried out on____.

A.the development of IQ B.the secret of longevity

C.the brain food in a glass D.the amount of healthy drinking

2.The Japanese researchers found a higher IQ in____.

A.female teetotalers than in male ones B.female drinkers than in male ones

C.moderate drinkers D.teetotalers

3.When he says that it is very difficult to show cause-effect relationship，Shimokata means that____.

A.the study failed to involve such variables as income and education

B.he is doubtful of the findings of the investigation

C.there are some other contributing factors

D.the results were just misleading

4.From Shimokata’s mention of fish and cheese we can infer that in enhancing intelligence____.

A.sake or wine is a perfect match for fish and cheese

B.they promote the drinking effect of sake or wine

C.they are not as effective as sake and wine

D.sake or wine is not alone

5.Based on the study，Shimokata would say that____.

A.intelligence improves with age

B.IQ can be enhanced in one way or another

C.polyphenols in alcohol may boost the brain

D.Alcoholic drinks will make you more intelligent

Passage Two

Women do not avoid fighting because they are dainty or scared，but because they have a greater stake than men in staying alive to rear their offspring.Women compete with each other just as tenaciously as men，but with a stealth and subtlety that reduces their chances of being killed or injured，says Anne Campbell of the department of psychology at the University of Durham.

Across almost all cultures and nationalities，men have a much smaller role than women in rearing children.“Males go for quantity of children rather than quality of care for offspring，which means that the parental investment of women is much greater，”says Campbell.And unlike men，who can’t be sure that their children have not been fathered on the sly by other men，women can always be certain that half an offspring’s genes are theirs.

Women have therefore evolved a strong impulse than men to see their children grow up into adults.Men’s psychological approach is geared to fathering as many children as possible.

To make this strategy work and to attract partners，men need to establish and advertise their dominance over rival males.Throughout evolution this has translated into displays of male aggression，ranging in scale from playground fights to world wars.

Men can afford to take more risks because as parents they are more expendable.Women，meanwhile，can only ensure reproductive success by overseeing the development of their children，which means avoiding death.

“The scale of parental investment drives everything，”says Campbell.“It’s not that women are too scared to fight，”she says.“It’s more to do with the positive value of staying alive，and women have an awfully big stake not just in offspring themselves but in offspring they might have in the future，”she says.

This means that if women do need to compete—perhaps for a partner—they choose low-risk rules of engagement.They use indirect tactics，such as discrediting rivals by spreading malicious rumors.And unlike men who glory in feats of dominance，women do better by concealing their actions and their“victories”.

But there is no doubt，says Campbell，that the universal domination of culture by males has exaggerated these differences in attitudes to physical aggression.“The story we’ve always been told is that females are not aggressive，”says Campbell.And when they are aggressive，women are told that their behavior is“odd or abnormal”.

6.For the sake of their children，according to Campbell，women____.

A.are reluctant to start wars

B.cannot avoid being dainty or scared

C.would rather get killed or injured in fighting

D.do not fight with men under any circumstances

7.It can be learned from the passage that men and women____.

A.present different family values in the world

B.show definite differences in parenting skills

C.are genetically conditioned in educating their children

D.take different psychological approaches to their children

8.Which of the following would men most probably be concerned about according to the passage？

A.Life.B.Parenting.C.Dominance.D.Reproduction.

9.To avoid death，women____.

A.cannot afford to confront risks

B.choose to fight in a violent way

C.try to seek protection from men

D.would resort to the“odd or abnormal”tactics

10.What is the main idea of the passage？

A.Why men and women possess different parenting skills.

B.Why men are more aggressive than women.

C.Why women evolve in their own way.

D.Why women do not start fights.

Passage Three

The first line reads：“She sits on the bed with a helpless expression.What is your name？Auguste.Last name？Auguste.What is your husband’s name？Auguste，I think.”The 32 pages of medical records that follow are the oldest medical description of Alzheimer’s disease.Psychiatrist Konrad Maurer and his colleagues at Johann Wolfgan Goethe University in Frankfurt found the file in their hospital’s archive，where it had been missing for nearly 90 years，and published excerpts from it last May in The Lancet.The notes，in a cramped，archaic German script，were written by Alois Alzheimer—the physician who first described the disease.

His patient，Auguste D，was a 51-year-old woman who had suffered fits of paranoid jealousy and memory lapses so disturbing that her family finally brought her to a local hospital known as the Castle of the Insane.Over the next four years Alzheimer tracked her condition.Upon her death he examined her brain tissue and found the distinctive lesion that are now hallmark of the disease.

Today Alzheimer’s afflicts some 4 million Americans.Although it still cannot be cured，or even treated very well，several recent studies hint that some treatments—from estrogen to vitamin E to anti-inflammatory drugs—can reduce either the risk of developing the disorder or its symptoms.And more is being learned about its distinctive pathology.This past year，for instance，researchers discovered a new kind of lesion in Alzheimer’s patients.A genetic study also pinpointed a mutation that is present in some 60 percent of them—a mutation in the DNA of mitochondria，the energy-producing organelles of the cells.

But nearly a century ago，it was Alois Alzheimer who first described the disease an in so doing became one of the first physicians to offer a biological basis fro a psychiatric condition.Finding the file，Maurer says，“is like holding history in your hands.”

11.Obviously，the discovery of the missing file of Auguste D.____.

A.adds credit to Alois Alzheimer

B.sheds doubt on the first description of Alzheimer’s

C.presents a big challenge to the medical community

D.has a great impact on the development of a cure for Alzheimer’s

12.The anatomical characteristics of Alzheimer’s____.

A.can be found in the missing file

B.could have been confirmed decades ago

C.are wrongly described in the missing file

D.even puzzle the medical community today

13.The findings of the research on Alzheimer’s____.

A.sound encouraging B.took more time than expected

C.were ascribed to the missing file D.will bring about a cure in no time

14.When he says that finding the file is like holding history in your hands.Maurer means____.

A.his assurance of the historical finding B.his further studies on Alzheimer’s

C.the beauty of the medical history D.the importance of imagination

15.Which of the following can best be the title for the passage？

A.The Physician Who First Described Alzheimer’s

B.The Recent Studies on Alzheimer’s

C.The Missing File of Auguste D

D.The History of Psychiatrics

Passage Four

Dry-cleaning machines that use liquid carbon dioxide as a solvent will go on sale in the US next year—thanks to chemists in North Carolina who have developed CO₂-soluble detergents.Dry-cleaners will lose their characteristic smell，and the new process will cut the amount of toxic waste produced in cleaning clothes.

Joseph DeSimone，a chemist at the University of North Carolina，Chapel Hill，says liquid CO₂ is an ideal solvent because after cleaning，the CO₂ can be evaporated off，collected，liquefied and reused.

The problem in developing the process，says DeSimone，has been that CO₂ by itself is not a good solvent.However，he points out that not much dissolves in water without the help of detergents，yet water is the most common solvent.What CO₂ needed，he thought，was the right detergent.

Detergent molecules such as those in washing-up liquid have two chemically distinct ends：one has a liking for water，the other sticks to dirt.Normal detergents do not dissolve in liquid CO₂，so DeSimone created three CO₂-soluble detergents.One end of the detergents has a fluorocarbon group，which makes them soluble in CO₂.The other end is soluble in water，oil or silicone，depending on the type of dirt being removed.The person doing the dry-cleaning has to decide which of the detergents is best for the job.

DeSimone’s company，MiCell，will start selling liquid CO₂ dry-cleaning machines next year.They operate at room temperature at a pressure“about ten times the pressure of a bicycle tyre”，according to a spokesman for MiCell.

Most dry-cleaners currently use chlorinated hydrocarbons such as perchloroethylene.But the US Environmental Protection Agency（EPA）is clamping down on the toxic waste emission this produces.After cleaning with the new machines，the liquid CO₂ is evaporated and collected for reuse，leaving a residue of detergent and dirt.

Brad Lienhart，president of MiCell，says that cutting waste and pollution is the company’s strongest selling point.“Dry-cleaner owners are saying‘get this burden off my back’，”he says.He hopes to sell a hundred machines in the first year of business.About 15，000 conventional dry-cleaning machines are sold around the world every year.Buster Bell，who owns Bell Laundry and Dry Cleaning in South Carolina，says the MiCell technology looks competitive，and he likes the reduced environmental impact.“You really don’t know what is coming from the EPA，”he says.

16.The passage begins with____.

A.a commercial advertisement B.a horrible warning

C.a sale promotion D.good news

17.What is the liquid CO₂ for？

A.Better cleaning clothes.

B.Helping recycle dry cleaners.

C.Dissolving the toxic waste from dry cleaning.

D.Reducing the toxic emission from dry cleaning.

18.The right detergent for CO2____.

A.makes dry cleaning easy B.must be chemically soluble

C.is chemically of two purposes D.means a right person for dry-cleaning

19.When they are saying“get this burden off my back”，the dry-cleaner owners refer to____.

A.the competition in the business of dry cleaning

B.the pressure from EPA

C.their potential profit

D.their selling poin

20.What is the strongest selling point of the MiCell technology according to Lienhart？

A.It will promote dry-cleaning business. B.It is environment-friendly.

C.It costs less in the market. D.A1l of the above.

Passage Five

The alarm on our household computer terminal rings and wakes me up.My husband simply stirs and goes back to sleep.I transfer today’s information onto the personal data card I carry with me everywhere and scan today’s readings.Values are given as to the number of liters of water I can use，the amount of coal-generated electricity I have allocated and how many“envirocredits”I have learned.

I am free to use the water and electricity as I chose，however I notice that the ration of electricity is decreasing everyday.Of course，this will not be a problem when we have earned enough envirocredits to buy another solar panel.Envirocredits are earned by buying goods with limited of no packaging，minimizing the amount of garbage thrown out by financially supporting“environtechnology”.Before cars were phased out due to unpopularity，credits could be gained by using public transport.

I notice all extra passage added to the readings.At last I have been given permission to have a child.Almost instantaneously a package arrives with a label on it：“Anti-sterilization Unit”.Inside there are instructions and a small device that looks like a cross between a pistol and a syringe.Eagerly I follow the instructions.The procedure is painless and I don’t know if I am imagining it but I seem to feel the effects at once.

Shaken my husband awake，I tell him the good news.I want to get started baby-making right now.“You’ve been on the waiting list for 37 years，”he says，“Can’t you wait until I’ve woken up properly？”

I decide that I probably don’t have much choice and wander downstairs.I am feeling very privileged to have the opportunity to create a new life.It is saddening，however，when I realize that，because of strict population controls，this new life will be replacing an old one.

I decide to ring my mother and tell her the good news.When she answers the phone she is crying.She has received word that my grandmother has failed her latest health check and will be euthanized next week.For some reason，I don’t feel like creating that new life anymore.

21.Based on today’s data，the wife will____.

A.use up all the envirocredits she earned

B.make arrangements with her husband for the day

C.be allowed to use a certain amount of water and electricity

D.do as required to generate enough water and electricity for the day

22.According to the passage，envirocredits go to those who____.

A.recycle their garbage at home B.limit themselves to solar energy

C.push environtechnology forward D.do something environment-friendly

23.The effects the wife is feeling at once following the instructions refers to____.

A.the desire to make a baby B.the permission to make a baby

C.the device to help her make a baby D.the consequences of making a baby

24.The good news for the wife changes into bad news because____.

A.she has to wait for another 37 years

B.to create a new life is to replace all old one

C.population is strictly controlled in the country

D.today she is not healthy enough to make a baby

25.What is the passage？

A.It is a scenario. B.It is a true story.

C.It is a piece of news. D.It is a scientific report.

Passage Six

Just because you’re better educated doesn’t mean that you’re any more rational than everyone else，no matter how hard you may try to give that impression.

Take the selection of lottery numbers.A survey in Florida described at this year’s annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science shows that better educated people try to use random number systems to pick their lottery numbers.

Despite the apparent logic of choosing random numbers，however，their chances of winning are no better than those of ordinary folk who use birthdays，anniversaries and other “lucky”dates.Nor are they better off than those who draw on omens and intuitions，picking numbers seen on car number-plates and in dreams.But no doubt they feel a lot more rational.

That appearance of“rationality”may be a dangerous thing.Scientists are not immune to subtle and subjective influences on their judgments.Take the data from a survey of the public and member of the British Society Of Toxicology discussed at the same meeting.

The survey showed that most people agree with the view that animals can be used to help predict how human will react，to chemicals，and that if a chemical causes cancer in an animal，we can be“reasonably sure”it will cause cancer in humans.The toxicologists，however，are more circumspect.They accept the first statement but less likely to agree that if a chemical causes cancer in an animal，it will do so in a human.

Can this difference be attributed to their expertise？Perhaps.But consider the considerable variation among toxicologists：those who were young，female，working in academia rather than industry or who felt that technology is not always used for the good of all，were more likely to agree that what causes cancer in an animal will cause cancer in a human.

Maybe we need to think more about how who we are affects our“rational”decisions.

26.According to the Florida-based survey，those who are better educated feel a lot more rational about the way they____.

A.look at the world

B.use logic in doing science

C.choose their lottery numbers

D.use numbers professionally and personally

27.Actually，the selection of random numbers，____.

A.does not work any better than the use of omens and intuitions

B.stands more chance of winning a lottery in the United States

C.is wrongly appreciated by rational people

D.is widely practiced in lottery

28.What are the survey data suggesting in the passage？

A.We are living in the age of rationality.

B.Nobody can be trusted in terms of truth.

C.Humans and animals do not react to chemicals in the same way.

D.The sense of rationality cannot avoid being subjectively influenced.

29.What the author is trying to say in the passage____.

A.can be further illustrated by the opinion among toxicologists

B.is acceptable to those young and female toxicologists

C.is rational enough to accept in the world of science

D.has much to do with his own experience

30.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage？

A.A Very Comforting Illusion

B.A Rational Approach to Lottery

C.A Survey on Education and Rationality

D.A Difference between Scientists and Others

2008年医学博士统考阅读理解真题

Passage One

Fourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart.Without it，Sean would die.Sean’s case is not unusual.Everyday many people die because there just aren’t enough human organs to go around.

Now scientists say they can alter the genetic make-up of certain animals so that their organs may be acceptable to humans.With this gene-altering technique to overcome our immune rejection to foreign organs，scientists hope to use pig hearts for transplants by the year 2008.

That prospect，however，has stirred up strong opposition among animal right activists.They protest that the whole idea of using animal is cruel and unjust.Some scientists also fear such transplants may transmit unknown diseases to humans.

Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is unnecessary.Millions of dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs.They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that had lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable.The key is to convince people to eat healthfully，and not to smoke or drink alcoho1.Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial organs.

Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help，spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea.If enough people were educated about organ donations，everyone who needed an organ could be taken off the waiting list in a year.

1.What is the problem the passage begins with？

A.A high mortality rate of immune rejection.

B.A malpractice in heart transplantation.

C.An unusual case of organ transplant.

D.A shortage of human organs.

2.Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue，according to the passage，but also it____.

A.introduces an issue of inhumanity

B.raises the issue of justice in medicine

C.presents a significant threat to the human nature

D.pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits

3.Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs，some scientists____.

A.are to narrow the scope of organ transplants

B.switch to the development of artificial organs

C.come up with alternatives to the current problem

D.set out to purchase better ways of treating heart disease

4.It can be inferred from the concluding paragraph of the passage that____.

A.the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplants

B.the present supply of human organs still has potential to be explored

C.people prefer the use of animal organs for medical purposes

D.the gene-altering technique leaves much to be desired

5.The information the passage carries is____.

A.enlightening B.unbelievable C.imaginative D.factual

Passage Two

Here is a great irony of 21st-century global health：While many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities，political corruption，or warfare，many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of increased risk of diet-related chronic diseases.Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon，affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources away from food security to take care of people with preventable heart disease and diabetes.

To reverse the obesity epidemic，we must address the fundamental cause.Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended in activity.The cause of this imbalance also is ironic improved prosperity.People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active.Market economies encourage this.They turn people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value，and of cars，television sets，and computers that promote sedentary behavior.Gaining weight is good business.Food is particularly big business because everyone eats.

Moreover，food is so overproduced that many countries especially the rich ones，have far more than they need—another irony.In the United States，to take an extreme example，most adults—of a11 ages，incomes，educational levels，and census categories—are overweight.The U.S.food supply provides 3，800 kilocalories per person per day，nearly twice as much as required by many adults.Overabundant food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising，health claims，new products，larger portions，and campaigns directed towards children.Food marketing promotes weight gain.Indeed，it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people eat less food；certainly not the agriculture，food product，grocery，restaurant，diet，or drug industries.All flourish when people eat more，and all employ armies of lobbyists to discourage governments from doing anything to inhibit overeating.

6.The great irony of 21st-century global public health refers to____.

A.the cause of obesity and its counteractive measures

B.the insufficient and superfluous consumption of food

C.the scarce natural resource and the negligence of food security.

D.the consumption of food and the increased risk of diet-related diseases

7.To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic，according to the passage，is____.

A.to improve political and economic management

B.to cope with the energy imbalance issue

C.to combat diet-related chronic diseases

D.to increase investment in global health

8.As we can learn from the passage，the second irony refers to____.

A.affluence and obesity

B.food energy and nutritional value

C.food business and economic prosperity

D.diseases of civilization and pathology of inactivity

9.As a result of the third irony，people.

A.consume 3，800 kilocalories on a daily basis

B.complain about food overproduction

C.have to raise their food expenses

D.are driven towards weight gain

10.Which of the following can be excluded as we can understand based on the passage？

A.The economic dimension.B.The political dimension.

C.The humane dimension.D.The dietary dimension.

Passage Three

Women find a masculine face—with a large jaw and a prominent brow—more attractive when they are most likely to conceive，according to a study published in the June 24 NATURE.Before，during，and just after menstruation，however，they seem to be drawn to less angular，more“feminine”male faces，the researchers report，

“Others studies of female preference，mainly for odors，show changes across the menstrual cycle，”says lead author lan Penton-Voak of the University of St.Andrews in Scotland，“We thought it would be interesting to look at visual preferences and see if they changed also.”

The researchers showed 39 Japanese women composite male faces that emphasized masculine or feminine facial features to differing degrees.The women preferred images with more masculine features when they were in the fertile phrase of their menses but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase.

The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue，according to another experiment.The cyclic preference for masculine faces was evident among 23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term relationship.Penton-Voak says.The 26 women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship，however，preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle.

Another 22 women who were using oral contraceptives did not show monthly changes in the faces they preferred even for short-term relationships，indicating that hormones might play a role in determining attractiveness，Penton-Voak says.

Men whose faces have some feminine softness are perceived as“kinder”men who may make better husbands and partners，he adds，white macho features may be associated with higher testosterone（睾丸素）levels and good genes.He cautions，however，that research hasn’t yet shown a link between a woman’s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior.

11.The researchers made a study on____.

A.women’s menstrual cycle

B.men’s preferred female images

C.women’s visual preferences of men

D.men’s masculine and feminine features

12.Women are drawn to a masculine face，according to the researchers，when they____.

A.grow to be more feminine B.are on oral contraceptives

C.are ready for conception D.are on menstruation

13.It was found in Britain that women’s preferred male images were influenced by.

A.their family planning B.the years of marriage they had

C.the length of their menstrual cycle D.the term of a relationship they seek

14.Just because the studies of female preferences show changes across the menstrual cycle，as Penton-Voak implies，does not mean that____.

A.visual preferences do exist B.a woman acts this way in reality

C.a man will buy into the phenomenon D.men and women prefer the same image

15.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage？

A.Does a woman judge from a man’s appearance？

B.Is there such a thing as beauty in the world？

C.Are women more emotional than men？

D.Is beauty more than meets the eyes？Passage Four

WELL—do they or don’t they？For years，controversy has raged over whether the electromagnetic fields produced by power lines could cause cancer，especially leukaemia in young children.But in Britain last week，confusion reached new heights.

One team from Bristol announced that it had evidence to back a controversial but plausible theory which would explain how power lines might cause cancer（electric fields attract airborne pollutants）.Only to be followed by the release of results by another group in London which suggested there is nothing to worry about.What is going on？

Actually，the confusion may be more apparent than real.There can be no doubt that the effects of power lines on water droplets，pollutants and naturally occurring radon uncovered by the Bristol team are real and interesting.But to suggest that they have anything to do with leukemia in children is premature.The extra exposure to pollution for child living near power lines would be tiny，and it is not obvious why radon—a gas normally associated with lung cancer—would cause leukemia in children.

The second study，which drew reassuring blank，is the world’s biggest ever probe of the statistical link between childhood cancers and magnetic fields of the sort produced by power lines and electrical appliances.It is one of several recent studies that have failed to find a link.Unlike earlier research，these newer studies involved going into homes to measure the electromagnetic fields.The fields they measured included input from major power lines if they were nearby.

Which is not to say the research is perfect.Critics argue that Britain’s childhood cancer study，for example，has not yet taken into account the surges in exposure that might come from，say，switching appliances on and off.And some people might wonder why measurements of the electric fields that are also produced by power lines did not figure in last week’s study.But neither criticism amounts to a fatal blow.Electrical fields cannot penetrate the body significantly，for example.

A more serious concern is whether the British research provides an all-clear signal for such countries as the US where power lines carry more current and therefore produce higher magnetic fields.Pedants（书呆子）would conclude that it doesn’t.But these countries will not have long to wait for answers from a major Japanese study.

In Britain，the latest epidemiological study can be taken as the final word on the matter.If the electromagnetic fields in Britain homes can in some unforeseen way increase the risk of cancer，we can now be as certain as science allows that the increase is too tiny to measure.

16.Both the question“Well—do they or don’t they？”and the question“What is going on？”suggest____.

A.the high incidence of leukemia

B.the advent of bewilderment among people

C.the warning of the worsening air pollution

D.the tense relation between Bristol and London

17.What would the author say of the results of the study？

A.Enlightening. B.Insignificant. C.Reassuring. D.Apparent.

18.What can be suggested from the result of the second study？

A.There does exist a danger zone near power lines.

B.There is much to be improved in terms of design.

C.There is nothing to worry about as to power lines.

D.There is no link between the first and second study.

19.It can be inferred from the passage that the British outcomes____.

A.are expected to convince nobody but pedants

B.were found to have left much room for doubt

C.could have implications in such countries as the US

D.will be consistent with the Japanese ones in the near future

20.To conclude，the author____.

A.reassures us of the reliability of the latest research in Britain

B.asks for improved measurements for such an investigation

C.points out the drawbacks of the latest research in Britain

D.urges further investigation on the issue

Passage Five

Smoking causes wrinkles by upsetting the body’s mechanism for renewing skin，say scientists in Japan.Dermatologists say the finding confirms the long-held view that smoking ages skin prematurely.

Skin stays healthy and young-looking because of a fine balance between two processes that are constantly at work.The first breaks down old skin whole the second makes new skin.The body breaks down the old skin with enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases，or MMPs.They chop up the fibers that from collagen（胶原质）—the connective tissue that makes up around 80 per cent of normal skin.

Akimichi Morita and his colleagues at Nagoya City University Medical School suspected that smoking disrupted the body’s natural process of breaking down old skin and renewing it.To test their idea，they first made a solution of cigarette smoke by pumping smoke through a saline（盐的）solution.Smoke was sucked from cigarettes for two seconds every minute.Tiny drops of this smoke solution were added to dishes of human fibroblasts，the skin cells that produce collagen.

After a day in contact with smoke solution，the researchers tested the skin cells to see how much collagen-degrading MMP they were making.Morita found that cells exposed to cigarette smoke had produced far more MMP than normal skin cells.

Morita also tested the skin cells to see how much new collagen they were producing.He found that the smoke caused a drop in the production of fresh collagen by up to 40 per cent.

He says that this combined effects of degrading collagen more rapidly and producing less new collagen is probably what cause premature skin ageing in smokers.In both cases，the more concentrated the smoke solution the greater the effect on collagen.“This suggests the amount of collagen is important for skin ageing，”he says，“It looks like less collagen means more wrinkle formation.”

Morita doesn’t know if this is the whole story of why smokers have more wrinkles. But he plans to confirm his findings by testing skin samples from smokers and non-smokers of various ages to see if the smoking has the same effect on collagen.“So far we’ve only done this in the lab，”he says.“We don’t know exactly what happens in the body yet—that might take some time.”

Other dermatologists are impressed by the work.“This is fascinating，”says Lawrence Parish，director of the Center for International Dermatology at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia.This confirms scientifically what we’ve long expected，he says. “Tobacco smoke is injurious to skin.”

21.Health skin lies in____.

A.a well-kept balance between two working processes

B.the two processes of breaking down skin cells

C.a fine balance in the number of cigarettes

D.the two steps of forming collagen

22.For the Japanese scientists，to test their idea is____.

A.to verify the aging of human beings

B.to find out the mechanism of renewing skin

C.to prove the two processes of wrinkle formation

D.to confirm the hazards of smoking proven otherwise

23.The Japanese scientists tested their ideas using____.

A.MMPs to form fresh collagen

B.cigarette smoke to contaminate skin cells

C.human fibroblasts to produce fresh collagen

D.non-smokers to be exposed to cigarette smoke

24.As inferred from Morita’s results，smoking____.

A.could stimulate the production of fresh collagen

B.is unlikely to promote the production of MMP

C.tends to cause skin to age prematurely

D.may cause collagen to die by 60%

25.Morita implies that his findings____.

A.took less time than expected

B.were hard to accept in dermatology

C.were not exclusively based on the lab

D.need to be further verified in the human body

Passage Six

Today，I sit in a surgical ICU beside my favorite Jack as he recovers from a five-hour operation to repair a massive aortic aneurysm.For me it has been a journey into the medical system as an inexperienced consumer rather than in my usual position as a seasoned provider.This journey to an urban referral center has produced some disappointing surprises for Dad，and especially for me.For the past two days，my beloved Jack has been called“Harold”（his first name；Jack is his middle name）.Of course，there is nothing wrong with“Harold”—it was what he was called in the army—but Dad never has been“Harold”，except to those who really don’t know him.Telephone callers at our family home who asked for“Harold”were always red flags that the caller was a telemarketer or insurance salesperson.

Dad doesn’t correct his physicians or the office receptionists—he is from the old school，where it is impolite to question or correct your physician.Once he was an almost ideal“Jack，”strong，athletic，quietly confident，and imminently trustworthy，but his recent renal failure and dialysis treatments，his stroke and his constant tremor have robbed him of his strength，mobility，and golf game，but not of his will or love of his family.Part of the reason he agreed to undertake this risky operation at his advanced age was because his wife and sisters still need his protective support.With so much at risk，he faced his life-threatening challenge in a city far away from his home and friends and in a place where he is greeted as“Harold”.

26.The author relates the story____.

A.from a consumer’s point of view

B.with a view to punctuating patient rights

C.according to his own standards of health care

D.based on his own unpleasant medical treatment

27.Apparently，the author’s father____.

A.did not like to be called by the first name

B.was not well taken care of as expected

C.was mistaken for somebody else

D.was treated like a businessman

28.As the author implies，his father____.

A.encountered so many impolite physicians

B.did nothing but kept quiet in the hospital

C.accepted the way he was greeted

D.had his diagnosis made wrongly

29.What the story implies is that____.

A.people are what they are called

B.nobody likes to be called Harold in English

C.a patient should be called as he or she wishes

D.a patient should be called by the first name in the hospital

30.The author describes his“Jack”in a tone of____.

A.admiration B.inspiration C.indignation D.expectation

2010年真题阅读理解答案与解析

Passage One

本文话题

出于健康考虑，儿童应避免使用手机。

难词译注

refrain[ri＇frein]vi. 克制，节制

nonthermal effects[nɔn＇θə：məl] 无热量效应

precautionary[pri＇kɔ：ʃənəri]a. 预防的

mast[mα：st] 天线杆

难句译注

Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection，which is one-fifth of the current British limit.

【分析】that the current British safety standards是recommend的宾语从句，which引导非限定性定语从句修饰the level recommended by ICNIRP。

【译文】Stewart的报告可能是在建议，目前英国有关手机能量释放的安全标准应该减低，降到国际非电离辐射保护委员会所建议的级别，这一标准是目前英国限制标准的五分之一。

答案与解析

1.【问题】根据政府报告，虽然还不能证实手机辐射对人体细胞的伤害，但这并不意味着：

A.政府应该禁止儿童使用手机。 B.我们应该为了安全放下手机。

C.该产业有权利促进手机使用。 D.儿童使用手机是安全的。

【答案】D

【解析】此题根据题干可以定位在文章第2段最后一句话：因为我们不能完全理解辐射对人体细胞非热能效应，政府应该采取预防措施，尤其是和儿童相关的措施。可知这句话的含义与选项D吻合。

2.【问题】Tattersall认为限制儿童使用手机是考虑到：

A.他们神经系统的发育。 B.他们的手机有设计缺陷。

C.他们非理性使用的频率。 D.他们忽视可能的健康影响。

【答案】A

【解析】根据题干人名，可以定位在第4段第一句，Tattersall认为限制儿童使用手机是明智之举，这句话与题干吻合。此题解题关键信息在这句话的后面，他说：“如果你有一个正在发育的神经系统，那么它会更加容易受环境的侵扰。所以如果手机被证明确实是危险的，当然现在还没得到证实，那么限制儿童使用手机就是明智的。”故选项A正确。

3.【问题】就讨论中的这个问题，Preece：

A.不同意Tattersall的观点。 B.试图移除障碍。

C.要求进一步的调查。 D.会支持Stewart。

【答案】D

【解析】此题解题较为麻烦。首先根据题干中的人名可以定位到文章的第6段，寻找Preece对限制手机使用的观点态度，即第6段第2句话，其大概含义是：他同意孩子接触的会更多。有许多较小的组织堵在那里，并且头颅骨会更小，所以儿童的头就会离手机更近。这说明Preece也认为应限制儿童使用手机，据此可以排除A。选项B和C没提到，也被排除。根据第7段可知，Stewart建议英国政府提高对儿童手机能量发射的限制，与国际通用一个标准，故选项D正确。

4.【问题】目前令人担心的是英国：

A.会对Stewart计划的呼声充耳不闻。

B.觉得降低手机使用时能量辐射的安全标准值会很难。

C.继续保持和国际标准不同的安全限制标准。

D.甚至不就手机能量辐射作任何限制。

【答案】C

【解析】此题根据题干关键词可以定位到文章最后一段。

5.【问题】下面哪一个是这篇文章最好的标题？

A.脑电波 B.仅限成年人

C.抓住年轻人 D.答案仍旧悬而未决

【答案】B

【解析】文章第1段开门见山提出文章的主题，即儿童应该避免使用手机。故选项B正确。

Passage Two

本文话题

本文通过对不同文化以及社会地位的人的笑的研究，希望人们能多开口笑。

难词译注

cosmetic dentistry[＇dentistri]n. 牙科整形，牙科

plastic surgery[＇sə：dʒəri]n. 外科，外科学，手术室，诊疗室，整形外科

ascent[ə＇sent]n. 进步，登高，坡路

voluptuous nude 体态丰满的裸体人像

villain[＇vilən]n. 恶棍

tranquility[træn＇kwiliti]n. 宁静

erotic bliss 性爱欢愉，鱼水之欢

entwine[in＇twain]v. 编织，盘绕

demon[＇di：mən]n. 魔鬼

mimic[＇mimik]a. 模仿

答案与解析

6.【问题】按照文章所暗示的，假设没有美容方面的进步：

A.人们就不会像现在这样快乐。 B.出生面部缺陷率就不可能下降。

C.就不会有更多的开口笑。 D.在公众场合我们就不会看见笑容。

【答案】C

【解析】此题解题信息在文章第1段。这个段落开门见山点出文章的主题。因为整形牙科和整形外科使得人们比以往更能开口大笑，而且我们希望未来可以有更多的笑容。所以如果没有这些进步，人们就不可能像现在这样开口大笑，选项C为

正确答案。

7.【问题】根据文章所述，似乎人像画或照片上是否有笑容取决于：

A.一个人对于外部世界的内心感受。 B.一个人的身份或社会地位。

C.一个人所处的时代。 D.以上都是。

【答案】B

【解析】根据题干中的portraits可以定位到文章第2段。这一段作者给出很多实例，大多数人像或照片上富有的要人，体态丰满的裸体人像，或是中产阶级家庭成员看上去都是紧闭着嘴。而战争中的士兵，玩耍的孩子，乞丐，老人尤其是坏蛋可能都张着嘴，但他们的笑却鲜有魅力，更多情况下让人感觉僵硬或者暴力更多于快乐。根据这些具体信息可以得知，一个人的身份地位决定了画像上是否有笑容，故选项B正确。

8.【问题】Trumble有关笑容的研究表明：

A.开口笑是一种掩饰。 B.名人画像呈现不同的笑。

C.甚至人类肌肉也可以产生不同的笑。 D.笑可以体现不同时代和文化的误解。

【答案】A

【解析】细节题。本题题意是“Trumble有关微笑的研究表明开朗的笑容可以作为一种掩饰。”根据第4段“Trumble指出，在一些非西方文化中，即使是温和、开朗的笑容也并不一定代表愉快或者同意。它可能仅仅是礼貌的面具来遮盖那些被认为是太粗鲁或太吃惊也不应明显表示出来的情绪。”故选A。

9.【问题】Trumble希望看到的是：

A.公开场合开怀大笑的增长趋势。 B.西药对非西方文化的进一步影响。

C.笑传递更加广泛的含义。 D.公开场合多一些真诚和热情。

【答案】D

【解析】细节题。A项内容是实现期望的方式，D项内容是最终的期望。所以选D。

10.【问题】文章最后，作者暗指：

A.美容进步所带来的财富。 B.每个人的笑都一样。

C.未来生活方式的变化。 D.笑的未来。

【答案】D

【解析】根据文章最后一段可以推断出，由于整形技术和专业人士进入美容院，他们能有助于人们重塑完美的面容。

Passage Three

本文话题

有科学家发现，二战期间，希特勒在被暗杀后活了下来是因为他的私人医生给他用了青霉素，本文就此展开讨论。

难词译注

splinter[＇splintə]n. 碎片

confiscate[＇kɔnfiskeit]vt. 查抄，没收，扣押

humanitarian[hju（：）mæni＇tεəriən]a. 人道主义的

septicaemia[＇septikmiə]n. 败血症

答案与解析

11.【问题】根据Wainwright的观点，阿道夫·希特勒：

A.在战争中可能使用了生化武器。 B.不可能像人们证实的那样自杀。

C.可能死于细菌感染。 D.可能在细菌感染中活了下来。

【答案】D

【解析】此题定位在第1段：由于盟军生产的青霉素，希特勒在1944年的暗杀中活了下来。如果这个纳粹头子死于多处伤口的细菌感染，那么第二次世界大战就可能提早一年结束，可能拯救了百万人的生命。故选项D正确。

12.【问题】1944年遭到一次暗杀后，阿道夫·希特勒：

A.开始采取针对他个人遇袭的预防措施。

B.急切希望在他的国家研制青霉素。

C.因为败血症接受青霉素注射。

D.被怀疑可能感染了。

【答案】C

【解析】细节题。利用题干关键词following an assassination in 1944可以定位到文章的第二段，意为“在一期名为《生物学和医学展望》的杂志上，温莱特披露了一手资料，证明在经历过一次暗杀后，希特勒的私人医生Theo Morrel对其用青霉素进行了治疗。”由此可知答案为C“接受青霉素的注射来防止血液中毒”。而下一段说道“Wainwright在研究中发现Morrell在他的日记中写到，他给希特勒用了抗生素作为预防”，可知这只是一种预防措施，并不确定一定会感染，所以D项与原文表述不一致。

13.【问题】正如Wainwright所推论的，希特勒的私人医生：

A.不可能敢给希特勒开德国产的青霉素。

B.不需要使用纯的抗生素来预防可能的感染。

C.有充分理由要暗杀希特勒。

D.一定在试图制造青霉素。

【答案】A

【解析】此题定位在文章第4和第5段。第4段提到当时只有盟军有青霉素，德国试图生产但没成功，他们只有少量青霉素，但不够纯，一般认为这不会有效果。第5段提到：作为希特勒的私人医生处于很危险的境地，因而它只可能使用纯的青霉素。这说明为了自己的性命，他的私人医生不会给希特勒使用不纯的青霉素，故选项A正确。

14.【问题】Wainwright暗指第三帝国：

A.正如预料的那样，免不了崩溃的命运。

B.屠杀了地球上数以百万计的生命。

C.遭受细菌灾害的重创。

D.确实有渠道可以获得纯青霉素。

【答案】D

【解析】第5段最后一句话是这道题关键的定位，意味着后面段落将谈论Morrell如何获得纯的青霉素。第6段和第7段提到了可能获得青霉素的途径，故选项D正确。

15.【问题】下面哪一个是这篇文章最合适的标题？

A.希特勒是如何从暗杀中活下来。

B.Morrel对他的德国总理忠诚吗？

C.希特勒是盟军的药救活的吗？

D.青霉素在德国被滥用了吗？

【答案】C

【解析】如文中所述，Wainwright揭示希特勒可能因为有盟军的青霉素而在一次暗杀后活了下来，这就是文章的主题，故选项C正确。

Passage Four

本文话题

介绍一款新型的测量体内脂肪的仪器。

难词译注

huff and puff 沉重的呼吸

fat deposition 脂肪堆积

radioactive tracer 放射性指示剂

minuscule current 微电流

答案与解析

16.【问题】设计这个新机器是为了：

A.显示人体隐藏的脂肪。

B.识别那些存在肥胖隐患的人。

C.有助于在临床上治疗特定病例。

D.精准测量和肥胖有关的危险影响。

【答案】A

【解析】参见第一段第二句，你只需要在机器上站30秒，它就会测出你身体中的脂肪。故选A。

17.【问题】根据Tapp的观点，这个装置的魅力在于：

A.它运行双重功能。

B.在测量方面有极高的准确性。

C.对临床工作有着重要意义。

D.对人类解剖学的发展作出贡献。

【答案】A

【解析】根据题干中的人名和问题可以定位到文章第2段的最后一句话：这款机器最聪明的设计在于我们把两个测量方式放在一台机器上，故选项A正确。

18.【问题】根据文章所述，下面哪一个是这台机器所具有的潜质？

A.微电流。 B.放射性指示剂。 C.一个水箱。 D.以上都是。

【答案】D

【解析】根据第1段可知这台仪器只需让受试者站在上面保持不动30秒，即可知道受试者体内的脂肪含量。故这三个东西都是这台仪器不需要的。

19.【问题】和文章中提到的技术相比，身体脂肪扫描仪：

A.加速病人康复的进程。 B.因为它的安全性而备受赞扬。

C.以测量的精准性为特征。 D.在诊所易于操作。

【答案】C

【解析】参见最后一段，Tapp的方法也使用了相似的计算方法，但是却更准确（sophisti-cated），因为它会告诉你哪里超重了。故选C。

20.【问题】为了扫描，所有受试者都必须：

A.在健身房参加一种锻炼。 B.转动身体脂肪扫描仪。

C.躺在电子磁场中。 D.站在系统上。

【答案】D

【解析】此题参见文章第1段第2句话：所有你必须做的就是站在上面保持30秒不动，这台机器就可以测量出你的体内脂肪，故选项D正确。

Passage Five

本文话题

现在有一个新的潮流：崇尚知识的广度。作者就知识的广度和深度谈了自己的看法。

难词译注

interface[＇intə（：）feis]n. 界面，分界处

conversant[kən＇və：sənt]a. 熟悉的，熟知的

delve[delv]v. 探究，探索

complementary[kɔmplə＇mentəri]a. 互补的

analytical[ænə＇litikəl]a. 分析的

at the cutting edge 前沿

diminish[di＇miniʃ]v. 轻视，贬低

accusation[ækju（：）＇zeiʃən]n. 谴责，控告

答案与解析

21.【问题】从广义教育到跨学科研究，我们可以看到：

A.理论与实际的融合。 B.追求知识广度的热情。

C.传统学科的迅速解体。 D.专家和全才的对抗。

【答案】B

【解析】根据题干可以定位到文章的第1段。题干提到的内容广义教育和跨学科研究均作为实例出现在第1段。因此解答本题的关键在于理解本段的主要论点，也即本段的第一句话，其大概含义是：目前在国外有一个新的潮流，崇尚知识的广度。全段的实例都在说明各个领域都在注重知识的广度，故选项B符合题意。

22.【问题】评论家会说雕塑知识的全部：

A.主要由两个元素组成。 B.呈现两种不同的观点。

C.不能从一个视角去理解。 D.是由互补元素构成的一个整体。

【答案】D

【解析】根据题干的关键词“the totality of the sculpture of knowledge”可以定位在文章第2段。本段第3句话提到：这就如同用两种不同的方法观察伟大的雕塑。这说明例证关系的“证”应该在前面，即本段的前两句话，其大意是：体验知识的广度很刺激，但是深度探索一个物体同样刺激。这两种美妙的体验是实际和美学两种方式的互补。故选项D正确。

23.【问题】根据评论，虽然我们专心于一个物体的细节，但不意味着我们：

A.对它有了解。 B.将成为专家。

C.将理解全部。 D.对此感兴趣。

【答案】C

【解析】此题根据题干，可以定位到文章第3段。由第3段第1句话可知，本段主要围绕专注细节进行论述。本段提到专注细节，例如作为化学家，痴迷于计算机科学或者分子遗传学，但不意味着会成为这方面的专家。这些论述揭示，仅仅深究一个细节不意味着能够理解全部。故选项C正确。选项B和D均在例子中，是错误答案。

24.【问题】评论家的论点是专家和全才：

A.都没有对雕塑知识的整体充满热情。

B.都不代表知识的深度和广度。

C.都没必要轻视彼此。

D.都没有资格成为环境科学家。

【答案】C

【解析】根据题干中的关键词“specialist”和“generalist”可以定位在文章的最后一段。这段的主题句就是第1句话，其大意是：不幸的是，在我们很热情地追求知识的广度或深度时，总是贬低另一方的价值，故选项C正确。

25.【问题】下面哪一个是文章最好的标题？

A.跨学科研究，我们的职业 B.知识的广度和深度

C.做科学研究的方式 D.科学的魅力

【答案】B

【解析】全文都是在就知识的广度和深度进行探讨，故选项B正确。

Passage Six

本文话题

本文作者介绍病房里的一个早产儿，作者观察他的一举一动，以及作者个人的感受。

难词译注

miraculously[mi＇rækjuləsli]ad. 奇迹般地，不可思议地

withdrawn[wið＇drɔ：n]a. 内向的，沉默寡言的

ravenously[＇rævinəsli]ad. 饿极地，渴望地

warily[＇weərili]ad. 谨慎地

enrage[in＇reidʒ]vt. 激怒

garbled[＇ɡα：bld]n. 含糊不清的

baby-bellow 婴儿的大叫

seductive[si＇dʌktiv]a. 有魅力的

cuddle[＇kʌdl]v. 搂抱

crib[krib]n. 有围栏的童床

babble[＇bæbl]v. 含糊不清的喃语，儿语

adjacent[ə＇dʒeisənt]a. 临近的

stealth[stelθ]n. 秘密行动

screwdriver[＇skru：draivə]n. 丝刀，改锥

steer[stiə]v. 引导，指导

答案与解析

26.【问题】在婴儿病房，Vergil：

A.被当做孤儿对待。 B.早产。

C.改了名字。 D.让医护人员很忙碌。

【答案】D

【解析】细节题。这里的关键是“In the infants’ward”（在婴儿房里），找到了母亲所以不是（孤儿）A，B（早产）不是发生在婴儿房里的事，C（更名）在文章中未提及，所以答案为D，也就是孩子在婴儿房里得到了很好的照顾和治疗。

27.【问题】病房的医护人员一定对Vergil的____感到惊讶。

A.生命力 B.衣衫褴褛 C.早产 D.身体健康

【答案】A

【解析】此题定位在第1段最后一句话，大意是：几乎没有外界的帮助，他奇迹般地活了下来。故选项A正确。

28.【问题】Vergil开始怎样回应人们？

A.通过有需求时的大声哭闹。

B.用羞答答的表情看着每一个经过的人。

C.闻和尝。

D.朝他们大叫。

【答案】C

【解析】第2段最后一句话说：“渐渐地，他开始对站在他婴儿床边逗他的医护人员做出了反应。”而第三段第一句话告诉我们：“他首先谨慎地研究人们，像个小野兽一样小心地用鼻子闻闻、用小嘴尝尝。”

29.【问题】从医院里医生的观察，我们可以说Vergil：

A.很感谢病房医护人员。 B.在一个很有利的环境下成长。

C.心理要比身体成长得快。 D.很自豪他的身心健康。

【答案】C

【解析】此题需要概括文章大意。本文描述了他所观察的这个早产儿在医院里的一举一动，可以看出虽然他是早产儿，但其生命力极其顽强，而且通过描述他在医院里与人交流的一举一动以及他在活动室里的表情、神态，可以说都是在对小孩的心智方面进行描述，而对于小孩身体方面的进展着墨偏少。所以我们可知这个孩子在在心智方面确实恢复或者说发展更快一些。另外题目是问通过医护人员的观察说明这个孩子如何，所以选项B不符合逻辑结构。

30.【问题】通过提及Vergil不恰当的举动，作者试图暗示：

A.在婴儿病房存在危险。 B.婴儿成长过程中指导的重要性。

C.接受孩子先天的淘气。 D.对他而言的未来。

【答案】B

【解析】此题可以先排除选项A和C。对于选项D，能够对应的原文信息是文章最后一句话，选项D是最后一句话的近义改写，故不是答案。选项B的解题信息是文章第4段的最后一句话，大意是：也许我们可以趁现在还不晚将他带到正确的道路上来。故选项B正确。此题注意：推断题的解不是原文信息的近义改写。

2009年医学博士统考阅读理解真题

Passage One

本文话题

本文通过介绍日本研究者的实验结果，说明适量饮酒者比滴酒不沾者IQ高。

难词译注

teetotaler[ti：`təʊtələ（r）]n. 绝对禁酒者

sake[＇sa：ki]n. 日本清酒

fatty acid 脂肪酸

polyphenol[pɔli＇fi：nɔl]n. 多酚

antioxidant property 抗氧化性

dilate[dai＇leit]vi. 膨胀

coronary artery 冠状动脉

答案与解析

1.【问题】日本就____进行研究？

A.IQ的发育 B.长寿的秘诀

C.酒瓶中的健脑物质 D.健康饮酒的量

【答案】D

【解析】根据文章第2段可知：他们测试年龄在40～79岁之间2000人的IQ，发现平均一天适度饮酒不超过540毫升清酒或红酒的男士比滴酒不沾的男士的IQ高3.3，同样，适度饮酒的女性比不饮酒的女性高2.5。故选项D正确。

2.【问题】日本研究者发现____的IQ更高一些

A.女性滴酒不沾者比滴酒不沾男性

B.女性饮酒者比男性饮酒者

C.适量饮酒者

D.滴酒不沾者

【答案】C

【解析】此题可根据第1段得出答案：日本研究发现适度饮酒者比滴酒不沾者IQ高。故选项C正确。

3.【问题】当Shimokata说很难显示因果关系的时候，他的意思是

A.研究没能涉及收入和教育程度这些变量。

B.他质疑调查的结果。

C.还有一些其他的产生因素。

D.结果具有误导性。

【答案】C

【解析】此题出处在于文章第5～7段。第5段提到他认为还有其他因素，例如生活方式以及营养物质的摄入。所以选项C正确

4.【问题】从Shimokata提到的鱼和奶酪，我们可以推断在提高智商方面：

A.清酒或者红酒是鱼和奶酪的最佳搭配。

B.两者提高了清酒或者红酒的饮酒效果。

C.他们不如清酒或者红酒有效。

D.清酒或者红酒不是单一的。

【答案】D

【解析】此题定位在第6段，这段提到Shimokata认为人们喝清酒或者日本米酒，总是吃更多的生鱼，鱼中通常含有健脑的脂肪酸，这可能是提高智商的因素。同样，喝红酒的人会吃很多的奶酪，奶酪中的高脂肪物质也被认为对大脑有好处，故选项D正确。

5.【问题】依据这项研究，Shimokata想说：

A.随着年龄增长，智商会更高。

B.IQ可以以一种或另一种方式得到提升。

C.酒精中的多酚可以健脑。

D.饮酒会使你更聪明。

【答案】C

【解析】此题为细节定位题，参见文章第7段第一句。这句话表明有利于智商提高的酒精中的化学物质是多酚。

Passage Two

本文话题

本文分析与男性相比，女性不愿意参与战斗的原因。

难词译注

dainty[＇deinti]a. 精致的，娇美的

tenaciously[ti＇neiʃəsli]ad. 固执地，不屈不挠地

stealth[stelθ]n. 秘密行动，鬼祟

subtlety[＇sʌtlti]n. 狡猾，诡诈

on the sly 秘密地，偷偷地

discredit[dis＇kredit]v. 使丧失名誉

malicious[mə＇liʃəs]a. 恶意的

答案与解析

6.【问题】根据Campbell的观点，为了她们的孩子，女士们：

A.不情愿开战。

B.不能避免保持优雅或感到害怕。

C.宁愿在战斗中被杀死或受伤。

D.在任何情况下不会和男人开战。

【答案】A

【解析】根据题干定位到文章第1段第1句话，这句话告诉我们女性不开战不是因为她们害怕或者保持优雅，而是因为她们比男性下了更大的赌注，要活着抚养后代。故本题选A。另外，这句话也否定了选项B；第1段第2句话提到女性间彼此争斗会像男人一样执着，但她们会采取很微妙、很秘密的策略，以降低在争斗中被杀死或者受伤的几率，故选项C和D不对。

7.【问题】从文章中可以得知，男士和女士：

A.呈现不同的家庭观。

B.表现出在养育技能方面的绝对差异。

C.从基因角度上讲，在教育孩子方面受限制。

D.对待孩子有着不同的心理表现。

【答案】D

【解析】本题可以定位在文章第2段。这段提到：男士们追求孩子的数量，而不是对于后代养育的质量，这就意味着女性在养育孩子方面投入的精力更大。在文章第6段也提到女士所下的大赌注不仅仅是后代本身，还有她们的孩子今后可能有的后代。故选项D正确。

8.【问题】根据文章所述，下面哪一个是男士最关心的？

A.生活。 B.养育。

C.支配。 D.生育。

【答案】C

【解析】第4段第1句提到，为了使得这一策略得以实现，为了吸引配偶，男性需要建立、施展他们对男性竞争对手的控制。这句话说明，男性最关注的是控制。

9.【问题】为了避免死亡，女士们：

A.不能承受面对危险。

B.选择暴力方式抵抗。

C.试图从男士那里寻求保护。

D.会求助于“古怪或者非正常”的策略。

【答案】A

【解析】此题定位到文章第6段和第7段。这两段的大意是：养育孩子的投入决定一切。女性所下的赌注不仅仅是自己的后代，还包括她们的孩子今后可能有的后代。这就意味着如果女性实在需要竞争，她们也会选择危险较小的方式。这说明女性为了后代会尽可能地避免争斗，不是因为她们害怕而是因为为了后代，故选项A正确。

10.【问题】文章的主题是什么？

A.为什么男女具有不同的养育技能。

B.为什么男性比女性更加具有侵略性。

C.为什么女性用自己的方式进化。

D.为什么女性不去争斗。

【答案】D

【解析】全文通过男性和女性的对比，作者想要解释为什么女性尽量要避免争斗，文章第1段也开门见山点题，故选项D正确。

Passage Three

本文话题

本文提到有科学家发现已失踪的Auguste D.的病历，这是史上第一次对阿尔茨海默氏症的描述，成为该病史上的标志性的贡献。

难词译注

cramped[kræmpt]a. 难懂的

archaic[α：＇keiik]a. 已过时不用的

paranoid jealousy 偏执型嫉妒

memory lapse n. 记忆差错

insane[in＇sein]a. 精神错乱的

lesion[＇li：ʒən]n. 障碍，损害

hallmark[＇hɔ：lmα：k]n. 标志

estrogen[＇estrədʒən]n. 雌激素

pathology[pə＇θɔlədʒi]n. 病理学

mutation[mju（：）＇teiʃən]n. 变化

pinpoint[＇pinpɔint]v. 精确地找到

mitochondria[maitə＇kɔndriə]n. 线粒体

答案与解析

11.【问题】很显然，失踪的Auguste D.病历的发现：

A.增加对Alois Alzheimer的信任。

B.引发了对于阿尔茨海默氏症第一次描述的质疑。

C.提出对医学界的大挑战。

D.对阿尔茨海默氏症治疗发展起到了巨大影响。

【答案】D

【解析】此题可根据文章各段的含义以及选项的含义在文章中有效定位。文章第1段提到发现失踪的病历，第2段提到病历所记录的病人情况以及第一次描述阿尔茨海默氏症。第3段简述阿尔茨海默氏症的治疗方法，第4段提到对于第一次对该病描述的评价。根据各段含义可以定位在第2段最后一句话，其含义是，她死后，他研究了她的大脑细胞并且发现独特病变，这个病变现在是这个病的标志，这是第一次针对阿尔茨海默氏症作出描述。故选项D正确。

12.【问题】阿尔茨海默氏症的解剖特征：

A.在失踪病历中可以找到。 B.几十年前可能已经确认了。

C.在失踪病历中被错误地描述了。 D.甚至迷惑了如今的医学界。

【答案】A

【解析】此题与41题的出处是一样的，也是第2段最后一句话可以得出正确判断。

13.【问题】有关阿尔茨海默氏症的研究结果：

A.听起来很令人鼓舞。 B.比预想花费更多时间。

C.归功于失踪的病历。 D.将会立即带来治疗方法。

【答案】A

【解析】此题参看文章第三段第二句：尽管还不能治愈，最近研究也暗示了一些治疗方法……，这说明研究结果令人鼓舞，A为答案。

14.【问题】Maurer说发现病历就如同手中握着历史，他的意思是：

A.他对这一历史性结果予以肯定。

B.他将进一步进行阿尔茨海默氏症的研究。

C.医学历史的魅力。

D.想象的重要性。

【答案】A

【解析】这份病历是第一次对阿尔茨海默氏症进行描述，研读这个病历，就可以掌握该病的历史，故选项A正确。

15.【问题】下面哪一个是文章最好的标题？

A.首次描述阿尔茨海默氏症的医生 B.阿尔茨海默氏症的最新研究

C.AugusteD.失踪病历 D.精神病学的历史

【答案】C

【解析】本文围绕失踪的病历展开，并提出该病历的发现对阿尔茨海默氏症的研究有着巨大影响，故选项C正确

Passage Four

本文话题

新研制出来的二氧化碳可溶洗涤剂可减少有毒废物的排放。

难词译注

solvent[＇sɔlvənt]n. 溶剂

detergent[di＇tə：dʒənt]n. 洗涤剂

fluorocarbon[flu（：）ərə＇kα：bən]n. 碳氟化合物

soluble[＇sɔljubl]a. 可溶解的

silicone[＇silikəun]n. 硅

chlorinated hydrocarbon 氯代烃类

perchloroethylene[pəklɔ：rəʊ`eθili：n，pɜ：klɔ：-]n. 全氯乙烯

clamp down 压制

residue[＇rezidju：]n. 残渣，剩余

答案与解析

16.【问题】这篇文章开头是：

A.一个商业广告。 B.一个可怕的警告。

C.产品促销。 D.好消息。

【答案】D

【解析】此题定位在第1段，本段提到：新研制的可溶二氧化碳的洗涤剂可以去除衣物上干洗机的味道，也能减少干洗过程产生的有毒废物的量。故选项D正确。

17.【问题】液体CO₂是做什么用的？

A.更好地清洁衣服。 B.有助于回收干洗机。

C.溶解干洗时的有毒废物。 D.减少干洗时有毒物质的排放。

【答案】D

【解析】此题根据题干关键词liquid CO₂可以定位文章第1段最后一句话，含义参看第46题

18.【问题】针对CO₂的合适的洗涤剂：

A.使得干洗更容易。 B.必须是可溶解化学物质的。

C.具备化学方面的两个目的。 D.意味着找特定的人去干洗。

【答案】B

【解析】根据题干定位文章第3段。此段提到：二氧化碳本身不是很好的溶剂，但是没有洗涤剂的作用，很多是不能溶解的。文章第4段第2句话提到：一般的洗涤剂在液体二氧化碳中不能溶解。通过这些信息可以得出针对二氧化碳的洗涤剂必须是可溶性的。故选项B正确。

19.【问题】当他们说：“卸下我背上的负担”时，干洗店老板是指：

A.干洗业的竞争。 B.来自EPA的压力。

C.他们潜在的利润。 D.他们的卖点。

【答案】B

【解析】此题根据题干定位在最后一段，引语所指应该往前找。文章倒数第2段提到美国EPA正在打压大多数干洗店正在使用的chlorinated hydrocarbons所释放出来的有毒废料。而现在新型的洗涤剂的最大卖点就是减少废物和污染，故干洗店老板们可以松一口气，选项B正确。

20.【问题】根据Lienhart的观点，MiCell技术的最大卖点是：

A.它可以促进干洗业。 B.它是环保的。

C.在市场中成本较低。 D.以上都是。

【答案】B

【解析】此题定位最后一段第1句，含义参见第49题。

Passage Five

本文话题

本文讲述一位妻子等了37年后终于得到生孩子的批准，但最终好消息变成了坏消息：她的祖母即将逝世，一个新生命将替代一个年老生命。

难词译注

ration[＇ræʃən]n. 配给限额，定量供应

phase out 逐步淘汰

instantaneously[instən＇teinjəsli]ad. 瞬间发生地，即刻完成地

pistol[＇pistl]n. 手枪

syringe[＇sirindʒ]n. 注射器

euthanize[`ju：θənaiz]vt. 使安乐死

答案与解析

21.【问题】基于当天的数据，这位妻子将会：

A.用光所有她挣来的环保积分。

B.和她丈夫一起安排一天的活动。

C.被允许使用一定量的水和电。

D.按照要求生产出足够一天使用的水电。

【答案】C

【解析】此题定位在文章第2段第1句话，其含义是：我可以免费使用我先前选择的水电量。故选项C为正确答案。

22.【问题】根据文章所述，环保积分给那些：

A.在家回收垃圾的人。 B.限定自己使用太阳能的人。

C.推动环保科技的人。 D.做环保事情的人。

【答案】D

【解析】此题定位在文章第2段第3句。其含义是：环保积分可以通过买东西不用或者少用包装，通过在经济上支持环保科技而最低量地丢弃垃圾，在汽车不再流行前，使用公共交通。这些行为都可以挣得积分，故选项D正确。

23.【问题】这位妻子在按照说明做后立刻感受到的效果指的是：

A.想要孩子的欲望。 B.怀孕的许可。

C.帮助她怀孕的器具。 D.怀孕的结果。

【答案】A

【解析】此题解题相关信息在第3段，可以通过排除法得出正确答案。得到生育许可后，这位妻子收到一个包裹，里面装有操作说明和相关的器具。然后她迫不及待地按照说明操作，整个过程没有痛苦，似乎立即就感受到了效果，并想马上孕育小孩。因而选项A正确。

24.【问题】对于这位妻子来说好消息变成了坏消息，因为：

A.她必须再等37年。

B.创造一个新的生命将会替代一个年老的生命。

C.在这个国家人口受到严格控制。

D.如今她的健康已不足以生孩子了。

【答案】B

【解析】此题定位第5段和第6段。第5段最后一句话提到：因为严格的人口控制，这

个新的生命将要取代一个年老的生命。第6段提到她妈妈告诉她：祖母将在下

个星期死去。根据这些信息，可知选项B正确。

25.【问题】这篇文章是什么？

A.剧本提纲。 B.真实的故事。 C.一则新闻。 D.科学报告。

【答案】A

【解析】根据文章的细节信息可知，本文所呈现的不是现实生活的内容，故选项A正确。

Passage Six

本文话题

受教育多的人不见得更理性。

难词译注

omen[＇əumen]n.预兆，征兆

intuition[intju（：）＇iʃən]n. 直觉

toxicologist[tɔksi`kɔlədʒist]n. 毒物学家

circumspect[＇sə：kəmspekt]a. 谨慎的

academia[ækə＇di：mjə]n. 学术界

答案与解析

26.【问题】根据在佛罗里达进行的调查，那些受过更好教育的人觉得他们____的方式更加理性？

A.看待世界 B.搞科学时使用逻辑

C.选择他们彩票号码 D.使用专业和个人号码

【答案】C

【解析】细节定位题。根据题干中的专有名词可以定位在第2段。受过更好教育的人试图使用任意号码抽取他们的中奖号码。故选项C正确。

27.【问题】实际上，任意号码的选择：

A.不会比使用预兆和直觉好。

B.在美国赢得彩票的几率更高。

C.被有理性的人错误理解。

D.在买彩票时被广为使用。

【答案】A

【解析】此题参见文章第三段第一句：尽管随机选号具有很明显的逻辑，但他们赢的几率不比那些普通人高，故选A。

28.【问题】文章中的调查数据暗示什么？

A.我们生活在理性的时代。

B.就信任而言，没人可信。

C.人类和动物不是以同样的方式对化学物质作出反应的。

D.理性不可避免受主观的影响。

【答案】D

【解析】此题定位到文章第4段第2句话。科学家作出判断时不可能不受到细微的主观因素的影响。故选项D正确。

29.【问题】在文章中，作者试图所说的：

A.由毒物学家的观点进一步阐释。

B.被那些年轻的女毒物学家所接受。

C.在科学界很理性，可以接受。

D.与他的个人经历相关。

【答案】A

【解析】此题与58题紧密联系。作者在本文的观点是，受教育更多的人不见得更理性。第4段和第5段就通过从毒物学家那里得来的数据进一步证明作者观点。故选项A正确。

30.【问题】下面哪一个是文章最好的标题？

A.一个非常令人欣慰的幻想B.一个买彩票的理性方法

C.针对教育和理性的调查D.科学家和其他人的差异

【答案】C

【解析】全文通过受过更多教育的人选择中奖号码时所采取的随机方法以及毒物学家们免不了受主观因素影响的实例，试图说明受教育多不见得更理性，故选项C正确。

2008年医学博士统考阅读理解真题

Passage One

本文话题

本文介绍运用动物器官移植给人不同派别的观点。

答案与解析

1.【问题】文章以什么问题作为开始？

A.免疫排斥的高死亡率。 B.心脏移植的错误做法。

C.器官移植的不寻常病例。 D.人类器官的短缺。

【答案】D

【解析】此题为概括题。第1段讲到一个十四岁小女孩的情况，她患有心脏病，如果没有新的心脏移植的话，她必死无疑。并且在第1段最后一句提到，每天都会有许多人因为器官不足的情况而死亡。故选项D为正确答案。

2.【问题】根据文章，基因改变技术不仅是一个技术话题，而且它也：

A.引出人道主义话题。 B.引起医学界公平的话题。

C.表示对人类本性的重要威胁。 D.将器官移植做法推到了极致。

【答案】A

【解析】此题为细节定位题。此题解题有效信息在第3段第1句话。科学家希望到2008年使用猪的器官进行人体移植的想法激起了动物权益保护者的强烈反对，他们认为这种做法太残忍，有失公平。故选项A为正确答案。

3.【问题】怀疑使用动物器官的必要性的一些科学家：

A.将要缩小器官移植的范畴。

B.转向人工器官的发展。

C.得出针对目前问题的其他方法。

D.开始寻求治疗心脏病的更好的治疗方法。

【答案】C

【解析】此题为细节定位题。此题解题有效信息在最后两个段落。根据这两段第一句主题句的含义可以得知，它们在讲述另外一些科学家认为移植动物器官没必要，这与此题题干相符。这两段的细节内容表明，这些科学家希望通过其他方式解决目前器官短缺的问题，如加大健康教育项目的资金投入，动用研究基金改善人工器官的研究，鼓励人们捐赠器官等。故选项C正确。

4.【问题】从文章结论段可以推断出：

A.基因改变技术将帮助那些等候器官移植的人。

B.人体器官现有供给仍有挖掘的潜力。

C.人们更愿意因为医学目的而使用动物器官。

D.基因改变技术仍有很多待期望的东西。

【答案】B

【解析】此题为推断题。结论段提到资助鼓励更多人捐献器官的项目是更好的想法。如果教育足够的人捐献器官，那么需要器官的每一个人就能够在一年后等到器官。从这段的含义可以推断出，依靠人们自觉捐赠器官能够很好地解决这个问题，故本题选B。

5.【问题】这篇文章提供的信息是：

A.有启迪的。 B.难以置信的。

C.富有想象力的。 D.真实的。

【答案】D

【解析】本文针对移植器官短缺的现状，提供了不同科学家的不同观点，并呈现解决问题的多种可能的办法，全文信息都是从事例出发，故选项D正确。

Passage Two

本文话题

本文介绍了21世纪全球公众健康的三个讽刺。

难词译注

irony[＇aiərəni]n. 讽刺

corruption[kə＇rʌpʃən]n. 腐败

epidemic[epidemik]a. 流行的

sedentary[＇sedəntəri]a. 久坐的

census[＇sensəs]n. 人口普查

lobbyist[＇lɔbiist]n. 说客

难句译注

1.Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon，affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources away from food security to take care of people with preventable heart disease and diabetes.

【分析】all but的含义是几乎，差一点，divert转移。affecting和forcing做并列状语。

【译文】肥胖是一个全球性的现象，影响着儿童和成年人，并且迫使几乎所有最贫穷国家的稀缺资源不用于食品安全，而是用于那些患有可预防的心脏病和糖尿病的人群。

2.They turn people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value，and of cars，televisions sets，and computers that promote sedentary behavior.turn people into consumers使人们转化成为消费者；consumers后面带两个of结构。

【分析】一个是of aggressively marketed foods，另一个是of cars，televisions set；that are high in做定语从句修饰前面的marketed foods；that promote sedentary behavior做定语从句修饰cars，television sets and computers.

【译文】他们使得那些有收入的人群成为大力购买高能量但低营养的推向市场的食品，购买使人们形成久坐习惯的汽车，电视和电脑。

答案与解析

6.【问题】21世纪全球公共健康的一个很大的讽刺指的是：

A.肥胖的原因以及对抗措施。

B.食物消耗的不足与过剩。

C.自然资源的稀缺和食品安全的忽视。

D.食品消耗和与饮食相关疾病日益增多的危险

【答案】B

【解析】此题为细节定位题。解题有效信息在第1段第1句话，句意是：21世纪全球公共健康的很大讽刺就是：当数以百万计的人因为经济不平等、政治腐败或者战事而缺乏足够的食物时，还有许多人消耗过量食物肥胖到了患与饮食相关的慢性病的程度。根据这句话的理解，可知选项B为正确答案。D有一定的混淆作用，讽刺不在于食物消耗量大与患病的关系，消耗量大，患病几率高，这是成正比的，不存在讽刺的含义。

7.【问题】根据文章所述，为了解决肥胖流行的根本原因，就要：

A.改善政治和经济管理。

B.解决能量失衡的问题。

C.抗击和饮食有关的慢性病。

D.加大全球健康的资金投入。

【答案】B

【解析】此题为细节定位题。根据题干定位到文章第2段。这段第2句话提到：体重超重是因为摄入的食物能量比活动中消耗的能量多，而这种不均衡的原因就是另外一个讽刺：日益富裕。这说明，要想解决肥胖流行，我们就必须解决根本原因，而根本原因就是能量失衡，故选项B正确。

8.【问题】从文章中我们可以得知第二个讽刺指的是：

A.富足和肥胖。 B.食物能量和营养价值。

C.食物产业和经济繁荣。 D.文明疾病和身体不活动的病理。

【答案】C

【解析】根据题干原文定位到第2段第3句话，also表示第二个讽刺：日益富裕。人们用额外的收入吃得更多但活动更少。市场经济促成了这一点。本段后面的细节提到由于人们富裕了，大肆购买高热量但低营养的食品，并且购买那些使人们活动更少的东西，如电视，汽车等。根据这些内容可知选项C正确。

9.【问题】由于第三个讽刺，人们：

A.每天摄入3800大卡的热量。 B.抱怨食物生产过剩。

C.必须提高食物开销。 D.人们体重增加。

【答案】D

【解析】根据题干第三个讽刺定位到文章第3段第1句话，another irony即指第三个讽刺：在许多国家，尤其是富裕国家，食品生产过剩，大大超出人们所需。这样的现状导致人们普遍超重。故选项D为正确答案。

10.【问题】依据文章理解，下面哪一个不包含在内？

A.经济层面。 B.政治层面。

C.人道主义层面。 D.饮食层面。

【答案】C

【解析】此题考点是细节定位。文章第2段提到的第二个讽刺涉及经济层面；第3段还提到人们摄入过多的高热量低营养的物质，再加上不活动，导致肥胖；第3段最后提到：人们吃得越多，一切就都繁荣，并且所有说客的雇佣大军让政府不要限制饮食过剩，这体现的是政治层面，故选项C为正确答案。

Passage Three

本文话题

本文介绍了在不同的生理条件下，女性对男性的视觉喜好取向。

难词译注

masculine[＇mα：skjulin]a. 阳刚的

conceive[kən＇si：v]vi. 受孕

menstruation[menstru＇eiʃən]n. 月经

menstrual cycle 月经周期

composite[＇kɔmpəzit，-zait]n. 合成

fertile phase 育龄阶段

oral contraceptive 口服避孕药

答案与解析

11.【问题】研究者们研究：

A.女性的月经周期。 B.男性更喜欢的女性形象。

C.女性对男性的视觉喜好。 D.男人的阳刚与女性特征。

【答案】C

【解析】此题为主旨题。文章开门见山第1段即点题：当女性处于最可能受孕的时候，她们认为阳刚的面孔——宽下巴、浓眉更具魅力。然而，在月经前、中期和月经后，她们似乎被棱角不是很分明，更加女性化的男人面容所吸引。这一段的含义说明，女性在不同的生理条件下，对男性的视觉喜好不同。故选项

C正确。

12.【问题】根据研究者们的观点，女性被阳刚的面容所吸引，当她们：

A.长得更加女性时。 B.口服避孕药时。

C.准备受孕时。 D.处于月经期。

【答案】C

【解析】此题为细节定位题。文章第1段提到当女性处于最可能受孕或者月经周期前后时，她们对男性的视觉喜好不一，根据选项定位相应的时期即可作出判断，原文中的are most likely to conceive正是选项C的近义改写。句意参看第71题。A项没提到；B项出现的位置在第5段第1句话：另外22名正服用口服避孕药的女性没有显示出每月的变化。

13.【问题】据发现，在英国，女性对于男性形象的喜好受____的影响。

A.她们的计划生育

B.她们结婚的年头

C.月经期持续的时间

D.她们所追求的与男性的关系

【答案】D

【解析】此题为例证处命题。根据题干中的Britain定位在第4段。第4段第1句话是主题句，含义是：女性认为有魅力的面容的类别也可能有赖于她们想要追求的关系的类别。此题作为实例是要证明主题句的含义，故选项D正确。

14.【问题】仅因为在月经周期前后就女性喜好的研究显示出差异，Penton-Voak暗示，这并不意味着：

A.视觉喜好就存在。 B.女性在实际生活中就依此行事。

C.男性将认同这一现象。 D.男性和女性喜好同一形象。

【答案】B

【解析】此题原文出处在最后一句话：他警告说：研究没能表明在这些测试中女性所表现出的喜好与他们实际行为之间有联系。故选项B正确。

15.【问题】下面哪一项是文章最佳的题目？

A.女性从男性外表作出判断吗？ B.世界上真有美貌这件事吗？

C.女性比男性更富有情感吗？ D.真的是情人眼里出西施吗？

【答案】A

【解析】本文全文讨论在不同生理条件下，女性对于男性的魅力有着不同的视觉喜好差异。

Passage Four

本文话题

本文就高压电线所产生的电子磁场是否导致儿童患白血病的不同研究进行讨论。

难词译注

leukaemia[lju：＇ki：miə]n. 白血病

plausible[＇plɔ：zəbl]a. 似乎可信的

答案与解析

16.【问题】问题“会还是不会”和问题“到底怎么了？”暗示：

A.白血病的高发病率。 B.人们开始迷惑不解。

C.日益严重的空气污染的警告。 D.布里斯托尔与伦敦的紧张关系。

【答案】B

【解析】文章第1段提到，多年以来，是否电线所产生的电子磁场可能致癌，尤其是导致小孩患白血病的争论一直都如火如荼，但上周在英国，这一争论达到新的高度。紧接着，第2段提到，在英国两个不同地区的研究者对这一问题得出相反的结论。从中可以得知，人们对这一情况不知所措，感到迷惑不解，故选项B正确。

17.【问题】作者对于第一个研究的结果如何评价？

A.有启示的。 B.无关紧要的。

C.使人安心的，可靠的。 D.明显的。

【答案】B

【解析】此题属于推断题。根据题干，可以定位在文章第3段。解题的关键信息是第3句话的转折关系，这句话的含义是：但是这暗示电力线的影响和孩子的白血病相关性还为时过早，住在电力线附近的孩子接触到的额外污染可能微乎其微，并且为什么氡可能导致孩子患白血病还不清楚。此外，根据第2段，Bristol研究的结果是电力线可能致癌。综上所述，选项B正确。

18.【问题】第二个研究的结果可以暗示什么？

A.电线附近确实存在危险区域。

B.实验设计方面还有很多地方待改进。

C.不用担心电线。

D.第一个和第二个研究没关联。

【答案】C

【解析】根据题干，可以定位到文章第4段。本段第2句话提到：这个研究是最近几个没能找到关联性的研究之一，从第2段我们知道第二个实验的研究结果表明没必要担心电力线的影响，故第二个实验没发现电力线影响和白血病的关联性，可以推断选项C正确。

19.【问题】文章暗示英国的结果：

A.被认为除了书呆子没人会相信。

B.被认为很多地方受质疑。

C.可能对像美国这样的国家有意义。

D.将在不久的将来与日本研究结果一致。

【答案】C

【解析】此题根据文章各段主题可以定位到第6段第1句话“更让人关注的是英国的研究结果可能对美国这样的国家有意义”，故选项C正确。

20.【问题】在结论段，作者：

A.让我们相信英国最新研究的可靠性。

B.要求这样的调查改进测量方法。

C.指出英国最新研究的缺陷。

D.敦促有关这一问题的进一步调查。

【答案】A

【解析】根据题干，定位最后一段。最后一段的第1句就是解题的关键信息，其含义是：在英国，最近一项流行病的研究可以被认为是针对这个问题最具有决定性的。这暗示我们这项研究最具权威性，故选项A正确。

Passage Five

本文话题

日本研究人员发现吸烟可通过破坏人体皮肤新生机制而产生皱纹。

难词译注

dermatologist[də：mə＇tɔlədʒist]n. 皮肤科医生

enzyme[＇enzaim]n. 酶

matrix metalloproteinase 基质金属蛋白酶

solution[sə＇lju：ʃən]n. 溶液

chop up剁碎

fibroblast[＇faibrəublα：st]n.纤维原细胞

答案与解析

21.【问题】健康的肌肤在于：

A.两个工作流程的良性平衡。 B.分解肌肤细胞的两个进程。

C.香烟数量的良性平衡。 D.形成胶原质的两个步骤。

【答案】A

【解析】根据题干定位在文章第2段第1句话，其含义是：肌肤保持健康并且年轻是因为两个不停工作的程序之间的良性平衡。故选项A是这句话的近义改写，是正确答案。

22.【问题】对于日本科学家来说，测试他们的想法就是：

A.证实人类的衰老。

B.发现新生肌肤的机制。

C.证明皱纹形成的两个过程。

D.确认在其他方面被证明的吸烟的危害。

【答案】D

【解析】根据题干可以定位在文章第3段第2句to test their idea，they first made，这说明答案应该在这句话之前，即本段第1句。其含义是：Akimichi Morita和他的同事怀疑吸烟摧毁了人体分解陈旧细胞，产生新细胞的自然过程。故选项D正确。

23.【问题】日本科学家使用____测试他们的想法。

A.MMPs形成鲜活的胶原质

B.香烟的烟污染肌肤细胞

C.人类纤维原细胞产生鲜活的胶原质

D.不吸烟的人接触香烟的烟气

【答案】B

【解析】根据题干继续定位在第3段，相关解题信息是在to test their idea之后，后面的信息具体描述了实验的过程：他们首先通过一个盐溶液，抽出香烟的烟气，制成香烟溶液。每分钟从香烟中吸取香烟大概2秒。香烟溶液滴在人体纤维原细胞上，即产生胶原质的肌肤细胞。从这个实验过程，可知选项B正确。

24.【问题】从Morita的实验结果可以推断出，吸烟：

A.可能刺激鲜活胶原质的生成。 B.不可能促进MMP的产生。

C.可以导致肌肤提前衰老。 D.可能引起胶原质60%死亡。

【答案】C

【解析】这道题根据题干，可以定位在第4段，这段最后一句话描述实验的结果：接触香烟烟气的细胞所产生的MMP大大多于正常肌肤细胞所产生的。紧接着，第5段最后一句继续提到实验结果：香烟的烟气引起鲜活胶原质的产生锐减40%。第6段第1句话：他说胶原质降解速度加快与产生的胶原质减少两者的共同作用可能是吸烟者肌肤过早衰老的原因。故选项C为答案。

25.【问题】Morita暗示他的研究结果：

A.比预期花的时间少。 B.很难被皮肤科医生接受。

C.不是仅限于实验室。 D.需要在人体上进一步证实。

【答案】D

【解析】此题定位在倒数第2段最后一句话，其含义是：我们还没准确知道在人体上会发生什么，这可能需要更多时日。故选项D正确。

Passage Six

本文话题

作者陪父亲在医院就诊，医护人员叫他父亲“Harold”，而不是他们所喜欢的“Jack”。

难词译注

aortic aneurysm 主动脉瘤

seasoned[＇si：znd]a. 经验丰富的

referral center n.转诊中心

athletic[æθ＇letik]a. 健壮的

imminent[＇iminənt]a. 逼近的，即将发生的

renal failure 肾衰竭

dialysis[dai＇ælisis]n. 透析

tremor[＇tremə]vi. 震颤

答案与解析

26.【问题】作者叙述这个故事：

A.从消费者的观点出发。 B.出于强调病人权利的观点。

C.依据他自身医疗服务的标准。 D.依据他自己的不愉快的治疗

【答案】A

【解析】此题的定位在短文第1段第2句话，说明作者是一个毫无经验的消费者而不是经验丰富的医疗服务提供者。故选项A正确。

27.【问题】很明显，作者的父亲：

A.不喜欢被人直呼其名。

B.正如所期望的，没能受到很好的照料。

C.因为某人而被误解。

D.被当成商人去对待。

【答案】A

【解析】第1段后半段提到父亲总是被人称作Jack，只有那些不认识他的人才会叫他“Harold”，而且找“Harold”的电话员总是惹人生气的人，red flags的含义是“惹人生气的人或事”，故选项A正确。

28.【问题】正如作者暗示的，他父亲：

A.遇到许多不礼貌的医生。 B.在医院什么都不做，保持沉默。

C.接受别人打招呼的方式。 D.被诊断错误。

【答案】C

【解析】根据第2段第1句话可知：父亲不纠正医生或者医护人员，他很传统，质疑或纠正医生是被认为是不礼貌的。故选项C正确。

29.【问题】这个故事暗示：

A.人如其名。

B.在英语中没人喜欢被叫做Harold。

C.病人应该按照他们的喜好来称呼。

D.在医院不能对病人直称其名。

【答案】A

【解析】此题较难，根据全文的理解，作者父亲原来被叫作Jack，那他父亲就是Jack，现在住院了，医护工作者们叫他Harold，他就是Harold，因而选项A正确

30.【问题】作者用什么样的语气描述他的“Jack”？

A.崇拜。 B.激励。 C.愤慨。 D.期望。

【答案】A

【解析】根据最后一段第2句，他父亲曾经是几乎完美的“Jack”，强壮，健硕，不露声色地自信，可靠。这些形容词可见作者很崇拜他父亲，故选项A正确。